Aeroallergen Sensitization In Children Research Articles

Prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization in children in Northern China

Objective This study aimed to analyze the sensitization rate of different aeroallergens in children of different age, sex, and disease groups, describe the changing trend of different aeroallergens in different ages, and analyze the sensitization risk factors for asthma. Methods Children (<18 years old) with suspected atopic diseases who visited the Department of Allergy of Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics and underwent a skin prick test (SPT) were retrospectively enrolled from January 2019 to November 2021. Results A total of 5465 patients (3514 boys, 1951 girls; mean age, 7 ± 3 years) were enrolled. Of them, 3703 patients (67.8%) were sensitized to at least one aeroallergen. Before 4 years of age, mold was the most prevalent aeroallergen (103/380 [27.1%]), whereas after 4 years of age, weed pollen was the most prevalent aeroallergen. After 6 years of age, tree pollen became the second most prevalent aeroallergen. After 12 years of age, the sensitization rate of indoor aeroallergens was lower than that of outdoor aeroallergens. Logistic regression showed that sensitization to mold (odds ratio [OR]:1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–1.7, p < 0.001), animal dander (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4–1.9, p < 0.001), and polysensitization (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8, p = 0.038) were potential sensitization risk factors for asthma. Conclusions Mold is an important allergen in early life. Different kinds of allergens affect different age groups. Patients who are sensitized to mold or animal dander or experience polysensitization should be carefully monitored for asthma risk.

Allergen Management in Children with Type 2-High Asthma.

Children exposed to various indoor and outdoor allergens are placed at an increased risk of developing asthma in later life, with sensitization in these individuals being a strong predictor of disease morbidity. In addition, aeroallergen exposure influences asthma outcomes through an interplay with adverse determinants of health. The goal of this review is to provide an introductory overview of factors related to aeroallergen exposure in type 2-high childhood asthma. These include the relevance of exposure in asthma exacerbations and severity, and the evidence-base for avoidance and treatment for sensitization to these allergens. This review will focus on both indoor aeroallergens (house dust mite, pet, cockroach, mold, and rodent) and outdoor aeroallergens (pollens and molds). Treatment of aeroallergen sensitization in children with asthma includes avoidance and removal measures, although there is limited evidence of clinical benefit especially with single-strategy approaches. We will also address the interplay of aeroallergens and climate change, adverse social determinants, and the current COVID-19 pandemic, when we have seen a dramatic reduction in asthma exacerbations and emergency department visits among children. While there are many factors that are hypothesized to contribute to this reduction, among them is a reduced exposure to outdoor seasonal aeroallergens.

A national cross-sectional study of exposure to outdoor nitrogen dioxide and aeroallergen sensitization in Australian children aged 7-11 years.

The prevalence of allergic diseases in Australian children is high, but few studies have assessed the potential role of outdoor air pollution in allergic sensitization. We investigated the association between outdoor air pollution and the prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization in a national cross-sectional study of Australian children aged 7-11 years. Children were recruited from 55 participating schools in 12 Australian cities during 2007-2008. Parents completed a detailed (70-item) questionnaire. Outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as a proxy for exposure to traffic-related emissions, was estimated using measurements from regulatory monitors near each school and a national land-use regression (LUR) model. Three averaging periods were assessed, using information on duration of residence at the address, including lifetime, previous (lifetime, excluding the last year), and recent (the last year only). The LUR model was used as an additional source of recent exposure estimates at school and home addresses. Skin prick tests (SPTs) were performed to measure sensitization to eight common aeroallergens. Multilevel logistic regression estimated the association between NO2 and sensitization (by individual allergens, indoor and outdoor allergens, and all allergens combined), after adjustment for individual- and area-level covariates. In total, 2226 children had a completed questionnaire and SPT. The prevalence of sensitization to any allergen was 44.4%. Sensitization to house dust mites (HDMs) was the most common (36.1%), while sensitization to Aspergillus was the least common (3.4%). Measured mean (±s.d.) NO2 exposure was between 9 (±2.9) ppb and 9.5 (±3.2) ppb, depending on the averaging period. An IQR (4ppb) increase in measured previous NO2 exposure was associated with greater odds of sensitization to HDMs (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.43, P=0.035). We found evidence of an association between relatively low outdoor NO2 concentrations and sensitization to HDMs, but not other aeroallergens, in Australian children aged 7-11 years.

Eosinophilic esophagitis: comorbidities and atopic disease in Nevada.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a rare, immune-mediated illness. We aimed to examine the comorbidities and sensitization patterns associated with an EoE diagnosis in Nevada. The study goal was two-fold: to determine the most common EoE comorbidities and sequela in the state of Nevada using healthcare utilization records across all settings and to determine the most common food and aeroallergens in histologically positive EoE pediatric patients using clinical sensitization data. Esophageal obstruction/stricture was the most frequently reported diagnosis in adults with EoE (29.5%). Among pediatrics, the highest ranking comorbidities included asthma (13.4%); diseases of the stomach, duodenum, and intestine (7.26%); allergies (7.01%); and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (3.69%). Additionally, the top sensitizations reported in histologically positive EoE patients were largely pollen related (82.9%). Atopic disease and specifically food allergens are commonly reported as comorbid conditions with EoE in the literature. However, our clinical pediatric data set from this study revealed that aeroallergen sensitizations far exceeded that of food allergens (82.9% aero-positive vs. 17.1% dood positive). The high presence of esophageal stricture/obstruction in adults could be indicative of late diagnosis; in addition, the aeroallergen sensitization in children could suggest different clinical management techniques necessary may be needed for this disease. Education among healthcare providers regarding the presence of aeroallergen sensitization in this population may result in earlier diagnoses and help reduce morbidity and the cost from this disease.

The spectrum of aeroallergen sensitization in children with wheeze at a tertiary care centre -A prospective observational study

The spectrum of aeroallergen sensitization in children with wheeze at a tertiary care centre -A prospective observational study

Recent changing pattern of aeroallergen sensitization in children with allergic diseases: A single center study

Purpose: Allergic diseases have been increasing worldwide over the past few decades. Allergic sensitization is a pivotal risk factor for the development of allergic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in allergic sensitization patterns of aero allergens over the last 10 years in children with respiratory allergic diseases. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 12,848 children under the age of 18 years who received skin prick tests (n=3,852) or serum specific IgE tests (n=8,996) to evaluate sensitization from 2007 to 2016 in a single center, Seoul, Korea. Results: Sensitization rate to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) reached a plateau in preschool (28.3%-32.8%) and schoolchildren (45.8%-47.2%). Sensitization rate to animal dander (cat and dog) was increasing from 8.4% to 12.5% in preschool children and from 10.3% to 18.6% in schoolchildren (trend P<0.001 each). In preschool children, tree (birch, oak, and alder; from 3.5% to 6.4%), grass (timothy; from 0.8% to 6.5%), weed (ragweed and mugwort; from 2.8% to 6.9%) pol lens and mold (Alternaria; from 2.5% to 6.0%) were also in similar increasing pattern (trend P=0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003, and P<0.001, respectively). Additionally, tree (from 9.0% to 15.2%), grass (from 2.6% to 5.2%) pollens were also in increasing pattern in schoolchildren (trend P<0.001 and P=0.024, respectively). Conclusion: Over the past 10 years, sensitization patterns of aeroallergen have been changing in Korean children with allergic dis eases. We should pay attention to the changing patterns of allergic sensitization to educate and prevent the allergic disease. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2019;7:186-191)

Nasal eosinophil correlation with aeroallergen sensitization in children

Nasal eosinophil correlation with aeroallergen sensitization in children

The association between nasal eosinophilia and aeroallergen sensitization in children and adolescents with rhinitis

The association between nasal eosinophilia and aeroallergen sensitization in children and adolescents with rhinitis

Great flood and aeroallergen sensitization in children with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis.

Flooding may affect aeroallergen sensitization. To evaluate aeroallergen sensitization in children with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis (AR) by skin prick test (SPT) before and after the great flood of 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand. The study was performed retrospectively in asthma and/or AR children (aged 0-18 years) in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand from 2009 to 2013. All of the cases received SPT with common aeroallergens. SPTs were performed from 2009-2013 in a total of 2,010 asthma and/or AR children and 58.2% and 60.5% showed positive results, respectively. Poly-sensitization to aeroallergens was found in 67.5% of asthma and 67.0% of AR SPT-positive patients. In the study period, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and Dermatophagoides ferinae (Df) were the most common causes of aeroallergen sensitization (82.4% and 76.5%, respectively), followed by American cockroach (43.5%). After the severe flood in Bangkok in 2011, the trend of sensitization to American cockroach, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, and Cladosporium spp. significantly decreased. However, the trend of sensitization to dog and Alterneria allergens in 2010 studied cases, significantly increased. During the study period, mean wheal diameter (MWD) of dog SPT was significantly associated with asthma severity, while the MWD of Dp SPT was significantly associated with AR severity. The aeroallergen sensitizations patterns had changed from previous years compared to the year during or after the flood. Thus, the great flood may have had a major impact on types of sensitization and the clinical patterns of airway allergy. Further confirmed by a prospective study is warranted.

Identification of aero-allergen sensitization in children seeking treatment for bronchial asthma at a tertiary care hospital for children in Sri Lanka.

Despite a significant rise in asthma globally as well as in Sri Lanka, data regarding allergen sensitization patterns and other risk factors for asthma are not available. Therefore, we set out to determine the allergen sensitization patterns in children with asthma in Sri Lanka. Skin prick testing for common indoor aeroallergens (cockroach, cat, dog, house dust mite, moulds) were carried out in 156 children with bronchial asthma at Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children. 49.1% of the patients were sensitized to at least one allergen and 6.4% were sensitized to three or more allergens. Of the children 37.8% tested positive to house dust mite, 23.7% to cockroach, 5.8% to indoor moulds, 12.2% to cats and 8.9% to dogs. Allergen sensitization was significantly less in children aged four years or younger than in older children (p<0.0001). A family history of asthma or allergic rhinitis (AR) was a significant risk factor (p<0.0001) for allergen sensitization (OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.9 to 30.1). Frequency of symptoms was significantly higher in those who used firewood alone compared to those who used other fuels (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.8). Sensitization to aero-allergens was seen in a majority of children with asthma. Sensitization was significantly more in children above 4 years of age. Patients with more frequent symptoms and with AR were more likely to be sensitized to allergens.

Changes of aeroallergen sensitization in children with asthma or allergic rhinitis from a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul over 10 years

Results: The sensitization rates to Tree pollen mixture I and II were increased as 5.0%, 6.8% in 2000, 8.5%, 9.8% in 2005, and 14.8%, 17.3% in 2010, respectively (trend P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). And the sensitization rates to D. pteronyssinus cat dander and dog dander were changed as 55%, 4.8%, 4.8% in 2000, 62.2%, 11.9%, 28% in 2005, and 63.1%, 12.7%, 16.7% in 2010, respectively. The distribution of sensitized pollens was oak (12.8%), beech (12.4%), pine (10.3%), birch (10%), hazel (9.6%), alder (8%), elder (6.9%), elm (5.4%) in the study of 2010. When allergen/histamine ratio was compared, rates of strong sensitization over 4+ to tree pollen were increased. Conclusion: The sensitization rates to inhalant allergens were increased in children with asthma or allergic rhinitis from a tertiary re- ferral hospital in Seoul over last 10 years. Especially, an increase in the degree of skin reactivity was observed in cat dander, dog dan- der, and tree pollens. The studies to investigate the etiology of this increase and prevention will be needed. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2014;2:97-102)

The spectrum of aeroallergen sensitization in children diagnosed with asthma during first 2 years of life.

Aeroallergens may trigger symptoms in sensitized children with asthma. Documentation of sensitization is crucial to enable effective implementation of measures to prevent asthma exacerbations. To document the sensitization patterns of very young children (≤2 years) with asthma, we retrospectively analyzed the skin-prick test (SPT) results of the largest referral center in the country. During a 4-year period, 432 children (median age, 1.21 years; male/female, 2.35) were referred. All patients had recurrent wheezing attacks and good response to inhaled bronchodilators and were diagnosed with asthma by their referring physician. SPT with eight aeroallergens (grass mix, weed mix, tree mix, mold mix, house-dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog) was performed in 209 patients (full panel group) and the remaining 223 were tested only with a mixture of two house-dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae; house-dust mite group). The sensitization rates in house-dust mite and full panel groups were 3.2% (7/223) and 3.3% (7/209), respectively. Univariate and multivariate modeling was unable to identify a predictor for the presence of aeroallergen sensitization. During first 2 years of life, low rates of aeroallergen sensitization and lack of predictors of sensitization in children with asthma suggest that skin testing for aeroallergens may not be a routine procedure. When there is a high index of suspicion, testing only for indoor aeroallergens including house-dust mites, molds, and pets may identify the majority of sensitized children.

Advances in upper airway diseases and allergen immunotherapy in 2011

The purpose of this review is to highlight recently published important articles on upper airway diseases and allergen immunotherapy. We review articles on rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and immunotherapy. New insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy are described for each of the above diseases.

Association of SCORAD Index and Aeroallergen Sensitization on Urinary Leukotriene E4 in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

Purpose :Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a genetically determined, chronic relapsing skin disease. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and the course is unpredictable. Atopy is an important risk factor for the development of AD. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) were implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, and are being targeted for their diagnosis and treatments. Early detection of tissue inflammation of target organ is important to enable early prevention and management of allergic diseases. The aim of our study is to evaluate the differences in urinary leukotrienes E4 (LTE4) levels, according to AD symptom score and aeroallergen sensitization in children with AD by using noninvasive techniques. Methods :We recruited 46 children with AD, using predetermined criteria. Clinical features of AD were evaluated by a physician, using scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Aeroallergen sensitization was measured by using a skin prick test and UniCap. Urine samples were also collected on day of the 1st and 2nd visits, and were analyzed for LTE4 with an enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Results :SCORAD indeces of children with AD were correlated with urinary LTE4 levels. Total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil counts also had significant correlation with urinary LTE4 levels. Especially, aeroallergen sensitization of atopic AD significantly correlated with urinary LTE4 of these patients. Conclusion :Urinary LTE4 levels significantly correlated with serum total IgE and number of sensitized aeroallergen in children with AD. Clinical features of AD evaluated with SCORAD index related with urinary LTE4 level. Urinary LTE4 might be a valuable, noninvasive marker for different pathogenesis of AD. [Pediatr Allergy Respir Dis(Korea) 2012;22:302-311]

Cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with aeroallergen sensitization in children from Tucson, Arizona

The association between vitamin D status at birth and childhood allergic outcomes is uncertain. The desert climate of Tucson offers a unique setting for studying the health effects of higher exposure to vitamin D. To assess the relationship between cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and allergic outcomes through age 5 years. Cord blood 25(OH)D levels were measured in 219 participants in the Tucson Infant Immune Study, a population-based birth cohort. Plasma total IgE and specific IgE levels to 6 aeroallergens were measured at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Skin prick test (SPT) positivity (wheal diameter ≥ 3 mm) and physician-diagnosed active allergic rhinitis and asthma were assessed at age 5 years. Longitudinal models were used to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D and IgE levels. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of 25(OH)D level with SPT positivity, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. The median cord blood 25(OH)D level was 64 nmol/L (interquartile range, 49-81 nmol/L). Relative to the reference group (50-74.9 nmol/L), both low (<50 nmol/L) and high (≥ 100 nmol/L) levels were associated with increased total IgE (coefficient = 0.27, P = .006 and coefficient = 0.27, P = .04, respectively) and detectable inhalant allergen-specific IgE (odds ratio = 2.4, P = .03 and odds ratio = 4.0, P = .01, respectively) through age 5 years. High 25(OH)D levels were also associated with increased SPT positivity (odds ratio = 4.0, P = .02). By contrast, the 25(OH)D level was not significantly associated with allergic rhinitis or asthma. Both low and high levels of cord blood 25(OH)D were associated with increased aeroallergen sensitization. The association between vitamin D status and actual allergic diseases merits further study.

Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence and Risk Associations

Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Allergic Rhinitis: Prevalence and Risk Associations

Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Pollen Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

Pollen Aeroallergen Sensitization in Children with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

Loss of antigen-specific IgE to aeroallergens in children between ages two and four years

Rationale It is commonly assumed that aeroallergen sensitization in children persists. Two previous studies suggest that a proportion of school-age children spontaneously loose their sensitization. This phenomenon was examined further in younger children in a prospectively studied birth cohort. Methods The Childhood Allergy Study in suburban southeast Michigan was the source of these data. Testing for IgE to D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, dog, cat, short ragweed, and timothy grass antigens was performed using a biotin-avidin amplified ELISA. Sensitization as determined by measurement of aeroallergen-specific circulating IgE to any of these 6 aeroallergens was assessed in children at ages 2 and 4 years. Results Of the 339 children tested at ages 2 and 4 years, 165 initially had at least one positive allergen-specific IgE test. At age 4 years, 61 children (37%) who had had a positive test became negative to all tests upon retesting. 104 were positive and 109 were negative on both occasions. 65 of 174 (37%) who were initially negative, became positive. Conclusion Many children who were initially sensitized to an aeroallergen at age 2 years had lost their sensitization at age 4 years. This finding has significant implications for the longitudinal assessment of clinical allergy in young children as well as for the study of the immunological effects of allergen-injection immunotherapy.

Pollen aeroallergen sensitization in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis

Pollen aeroallergen sensitization in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis