Aerobic Situation Research Articles

Allergy to Cannabis Pollen in a Changing World

Globally, the family of Cannabaceae (hemp) — dicotyledonous plants of the order Rosaceae Rosales (formerly the order Urticales nettle) includes two allergenic genera, namely: hemp and hops. It is estimated that only one male cannabis flower produces about 350,000 pollen grains, and if the plant includes hundreds of flowers, then it gives a lot of pollen in the air, carried far enough. Given that marijuana is legalized as a light drug in many countries, the effects of Cannabis on health, including allergies, are coming to the forefront of medical research and interest. As an aeroallergen, hemp pollen causes allergic rhinitis, allergic keratoconjunctivitis, hypersensitive pneumonitis and exacerbation of bronchial asthma symptoms. Cannabis is one of the oldest cultures of mankind, and records of its use in food, fiber, medicine and intoxication date back more than 6,000 years. Until 1965, hemp was grown in Kyrgyzstan as a technical crop for the production of bags, twine and ropes. The Pasture Department of the Ministry of Agriculture suggests returning to the cultivation of cannabis, and as the agricultural cannabis industry grows, Cannabis sativa may also become a more serious aeroallergen. According to the State Drug Control Service, now wild cannabis grows in the country on an area of 2,617 hectares, which is equal to the area of 12 Monaco. Hemp pollen is not among the top ten global aeroallergens, but it has common features: small size, similar morphology, high pollen production. The purpose of the presented article was to conduct palynomorphological studies of native cannabis pollen, classify the identified teratomorphoses and evaluate the standardized contribution of cannabis to the aerobic situation. Biomonitoring of cannabis pollen from various observation points in Kyrgyzstan using light and scanning electron microscopy revealed 4 types of teratomorphoses of varying degrees of complexity: 1) deformation; 2) perforation; 3) fragmentation; 4) complex changes in the sculptural elements of the exina surface. Using a standardized pollen contribution index, the potential contribution of Cannabaceae pollen to the aerobic situation of observation points in Kyrgyzstan was assessed. It is based on the following indicators: the timing of flowering, the size of pollen grains (polar axis and equatorial diameter), the abundance of growing species in the region and pollen production.

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in an activated sludge system under tetracycline pressure.

The mechanism of antibiotic resistance (AR) development in an activated sludge system under tetracycline (TC) pressure was discussed and analyzed. According to the variation of macro-factors, including TC, COD, TN, TP, NH3-N, pH, heavy metals, and reactor settings, the tet genes respond accordingly. Consequently, the enrichment sites of tet genes form an invisible AR selection zone, where AR microorganisms thrive, gather, reproduce, and spread. The efflux pump genes tetA and tetB prefer anaerobic environment, while ribosome protective protein genes tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetT, and tetW were more concentrated in aerobic situations. As a corresponding micro-effect, different types of tet genes selected the corresponding dominant bacteria such as Thauera and Arthrobacter, suggesting the intrinsic relationship between tet genes and potential hosts. In summary, the macro-response and micro-effect of tet genes constitute an interactive mechanism with tet genes as the core, which is the crucial cause for the continuous development of AR. This study provides an executable strategy to control the development of AR in actual wastewater treatment plants from the perspective of macro-factors and micro-effects.

Evaluation of Soil Applied Arbuscular mycorrhiza Along with Foliar Nutrition of Nitrogen, Iron and Zinc on, Mycorrhizal Colonization, Physiological Parameters, Growth and Yield of Rice under Aerobic Condition

Background: In rice belts, cultivation of rice under aerobic conditions provides an alternative way to reduce the enormous amounts of water usage, by using 50 percent of the water when compared to traditional cultivation. However, micronutrient deficiencies are more common in aerobic rice during its early stages of growth. Mycorrhizal fungi were found to be efficient in mobilizing the nutrients under aerobic situations. Methods: The field experiment was conducted in Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment consisted of thirteen treatments which includes different recommended doses of VAM 50, 62.5 and 75kg ha-1 along with different combinations of foliar application of 0.5% urea, 0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% FeSO4. Result: The study revealed that combined application of 150 % of recommended dose of VAM and foliar application of 0.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 1% FeSO4 at 25 and 45 DAS significantly increased the VAM colonization area, photosynthetic pigments and growth parameters such as plant height, shoot and root weight, root growth, leaf area index and yield attributes and it was found to be a better optionin rice cultivation to overcome the micronutrient deficiencies in its earlier stages under aerobic conditions.

Assessment of genetic diversity of aerobic rice germplasm using SSR markers

Rice is staple food for every second person on the globe but its cultivation demands a very high proportion of agricultural water available on earth. With the current trends of water usage and cultivation practices followed for rice, soon the water would become a scarce resource. Among the alternative methods available for cultivation of paddy with limited water, aerobic rice cultivation is the most economically and environmentally feasible option. Systematic breeding programs for aerobic rice varieties have been very few thus allowing a very narrow understanding about the genetic diversity present among rice lines that can be good candidates for aerobic cultivation. Since understanding the genetic diversity of a set of lines is pre-requisite for a successful breeding program, this study has been conducted using 110 germplasm lines collected from different parts of the country and a set of 58 SSR markers were used for polymorphism. Out of 58 markers used, 40 were found to be polymorphic thus making the overall polymorphism percentage 69.0%. The polymorphism percentage ranged from 55.6% (Chr. 12) to 100% (Chr. 8). The PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) values for the polymorphic markers ranged from 0.55 (RM525) to 0.98 (RM488) with an average of 0.84. Number of alleles recorded per marker ranged from minimum 2 to maximum 4 (average 2.63 alleles) and the total number of alleles scored is 105. A total of three markers (RM572, RM1367 and RM38) showed presence of alleles of four different sizes in the germplasm. Out of the remaining markers, 19 markers had 3 alleles each and 18 markers had 2 alleles each. As a result of diversity analysis the genotypes grouped into four distinct clusters (I, II, III, IV) with 22, 9, 65 and 14 genotypes respectively which further diverged into two sub-clusters each (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb). Cluster I predominantly contained varieties and landraces for irrigated conditions that were tested under aerobic cultivation in this study. Cluster II had lines that have established under aerobic situations and are also being used as competent parents for aerobic rice breeding. The third cluster with maximum number of genotypes (65) was dominated by ARC (Assam Rice Collection) lines and the last cluster was a mixture of lines suitable for aerobic cultivation and landraces from Tamilnadu. The present study is thus an attempt to understand the genetic relatedness/ diversity of rice germplasm to enable selection of diverse lines from different clusters to be used as candidates in future research towards aerobic rice breeding.

Grain yield of aerobic rice as influenced by seed rate and row spacing in aerobic situation under changed climate

Aerobic rice system is the method of cultivation, where the rice crop is established by direct seeding in un-puddle field. The grain yield of aerobic rice in aerobic situation realized by the farmers is still lower. Among many factors, seed rate and row spacing influence the grain yield of aerobic rice crop. The present investigation was carriedout to study the influence of seed rates and row spacing on grain yield of aerobic rice in aerobic situation, and field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India during kharif season of 2011 and 2012. The experimental results exhibited that the highest grain yield (3.40, 3.49 and 3.42 t ha-1 during kharif 2011, kharif 2012 and in pooled value, respectively) was recorded from treatment S2, where seed rate was 30 kg ha-1. Among the different row spacing, the maximum grain yield of 3.47, 3.45 and 3.46 t ha-1 during kharif season of 2011 and 2012 and on pooled basis was obtained with the treatment R1 i.e. 20 cm row spacing. The treatment combination of S2 (seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1) and R1 (20 cm row spacing) recorded the highest grain yield (4.01 t ha-1) of aerobic rice. It was established that the seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1 and 20 cm row spacing was promising for realizing best grain yield of aerobic rice in aerobic condition. It is an important eco-safety tool for tackling the climate change scenario.

Population Structure, Diversity and Trait Association Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm for Early Seedling Vigor (ESV) Using Trait Linked SSR Markers.

Early seedling vigor (ESV) is the essential trait for direct seeded rice to dominate and smother the weed growth. In this regard, 629 rice genotypes were studied for their morphological and physiological responses in the field under direct seeded aerobic situation on 14th, 28th and 56th days after sowing (DAS). It was determined that the early observations taken on 14th and 28th DAS were reliable estimators to study ESV as compared to56th DAS. Further, 96 were selected from 629 genotypes by principal component (PCA) and discriminate function analyses. The selected genotypes were subjected to decipher the pattern of genetic diversity in terms of both phenotypic and genotypic by using ESV QTL linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. To assess the genetic structure, model and distance based approaches were used. Genotyping of 96 rice lines using 39 polymorphic SSRs produced a total of 128 alleles with the phenotypic information content (PIC) value of 0.24. The model based population structure approach grouped the accession into two distinct populations, whereas unrooted tree grouped the genotypes into three clusters. Both model based and structure based approach had clearly distinguished the early vigor genotypes from non-early vigor genotypes. Association analysis revealed that 16 and 10 SSRs showed significant association with ESV traits by general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) approaches respectively. Marker alleles on chromosome 2 were associated with shoot dry weight on 28 DAS, vigor index on 14 and 28 DAS. Improvement in the rate of seedling growth will be useful for identifying rice genotypes acquiescent to direct seeded conditions through marker-assisted selection.

Yield attributing physio-morphological trait response in rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes grown under aerobic situation in eastern Indo-Gangetic plain

A field experiment was carried out during wet season 2010-2012 with an objective to evaluate the effect of aerobic situation on yield attributes and physio-morphological trait performance of advanced breeding lines and popular high yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of eastern India including aerobic check MAS 946. Significant yield decline was observed almost in all the rice genotypes grown under aerobic situation as compared to normal transplanted condition. The range of yield decline was 1.43 to 3.27 tonnes/ha under aerobic situation compared to normal irrigated condition. Rice genotypes capable of maintaining high early vegetative vigour, plant biomass, RWC, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate leads to produce higher grain yield under aerobic situation. The existence of genetic variation (PCV and GCV) revealed significant differences among genotypes for different morpho-physiological traits. Higher values of heritability and genetic advance were observed for plant height and DFF whereas low heritability for grain yield, plant biomass and test weight. Promising rice genotypes for aerobic situation, IR77298-14-1-2-130-2, IR84899-B-182-3-1-1-2, IR84887-B-157-38-1-1-3,IR84887-B-156-17-1-1, IR 84899 B-179-1-1-1-2 and IR 83927- B-B-278-5-1-1-1showed high yield advantage (40.29%) over susceptible genotypes due to better performance of physio-morphological traits. Hence these promising genotypes may be adopted in rainfed lowland ecosystem as well as under limited water availability areas. Moreover, these promising genotypes can also be utilised as donor parents in future aerobic rice breeding programme.

Effects of Nutrition on Mild Steel Corrosion by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria under Aerobic Environment

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are traditionally considered as anaerobic organism. In this paper, the potential of sulfate reducing bacteria to cause mild steel corrosion under aerobic situation was investigated. Natural biopolymer agar and sulfate reducing bacteria cells were used to produce artificial biofilm. Micro-sensors were used to investigate the microenvironment in artificial biofilm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to study mild steel corrosion covered by artificial biofilm. The results indicated that SRB could grow and reduce sulfate both in suspension and in biofilm. The hydrogen sulfide produced by SRB and mild steel corrosion were influenced by the nutrients in the environment. The concentration of H2S in SRB biofilm exposed to culture medium was as twenty times as that exposed to marine water. The main corrosion product of mild steel in culture medium was iron sulfide, whereas the main product of mild steel in marine water was iron oxide.

Inter Specific Indica-japonica Drought Tolerant Rice Genotypes for Aerobic Condition

Rice is premier food crop of Asia and is cultivated in a variety of ecosystems. Twenty six medium duration Indica/Japonica, Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) of the cross IR50 × Moroberekan cross, their parents and popular rainfed aerobic rice varieties MAS 946-1, Rasi and Sahabhagi Dhan were evaluated under rain fed, drought and aerobic conditions with objective of identifying genotype for aerobic and stress situations. Observations were recorded for plant and yield traits. Field evaluation during wet season revealed significant differences among the means of genotypes except for panicle length, drought recovery score, relative grain yield and relative biomass yield under different stress levels during dry season of 2011. RILs IM036, IM095, IM090, IM014, IM167, IM039, IM192 and IM176 performed superior under aerobic condition in wet season while, IM192 and IM176 were superior under rain fed condition also. IM160, IM096, IM104, IM046 IM192, IM109, IM36, IM181, IM14, IM176, IM167 and IM95 were high yielding in aerobic condition in dry season 2011. IM 167 was superior for grain yield under both conditions except under moisture stress period of 60 to 70 Days after sowing (DAS). IM95 was superior for stress period of 100 to 115 DAS and aerobic condition, whereas IM176 for aerobic and stress period 60 to 70 DAS. IM181 was superior under all the conditions after 60 to 75 DAS. IM36 was superior under all the conditions except for stress period 100 to 110 DAS. Superior genotypes identified for both drought and aerobic situations will be recommended for water scarce situation in India.

Yield of aerobic rice affected by high temperature stress during summer season -A study from red and laterite zone of West Bengal, India

Field experiment on the performance of aerobic direct seeded rice (ADSR) under red and laterite zone of West Bengal was conducted at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India during summer season, 2012. The experimental soil was sandy loam with acidic in nature (pH: 5.2). The results exhibited that the grain yield (1 t ha-1) of rice in aerobic situation was low. This might be due to high atmospheric temperature during flowering period, which results in poor grain setting in panicle and most of them became chaffy due to spikelet sterility. Ultimately, it produced low grain yield of rice in aerobic situation during summer season due to high temperature at flowering period, grain formation and grain ripening stages. Thus, aerobic rice system of cultivation needed good management practices.

Genetic variation, linkage mapping of QTL and correlation studies for yield, root, and agronomic traits for aerobic adaptation

BackgroundWater scarcity and drought have seriously threatened traditional rice cultivation practices in several parts of the world, including India. Aerobic rice that uses significantly less water than traditional flooded systems has emerged as a promising water-saving technology. The identification of QTL conferring improved aerobic adaptation may facilitate the development of high-yielding aerobic rice varieties. In this study, experiments were conducted for mapping QTL for yield, root-related traits, and agronomic traits under aerobic conditions using HKR47 × MAS26 and MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 F2:3 mapping populations.ResultsA total of 35 QTL associated with 14 traits were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 in MASARB25 x Pusa Basmati 1460 and 14 QTL associated with 9 traits were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in HKR47 × MAS26. Two QTL (qGY8.1 with an R2 value of 34.0% and qGY2.1 with an R2 value of 22.8%) and one QTL (qGY2.2 with an R2 value of 43.2%) were identified for grain yield under aerobic conditions in the mapping populations MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 and HKR47 × MAS26, respectively.A number of breeding lines with higher yield per plant, root length, dry biomass, length-breadth ratio, and with Pusa Basmati 1460-specific alleles in a homozygous or heterozygous condition at the BAD2 locus were identified that will serve as novel material for the selection of stable aerobic Basmati rice breeding lines.ConclusionsOur results identified positive correlation between some of the root traits and yield under aerobic conditions, indicating the role of root traits for improving yield under aerobic situations possibly through improved water and nutrient uptake. Co-localization of QTL for yield, root traits, and yield-related agronomic traits indicates that the identified QTL may be immediately exploited in marker-assisted-breeding to develop novel high-yielding aerobic rice varieties.

혐기조건에서 석탄바닥재가 토양호흡량 및 미생물 생체량에 미치는 영향

담수 토양에서의 토양호흡량은 호기 상태에 비해 매우 낮은 수준이나, 혐기 상태에서의 유기물의 분해는 담수 생태계의 탄소순환에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 한편, 비산회(fly ash), 석탄바닥재 (bottom ash)와 같은 석탄 연료 부산물들은 이산화탄소 발생을 저감하고 토양 탄소를 격리하는 효과가 있음이 보고된 바 있다. 이에 본 연구는 혐기조건 토양에서 석탄바닥재 단일 처리 및 석탄바닥재와 유기물 혼합 처리가 토양 미생물 호흡량 및 미생물 생체량 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이산화탄소 발생속도는 석탄바닥재 처리에 의해 유의하게 감소하였고, 처리수준에 따라서도 감소하는 것을 보였다. 유기물과 석탄바닥재를 혼합 처리하였을 때에도 발생속도가 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 석탄바닥재 처리에 따라 토양미생물 생체량은 유의하게 증가하였고, 토양 중 암모니아태 질소, 질산태 질소, 유효인의 함량은 감소하는 경향이 있었다. Soil respiration under flooded conditions is considered to be very small compared with aerobic soil respiration of soil organic matter. However, anaerobic decomposition of soil plays a key role in carbon cycling in flooded ecosystems. On the other hand, coal-ash wastes, such as fly ash and bottom ash, are known to function as a soil amendment for mitigating <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emission and enhancing carbon sequestration in up land soils. In this study, we investigated bottom ash as a soil amendment for mitigating <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emission, and thus enhancing carbon sequestration under anaerobic conditions. We observed that amendment of bottom ash without external organic source led to significant reduction in <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emission rate and in total cumulative <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emission flux over the incubation period, which was proportional to the amount of bottom ash applied. We also found that soil microbial biomass increased in response to application of bottom ash. These results suggest that bottom ash can be utilized to store <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> as a stable soil organic carbon in flooded ecosystems, as in aerobic situations.

Terrestrial risk assessment for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in sludge-amended soils

A comparison of the estimated environmental concentration and the effect concentrations (in the laboratory or field) in the receiving compartment form the basis of environmental risk assessments. This paper reviews processes that critically influence the fate of LAS in the terrestrial environment. Concentrations of LAS in sludge are quite high due to sorption to primary sludge, precipitation of Ca and Mg-salts of LAS, and lack of biodegradation under anaerobic digestion. This implies that when sludge is applied to soil e.g. as a fertilizer, considerable amounts of this important surfactant may enter the terrestrial environment. Influence of aerobic situations on LAS concentrations during sludge storage needs further research to allow incorporation into the risk assessment. Aerobic biodegradation in soil is considered the most important removal mechanism of LAS loading to the terrestrial environment through sludge-amendment. Sorption plays a role in determining the residence time of a chemical in the soil, hereby enabling more time for biodegradation to occur. In addition, sorption may affect the expression of effects of surfactants towards benthic and soil dwelling organisms and plants. Another factor that needs further attention is the form of LAS in the environment, which is not similar to the commercial material applied in detergents. The differential sorption and biodegradation of the LAS components lead to a shift in the alkyl chain length (homologue), and phenyl-isomer distribution towards increased hydrophobicity. Also, occurrence of Ca Mg -salts in the environment versus the Na-salt for the commercial material critically impacts the extrapolation of effects data obtained in lab studies (mostly performed with the commercial material) to the field. The literature data were used in combination with strategies and methods provided by the European Union Technical Guidance Document in support of risk assessment of new and notified substances (1996) for the prediction of environmental concentrations of LAS entering the soil system through sludge applications.Soil biodegradation is an essential, necessary element for the PEC-calculations of LAS. The initial realistic worst case assessment presented indicates no human health risks exists with indirect exposure to LAS through either food or drinking water. Also, current LAS use does not pose a risk to terrestrial organisms such as plants and invertebrates.

Nutrient translocation pattern and accumulation of free amino acids in rice coleoptile elongation under anoxia

Comparing nutrient translocation to the rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Arborio) shoot during anoxia with the aerobic situation, it was found that anoxia reduced the translocation of K+, phosphorus, Mg2+ and Ca2+ with progressive intensity; Ca2+ translocation was practically zero in the absence of oxygen. The translocation of K+ and phosphorus under anoxia was still considerable and contributed to the maintenance of a high osmotic potential while the blocking of Ca2+ translocation caused a decrease in its concentration in the anoxic coleoptile, possibly favouring high cell wall plasticity in that organ. As anoxia proceeded, amino acids, no longer employed in protein synthesis, accumulated in the coleoptile, reaching spectacular levels [51 mmol kg of tissue‐water)−1] and, after 48 h of anoxia, their contribution to the osmotic potential was 80% of that of K+, as against less than 20% in all aerobic treatments. Anoxia caused a reduction in soluble hexose concentrations which, however, were more than compensated osmotically by the accumulation of amino acids.

Responses to ions and vasoconstrictor agents and changes of potassium fluxes in vascular smooth muscle during hypoxia.

An inhibitory effect of hypoxia (Po2 less than 5 mmHg) on electrical and mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of the rat portal vein has been described by Hellstrand, Johansson & Norberg (1977). The present study using the sucrose gap method confirmed their finding that spontaneous activity was completely (or almost completely) abolished by the low Po2. Increased [K+]0 from 6 to 24 mM or decreased [Na+]0 from 137.5 to 76.5 mM reinitiated electrical and mechanical activity during hypoxia. If muscle activity had already been increased by 24 mM K+ or 76.5 mM Na+ solutions in the aerobic situation, switching to hypoxia caused only partial inhibition. In hypoxic solutions of such altered ionic composition a gradual increase in muscle activity with time was seen especially in the low Na+-solution. Stimulating agents such as noradrenaline, acetylcholine, 4-aminopyridine, and Ba2+ could reinitiate spike activity and contractions under hypoxic conditions. Ouabain stimulated the activity in normoxia but no effect was seen in hypoxia. Uptake and washout of 42K+ was studied. No difference in uptake was found between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The rate of 42K+ efflux was decreased under hypoxia. A similar decrease was produced by Mn2+ (0.4 mM) which, like hypoxia abolished phasic muscle activity. In both cases the reduction in 42K+ efflux may just reflect the elimination of action potentials. It is concluded from these results that profound hypoxia exerts its inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle to a large extent through membrane mechanisms responsible for pacemaker activity or spike generation. The electrophysiological response may be secondary to change in intracellular [Na+] or [Ca2+].

Enzyme studies of synovial fluid from osteoarthritis knee joints (author's transl)

In 40 patients who were operated on for meniscopathy, accompanied by more or less severe arthroses of the knee joints, the total activity of LDH-T and of the LDH-H isoenzyms could be evaluated. The data show that severe arthroses without any synovitic reactions as well as cases with inactive chronic synovitis showed small total activities of LDH, whereas cases with clinical and macroscopic-anatomically active synovitis (including the so-called activated arthroses) showed a great total activity of LDH. Furthermore the dominance of LDH-H isoenzyms has been found to indicate an aerobic situation of the metabolism.