Aerial Parts Of Ocimum Basilicum Research Articles

Allelochemicals Effect of Aqueous Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on Weed Control in Peanut and Cowpea Crops

Four experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 summer seasons at Weed Research Central Laboratory, Giza and Ismailia Research Stations, to exploit of the allelochemicals potential of aqueous extract derived from aboveground parts of Ocimum basilicum on controlling some annual weeds and the growth of cowpea and peanut crops. Aqueous extract applied at 40% concentration as pre-emergence and/or apportionment as 30%+10%, 20%+10%+10% and 10%+10%+10%+10% starting at pre-emergence with one week interval for the estimation of effective periods. The main findings showed that essential oils of aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum were 41 compounds which were analyzed by GC-MS. The major compounds were Eugenol, phenol, 2methoxy-3-(2-propenyl), 1,3,6,10-Cyclotetra decate traene, 14-Isopropyl-3,7,11-trimethyl(+), genranyl-a-terpinene, Retinol, acetate, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy and drostan, 2-(7-hepta decynyloxy) tetrahydro 2h-pyran and M&P-Camphorene. These compounds have allelopathic effect on weeds. On the other hand, Ocimum extract at 40% concentration as pre-emergence was superior over other extract treatments on controlling annual weeds and increasing the growth characteristics and yield of peanut and cowpea plants. Furthermore, Ocimum extract treatment at 40% as pre- emergence was of the same potential of pendimethalin as soil-herbicide at 4.2 l/ha. These results were true in pot and field experiments.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum and Ocimum gratissimum in Function of Harvesting Time

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum and Ocimum gratissimum from Benin as affected by harvesting time, were analyzed by GC-FID (Gas chromatography-Flame ionization detector) and GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry). Based on the composition analysis, major components were as follows: estragol (43.0–44.7%) and linalool (24.6–29.8%) in O. basilicum oils; carvacrol (12.0–30.8%) and p-cymene (19.5–26.2%) in O. canum oils; thymol (28.3–37.7%) and γ-terpinene (12.5–19.3%) in O. gratissimum oils. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oils and their main components against two foodborne bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. The tested oils and their components exhibited notable antimicrobial activities against L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium. The O. canum and O. gratissimum oils collected at 7h and 19h showed significant higher activities against L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium (MICs and MBCs 0.34–2.5 μL/ mL) (p < 0.05), whereas O. basilicum showed lower activity (MICs and MBCs 2.0–8.0 μL/mL) at any daytime of harvest, the weakest being at 19h (MIC and MBC 12.0–32.0 μL/mL). The daytime of harvest can influence the composition of oils and their activities on bacteria.

The Essential Oil Compositions of Ocimum basilicum from Three Different Regions: Nepal, Tajikistan, and Yemen.

The aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L. were collected from four different geographical locations, Sindhuli and Biratnagar (Nepal), Chormaghzak village (Tajikistan), and Sana'a (Yemen). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A cluster analysis of 179 essential oil compositions revealed six major chemotypes: Linalool, eugenol, estragole, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and geraniol. All four of the basil oils in this study were of the linalool-rich variety. Some of the basil oils were screened for bioactivity including antimicrobial, cytotoxicity in human cancer cells, brine shrimp lethality, nematicidal, larvicidal, insecticidal, and antioxidant. The basil oils in this study were not notably antibacterial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, nor nematicidal, but were active in the brine shrimp lethality test, and did show larvicidal and insecticidal activities.

Comparative analysis of anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ocimum basilicum (basil) in RAW264.7, SW1353 and human primary chondrocytes in respect of the management of osteoarthritis

The present study has compared the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous (OBW) and methanolic (OBM) extracts of aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum in macrophage (RAW264.7) and human chondrosarcoma (SW1353) cell lines, and human primary chondrocytes to correlate their efficacy in terms of management of osteoarthritis (OA). In RAW264.7, OBW decreased nitric oxide (NO) (35%±0.22) and prostaglandin (PGE2) (70.8%±0.93) production more effectively compared with OBM. Interestingly, decrease in NO was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (71.4±2.43%) protein expression. OBW decreased total nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) (79.28%±1.8) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (83.87%±0.95) proteins significantly (p<0.001), compared with OBM. Similarly, in SW1353 and chondrocytes, OBW decreased PGE2 (76.11%±5.5) and leukotriene (LTB4) (59.6%±0.22) production appreciably (p<0.001), compared with OBM. In chondrocytes, OBW reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (58.49%±1.41), −9 (43.13%±2.82) and −13 (54.54%±2.12) significantly more (p<0.001), than OBM. All these data suggest that compared with the methanolic extract, the aqueous extract of O. basilicum could be explored for its potential applications in the management of inflammatory conditions associated with OA.

In vitro evaluation of anti-diabetic activity and cytotoxicity of chemically analysed Ocimum basilicum extracts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in the anti-diabetic effects of methanol, hexane and dichloromethane extracts of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (OB) and to analyze their phytochemical composition. Phytochemical analysis of the three extracts by GC/MS using the silylation derivatization technique revealed 53 compounds, 17 of them were found for the first time in OB. Cytotoxic and anti-diabetic properties of the extracts were evaluated using L6-GLUT4myc muscle cells stably expressing myc epitope at the exofacial loop (GLUT4). No cytotoxic effects were observed in treated cells up to 0.25mg/ml extract as measured with MTT and LDH-leakage assays. GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane was elevated by 3.5 and 7 folds (−/+ insulin) after treatment with OB extracts for 20h. Our findings suggest that the observed anti-diabetic properties of OB extracts are possibly mediated in part through one or more of the 17 new identified compound.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil isolated from Omani basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.)

ObjectiveTo identify the major volatile constituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) Linn. grown in Oman. MethodsThe fresh plant material was collected in the month of September from Seeb Nursery in Muscat Governorate, Sultanate of Oman. The aerial parts of O. basilicum Linn. were separated from fresh plant and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation method by using Clevenger apparatus. A greenish yellow oil was obtained in 0.6% v/w yield which was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for its chemical composition. The antibacterial activity of oil was also evaluated against three Gram–positive and four Gram–negative pathogenic bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. ResultsA total of thirty six chemical constituents were identified and linalool (69.87%) was found to be the major constituent. Other main identified constituents included geraniol (9.75%), p-allylanisole (6.02%), 1,8–cineole (4.90%), trans–α–bergamotene (2.36%) and neryl acetate (1.24%). The essential oil of O. basilicum showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram–positive bacteria and moderate activity against Gram–negative bacteria. ConclusionsOmani basil is characterized by a high content of linalool which makes it useful in food, pharmaceutical and perfumery industries.

Anti-HIV-1 Activities of Aerial Parts of Ocimum basilicum and its Parasite Cuscuta campestris

Dried methanol extract of O. basilicum (5 g) was eluted with Hexane: Acetone: Methanol (8:2:0 - 0:4:6, v/v/v) and 100% methanol. Fractions 1-13 (0.25, 0.25, 0.31, 0.45, 0.51, 0.36, 0.38, 0.36, 0.45, 0.31, 0.20, 0.31, 0.48 g) were obtained. Fraction 9 was found to have antiHIV-1 activity and rechromatographed on silicagel column eluted with Ethyl acetate: Me OH (2:1, 1:1, 1:2, v/v) to yield fractions 9a, 9b, 9c (0.12, 0.1, 0.22). Fractions 9c were the most active fraction and were analyzed by NMR as eugenol. Dried methanol extract of C.campestris (5 g) was eluted with Hexane: Aceton: Methanol: (8:2:0 - 0:4:6, v/v/v) and 100% methanol. Fractions 1-10 (0.45, 0.7, 0.40, 0.46, 0.35, 0.46, 0.48, 0.52, 0.40, 0.64 g) were obtained. Fraction 10 was found to have anti-HIV-1 activity. Fraction 10 was further purified by re-chromatography on silica gel column with Ethyl acetate: Me OH (3:1, 2:1, 1:1 v/v). Fraction 10 was separated to fractions 10a, 10b and 10c (0.2, 0, 0.19, and 0.2). Fractions 10a and 10c were the most active fractions and analyzed by NMR as eugenol and eugenol epoxide respectively. HPLC analysis

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Background and the purpose of the studyThe objectives of the present study were phytochemical screening and study of the effects of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (basil) on cardiac functions and histopathological changes in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsThe leaves of the plant were extracted with ethanol by maceration and subjected to colorimetry to determine flavonoids and phenolic compounds. High-performance TLC analysis and subsequent CAMAG's TLC scanning were performed to quantify rosmarinic acid content. Wistar rats were assigned to 6 groups of normal control, sham, isoproterenol, and treatment with 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of the extract two times per day concurrent with MI induction. A subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg/day) for 2 consecutive days was used to induce MI.ResultsPhytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (5.36%) and flavonoids (1.86%). Rosmarinic acid was the principal phenolic compound with a 15.74% existence. The ST-segment elevation induced by isoproterenol was significantly suppressed by all doses of the extract. A severe myocardial necrosis and fibrosis with a sharp reduction in left ventricular contractility and a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were seen in the isoproterenol group, all of which were significantly improved by the extract treatment. In addition to in-vitro antioxidant activity, the extract significantly suppressed the elevation of malondialdehyde levels both in the serum and the myocardium.ConclusionThe results of the study demonstrate that Ocimum basilicum strongly protected the myocardium against isoproterenol-induced infarction and suggest that the cardioprotective effects could be related to antioxidative activities.

The Main Chemical Composition and in vitro Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum Linn. var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth

The essential oils of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum Linn. var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth., an endemic medicinal plant growing in China, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. Fifteen compounds, representing 74.19% of the total oil were identified. The main components were as follows: linalool (29.68%), (Z)-cinnamic acid methyl ester (21.49%), cyclohexene (4.41%), α- cadinol (3.99%), 2,4-diisopropenyl-1-methyl-1-vinylcyclohexane (2.27%), 3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-diethyl ester (2.01%), β-cubebene (1.97%), guaia-1(10),11-diene (1.58%), cadinene (1.41%) (E)-cinnamic acid methyl ester (1.36%) and β-guaiene (1.30%). The essential oils showed significant antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi.

Two New Triterpenoids and a Steroidal Glycoside from the Aerial Parts of Ocimum basilicum.

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New cinnamic acid esters from Ocimum basilicum

Studies on the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum have led to the isolation of a new ferulate, 4′-carbomethoxy-2′-hydroxy phenyl ferulate (1) and a new cinnamate, (E)-3′-hydroxy-4′-(1″-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl-4-methoxycinnamate (2). Their structures have been elucidated through spectral studies including 2D-NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, COSY-45°, NOESY and 2D-J resolved).

Two New Triterpenoids and a Steroidal Glycoside from the Aerial Parts of Ocimum basilicum

Studies on the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum have led to the isolation of three new compounds, basilol (1), ocimol (2), and basilimoside (3), along with two known constituents betulinic acid and oleanolic acid. The structures of the new constituents have been elucidated through spectral studies including 2D-NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY, and J-resolved) and chemical transformation, as p-formylphenyl 3beta-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate (1), 2-methoxy-4-carbomethoxyphenyl 3beta-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oate (2), and (22E)-24xi-ethyl-25-methylcholesta-5,22-diene-3beta-ol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside (3).

Composition of the Camphor-rich Essential Oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Native to Northeast India

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (native to northeast India) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-four components, representing about 92% of the total oil, were identified. Camphor (42.1%), followed by limonene (7.6%) and β-selinene (5.6%), was the major component of the oil.

Comparative studies on the activity of basil—an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.—against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods

The essential oil basil is obtained from the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L. After gas chromatographic separation, the following components were identified: linalol (54.95%), methylchavikol (11.98%), methylcinnamat (7.24%) and linolen (0.14%). The activity of basil against multidrug resistant clinical isolates from the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas has been studied. For this purpose, standard and modified broth macrodilution methods were used and time kill kinetic of basil was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reported between 0.0030% and 0.0007% (v/v). These concentrations were compared with the inhibitory concentrations (ICs) and the logs of the bacterial counts reduction both obtained by basil diluted in 1% Tween (Tw) 80, saline test solution (STS) and spiritus vini (Sv) 95° instead in a broth. The data, obtained after application of different methods of investigation and validated with membrane filtration, showed a strong inhibitory effect of basil on the test bacteria. The chosen bacteria are widespread and pose serious therapeutic difficulties because of their high level of resistance. For this reason, the results obtained were considered encouraging.