Aeration Conditions Research Articles

ნიადაგით გამოწვეული ელექტროქიმიური კოროზია ტენიან, ნაკლებ მჟავიან, ნეიტრალურ და ტუტოვან გარემოში

The article analyzes the anodic, transient and cathodic processes of a galvanic cell. Electrochemical corrosion caused by soil in a moist, less acidic, neutral and alkaline environment is discussed. The scheme of corrosion of underground pipelines under various conditions of soil aeration is given. The cases of corrosion process control for various soil corrosion conditions are considered: soil corrosion with prevailing cathodic control; corrosion in loose, dry soils (anodic control); corrosion over long stretches (prevailing ohmic control).

Dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles within Spirulina sp. suspension under various aeration conditions using the high-speed imaging technique

The biological CO2 fixation method through microalgae photosynthesis has received considerable attention to alleviate the trend of global warming. CO2-enriched gas is generally aerated into the microalgae suspension in the form of bubbles through the gas distributors. Dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles are crucial to microalgae cells growth and CO2 bio-fixation. A visual experimental system based on the high-speed camera was constructed in this work to obtain the dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles within Spirulina sp. suspension. CO2-enriched bubbles movement and dissolution characteristics were comprehensively investigated under various CO2 concentrations, gas distributor aperture size, aeration rates, and Spirulina sp. biomass densities. Experimental results indicate that the optimal CO2 dissolution mass transfer and absorption rate were attained under the CO2 concentration of 5 %, gas distributor aperture diameter of 10 μm, and aeration rate of 0.1–0.3 vvm. Moreover, as Spirulina sp. biomass density increased, the bubble average diameter decreased, and rising velocity slowed while the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and CO2 absorption rate elevated. To summarize, this work may guide future efforts to enhance the photobioreactors (PBRs) performance from the perspective of aeration conditions optimization.

Transforming Wastewater into Biofuel: Nutrient Removal and Biomass Generation with Chlorella vulgaris

This study investigates the potential of Chlorella vulgaris for nutrient removal and biomass production in synthetic wastewater. The experiments were conducted in 2 L photobioreactors under controlled aeration, agitation, and lighting conditions for 19 days. Despite a moderate growth rate (0.137 d⁻¹), C. vulgaris achieved efficient pollutant removal, with 97% of nitrate, 90% of nitrite, and 90.6% of COD eliminated. Additionally, the biomass was processed to extract fatty acids, yielding a 20% extraction rate, indicating its potential as a biofuel feedstock. These results demonstrate C. vulgaris’s dual function in wastewater remediation and biofuel production, presenting a sustainable and economically viable approach to addressing environmental challenges.

CHO stable pool fed-batch process development of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein production: Impact of aeration conditions and feeding strategies.

Technology scale-up and transfer are a fundamental and critical part of process development in biomanufacturing. Important bioreactor hydrodynamic characteristics such as working volume, overhead gas flow rate, volumetric power input (P/V), impeller type, agitation regimen, sparging aeration strategy, sparger type, and kLa must be selected based on key performance indicators (KPI) to ensure a smooth and seamless process scale-up and transfer. Finding suitable operational setpoints and developing an efficient feeding regimen to ensure process efficacy and consistency are instrumental. In this investigation, process development of a cumate inducible Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) stable pool expressing trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 1.8 L benchtop stirred-tank bioreactors is detailed. Various dissolved oxygen levels and aeration air caps were studied to determine their impact on cell growth and metabolism, culture longevity, and endpoint product titers. Once hydrodynamic conditions were tuned to an optimal zone, various feeding strategies were explored to increase culture performance. Dynamic feedings such as feeding based on current culture volume, viable cell density (VCD), oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and bio-capacitance signals were tested and compared to standard bolus addition. Increases in integral of viable cell concentration (IVCC) (1.25-fold) and protein yield (2.52-fold), as well as greater culture longevity (extension of 5 days) were observed in dynamic feeding strategies when compared to periodic bolus feeding. Our study emphasizes the benefits of designing feeding strategies around metabolically relevant signals such as OUR and bio-capacitance signals.

Effect of Different Sucrose Concentrations on the Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Alginate by the Bacterial Strain Azotobacter Vinelandii 12 under Different Aeration Conditions

Effect of Different Sucrose Concentrations on the Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Alginate by the Bacterial Strain Azotobacter Vinelandii 12 under Different Aeration Conditions

Biochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Chlorococcum oleofaciens (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) under Various Cultivation Conditions.

The functional state of enrichment cultures of the Chlorophycean strain Chlorococcum oleofaciens CAMU MZ-Ch4 under various cultivation conditions was studied. Experiments with different aeration conditions, cultivation durations, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the medium were carried out to evaluate the growth dynamics of the strain and its biochemical characteristics. The contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, proteins, lipids, retinol, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase), and succinate dehydrogenase activity were measured. The lipid content on the fully supplemented Bold's basal medium increased to 381.03 mg g-1 dry weight at the late stationary growth phase. This value is 1.3-2.8 times higher than in other experiments. The use of aeration was associated with an increased content of proteins at 283.56 mg g-1 and of carotenoids at 2.12 mg g-1. Also, cultures at the early stationary growth phase with aeration showed the ability to accumulate phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in amounts up to 0.32 mg g-1 and 0.19 mg g-1. The 74-day-old cultures had the highest contents of retinol (0.16 mg g-1) and α-tocopherol (0.68 mg g-1). Growth in nitrogen- and phosphorus-depleted media increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. A comprehensive analysis of all data showed that the antioxidant defence system is stress-resistant and flexible under varying aeration conditions and nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities. Thus, the strain CAMU MZ-Ch4 can be considered a potential producer of lipids, pigments, proteins, and vitamins under various culturing conditions.

The role of yeast propagation aeration for subsequent primary fermentation with respect to performance and aroma development

SummaryDuring the primary fermentation of beer, the yeast simultaneously carries out a series of processes such as cell growth, pH shift, and the formation and degradation of essential flavour components. Harvested yeast from a previous fermentation can be used to inoculate the fermentation or fresh cells can be produced through aerobic propagation. This study investigated the influence of different aeration conditions during Saccharomyces pastorianus ssp. carlsbergensis propagation on the cell count development and the production of secondary metabolites during the subsequent primary beer fermentation. Propagations were conducted by applying six different dissolved oxygen concentrations, and the cells were used as inoculum for the subsequent fermentation. Cell count, pH shift, and the development of key aroma compounds were monitored throughout the primary fermentation to evaluate any difference between the conducted fermentations. The outcomes revealed significant distinctions between fermentations using yeast propagated under elevated oxygen levels and those propagated under reduced oxygen levels. Cells propagated using lower oxygen concentrations showed earlier cell growth with 40% lower final cell counts, resulting in 50% reduced biomass yields. Additionally, lower oxygen concentrations during propagation led to lower pH shifts during primary fermentation with 20% more higher alcohols and elevated formation of acetaldehyde, and esters.

Mimicking Marine Conditions to Improve Prodigiosin Yields in Bioreactor

Prodigiosin is a red bacterial pigment with great potential as a natural dye and drug precursor, while presenting several pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Its commercialization for biomedical applications, however, remains scarce. The major limitations are related to the lack of efficient bioprocesses and scaling up from laboratory to production. In the present work, the upstream process for prodigiosin production was developed using a marine Serratia rubidaea isolated from a sample collected near a shallow-water hydrothermal vent. The yield of product per biomass was found to be influenced by the cell concentration in the inoculum. The system was scaled up to 2 L stirred tank reactors with two different vessel geometries. It was shown that the vessel geometry and a cascade control mode for regulating the dissolved oxygen concentration influenced the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and thus prodigiosin production. To improve product yields, strategies to mimic the aeration conditions found at the sampling site were tested. When the inoculum was grown for 5 h at 200 rpm and for 19 h at 25 rpm, which significantly decreased the oxygen available, the cells produced 588.2 mgproduct/gbiomass, corresponding to a production of 1066.2 mg of prodigiosin in 24 h and a productivity of 36.1 mgproduct/(L.h). This is a 3.7-fold increase in prodigiosin yield and a 4.5-fold increase in productivity in relation to when no particular strategy was promoted. Additionally, it was shown that lipid analysis and flow cytometry may be used as reliable at-line analytical tools, allowing the monitoring of cell condition and prodigiosin production during fermentation.

Impact of forced aeration on vertical flow treatment wetland performances for combined sewer overflow

Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment Wetlands (CSO wetlands) are designed to remove pollutants under stochastic events with variable hydraulic loads. Upgrading them with forced aeration promises to increase the effectiveness and resilience of the treatment. We have tested two vertical CSO wetlands with forced aeration (CSOa and CSOb) to understand the effects of aeration on CSO treatment. Both filter beds have 0.95 and 0.80 m of saturated layer. CSOa uses gravel as top filtering layer, while CSOb utilizes sand and an additional transition layer. Tracer tests were conducted in both filters with and without aeration to assess the impact of aeration on hydraulic performance. CSOa operated with four different aeration conditions, with the optimal condition tested on both filters for comparison. Samples were taken for analysis of global parameters and the redox potential was monitored online. In the tracer test, CSOa allowed to observe the mixing impact of aeration, which avoids any preferential path when influent entered the filter. The addition of a sand layer at the surface (CSOb) allows for a more even distribution of water on the top, which limits preferential flows when aeration is off. In both filters, the results showed that aeration increased the residence time and mixing degree (NTIS <3). Testing different aeration strategies revealed the dependence of dissolved pollutant removal on oxygen supply. In CSOa, the median outlet concentration varied from 23 to 6.4 mg.L−1 in TSS, 153 to 32 mg.L−1 total COD (CODt), 124 to 20 mg.L−1 soluble COD (CODs) and 5 to 2.5 mg.L−1 NH4-N according to aeration strategy. The lower outlet concentrations were always under the highest aeration condition. Under the optimal condition (75 min on/15 min off), median removal of CSOa was 97% TSS, 85% CODt, 78% CODs and 75% NH4-N. Besides COD and TSS, outlet concentration and removal efficiency did not significantly differ between CSOa and CSOb. Pollutant removal demonstrated a linear correlation with organic surface load. Overall, forced aeration in CSO-TW distinctly affected filter dynamics and improved its performance.

A real-time oxygen uptake rate monitoring approach suitable for the antibody production process

Significant progress has been achieved in large-scale mammalian cell culture technology for biotherapeutics manufacturing over the past decades, necessitating the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for the real-time measurement of critical quality attributes and the guidance for precise process control to ensure productivity, quality, and consistency. The Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) serves as a crucial indicator for characterizing the energy metabolism of mammalian cells, offering insights into cellular state and metabolism dynamics. However, current cellular OUR monitoring in antibody production depends mainly on costly gas analyzers or periodic manual sampling. Here, we introduce a novel method for in-line monitoring of cellular OUR in bioreactors based on the stationary liquid phase balance (SLPB) theory, which extends its applicability to diverse aeration and foam conditions without additional equipment or labor expenditures. We modeled the kLa of the aerated stirred bioreactor, assessed the influence of foam on liquid surfaces induced by gas sparging on oxygen transfer, and processed raw OUR data using a sliding filter. The established method was applied to monitoring the real-time OUR of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures for antibody production, demonstrating its excellent accuracy, sensitivity and readability. Aligned with the Quality by Design (QbD) concept, this real-time OUR estimation enables rapid detection of metabolic changes, revealing cellular physiology and facilitating precise feedback control in biotherapeutics manufacturing.

Wastewater treatment using a microalgae consortium mainly composed of chlorella, in Mexico

The bioremediation capacity of microalgae found in the wastewater channels in Irrigation District 03 (DR03) in Mexico was studied. The study evaluated the effect of pH, aeration, light intensity, and water source on the productivity, culture time, and composition of the microalgal biomass, predominantly made up of Chlorella vulgaris spp. Parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total solids (TS), and turbidity were monitored to assess the efficiency and bioremediation capacity of the microbial consortium. The yield production of microalgal biomass was measured to evaluate the amount produced per unit volume of treated water. Two culture conditions were assessed: uncontrolled and controlled conditions of aeration and lighting. Under controlled culture conditions, a productivity of 0.031 g L−1 d−1 biomass with 17% lipidic fraction and 37.65% ash content was observed, along with a reduction in COD and turbidity by 57 and 85%, respectively. A biomass productivity of 0.024 g L−1 d−1 was obtained.

Study on the effect of aeration system on the mass transfer performance of supersaturated total dissolved gas

ABSTRACT The release of supersaturated total dissolved gas (STDG) from dams has been linked to the development of gas bubble disease, which can ultimately result in the death of fish. In order to minimize the impact of STDG on aquatic ecology, the effect of aeration on mass transfer at the air–liquid interface is taken into account. This paper selects four commonly used aerators to carry out indoor aeration tower experiments under different aeration conditions (aeration aperture, aeration water depth, and aeration volume), exploring aerators that can efficiently promote STDG release. The results indicated that the diaphragm aerator was found to have the greatest effect on STDG release, followed by corundum and spin mix aerator. In contrast, a pinhole aerator was found to have the least beneficial impact on STDG release. The increase in the release coefficient for the diaphragm aerator in comparison to the pinhole aerator is 32%. A prediction model for the aeration system was developed based on the mass transfer mechanism at the gas–liquid interface. The parameters in the model were determined using experimental data, which effectively improved the model's prediction accuracy. The findings of this study may serve as a reference point for the selection of the most suitable aerator in the actual engineering of STDG mitigation by aeration technology.

Environmental fate of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-Part 1: Conceptual model.

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), the sodium salt of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), is used as a selective, broad-spectrum contact herbicide to control weeds in cotton and a variety of turf. In water, MSMA dissociates into ions of sodium (Na+) and of MMA-, which is the herbicide's active component. Certain soil microorganisms can methylate MMA to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) other microorganisms can demethylate MMA to inorganic arsenic (iAs). To predict the groundwater concentration of iAs that may result from MSMA application, the processes affecting the environmental behavior of MSMA must be quantified and modeled. There is an extensive body of literature regarding the environmental behavior of MSMA. There is a consensus among scientists that the fate of MMA in soil is controlled by microbial activity and sorption to solid surfaces and that iAs sorption is even more extensive than that of MMA. The sorption and transformation of MMA and its metabolites are affected by several factors including aeration condition, temperature, pH, and the availability of nutrients. The precise nature and extent of each of these processes vary depending on site-specific conditions; however, such variability is constrained in typical MSMA use areas that are highly managed. Monomethylarsonic acid is strongly sorbed on mineral surfaces and becomes sequestered into the soil matrix. Over time, a greater portion of MMA and iAs becomes immobile and unavailable to soil microorganisms and to leaching. This review synthesizes the results of studies that are relevant for the behavior of MSMA used as a herbicide to reliably predict the fate of MSMA in its use conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1859-1875. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Effects of aeration and centrifugation conditions on omega-3 fatty acid production by the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae in a semi-continuous cultivation system on a pilot scale

High production and efficient harvesting of microalgae containing high omega-3 levels are critical concerns for industrial use. Aeration can elevate production of some microalgae by providing CO2 and O2. However, it may lower the production of others by generating shear stress, causing severe cell damage. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae is a new, promising microalga for omega-3 fatty acid production owing to its high docosahexaenoic acid content, and determining optimal conditions and methods for high omega-3 fatty acid production and efficient harvest using G. smaydae is crucial for its commercial utilization. Therefore, to determine whether continuous aeration is required, we measured densities of G. smaydae and the dinoflagellate prey Heterocapsa rotundata in a 100-L semi-continuous cultivation system under no aeration and continuous aeration conditions daily for 9 days. Furthermore, to determine the optimal conditions for harvesting through centrifugation, different rotational speeds of the continuous centrifuge and different flow rates of the pump injecting G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells into the centrifuge were tested. Under continuous aeration, G. smaydaeproduction gradually decreased; however, without aeration, the production remained stable. Harvesting efficiency and the dry weights of omega-3 fatty acids of G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells at a rotational speed of 16,000 rpm were significantly higher than those at 2,000–8,000 rpm. However, these parameters did not significantly differ at injection pump flow rates of 1.0–4.0 L min-1. The results of the present study provide a basis for optimized production and harvest conditions for G. smaydae and other microalgae.

Hydraulic characterization of a hybrid aerated vertical and horizontal treatment wetland

Characterizing the performance of any treatment wetland (TW) system requires a fundamental understanding of the hydraulic behavior of the system. In aerated treatment, the air supply increases complexity, and the internal behavior of TWs can vary according to the adopted aeration strategy. Understanding these changes can provide insights into an optimized operation for aerated TWs. In this sense, the present work characterizes the hydraulics of a hybrid vertical and horizontal aerated TW through parallel tracer testing under different aeration strategies (varying aeration duration and aeration between the different compartments). The tracer test was conducted using amino-G acid and salt on a pilot scale system and measured at the outlet and inside the system. These results are subsequently compared to a full-scale system of a similar design to assess the validity of the results on a larger scale. The results allowed a characterization of actual retention time, the estimated number of tanks-in-series (NTIS), the volume of dead zones, and the identification of the hydraulic behavior under different aeration conditions. The results indicated that decreasing aeration duration led to more heterogeneity within the filter, the aeration on the primary filter plays an important role in mixing, and the pilot scale results can be upscaled for a larger scale. It also highlighted the impact of aeration in the different compartments of this hybrid aerated wetland system, which can contribute to an accurate characterization of specific pollutant removal kinetics.

Bioaugmented biological contact oxidation reactor for treating simulated textile dyeing wastewater

In this study, modified polyamide fibers were used as biocarriers to enrich dense biofilms in a multi-stage biological contact oxidation reactor (MBCOR) in which partitioned wastewater treatment zone (WTZ) and bioaugmentation zone (BAZ) were established to enhance the removal of methyl orange (MO) and its metabolites while minimizing sludge yields. WTZ exhibited high biomass loading capacity (5.75 ± 0.31 g/g filler), achieving MO removal rate ranging from 68 % to 86 % under different aeration condition within 8 h in which the most dominant genus Chlorobium played an important role. In the BAZ, Pseudoxanthomonas was the dominant genus while carbon starvation stimulated the enrichment of chemoheterotrophy and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy genes thereby enhanced the microbial utilization of cell-released substrates, MO as well as its metabolic intermediates. These results revealed the mechanism bioaugmentation on MBCOR in effectively eliminating both MO and its metabolites.

Behavior of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from Wastewater Treatment Plants during Sewage Sludge Composting: Study of Semi-Anaerobic Conditions and Different Stages of the Process

Composting is a common treatment for the high amounts of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants, and the product is used in agriculture. Composting reduces the levels of biodegradable organic pollutants, although other compounds present in wastewater and not eliminated previously by conventional physical–chemical and chemical treatments, such as polychorodibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been found in the final compost at higher levels than those observed in the initial sludge. Their formation was studied during composting under unfavorable aeration conditions and paying attention to different stages of the process. Experiments were carried out in small vessels inside a controlled oven for three types of sewage sludge. Pentachlorophenol was previously added as a dioxin precursor. A clear formation of PCDD/Fs was found, especially during the maturation stage for two experiments. Mainly octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and 1234678-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1234678-HpCDD) to a lesser extent were formed. OCDD levels in the final samples were around 10 times higher than those of the initial mixture after removing the concentration effect. No clear formation nor degradation of PCBs was observed. The toxicity values due to PCDD/Fs and PCBs found in the initial mixtures were 1.20–2.46 ng WHO-TEQ/kg, and those from the final samples were 2.30–7.86 ng WHO-TEQ/kg. Although the toxicity values are below the most restrictive limits found in Europe in this case, toxicity could increase considerably with the presence and concentration of other precursors. Compost from sewage sludge is an ecological product, but the operating conditions must be controlled to avoid PCDD/F formation and facilitate degradation of persistent organic pollutants.

MOF-derived CuO@CB@CF cathode for O2 activation to generate ROSs for efficient electro-Fenton-catalysis

The generation of reactive radicals by molecular oxygen activation has become an important advanced oxidation technique. The combination of highly active carbon materials and stable transition metal oxides can activate molecular oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and further produce active free radicals at the same time, which is an efficient way for the removal of organic pollutants by heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) system. In this study, a novel metal organic framework (MOF) derived CuO-carbon black-carbon felt (CuO@CB@CF) composite catalytic electrode has been prepared, which can generate H2O2 efficiently by selective O2 reduction through two-electron pathway with high pollutant removal efficiency. By optimizing the calcination temperature of MOF and loading capacity, the MOF-derived CuO@CB@CF has demonstrated excellent performance as a HEF catalytic electrode. Meanwhile, the effects of applied voltage, pH value, electrode area and aeration conditions have been studied. The excellent performance of MOF-derived CuO@CB@CF provides new insights into the removal of organic pollutants through electro-Fenton processes of transition metal oxide and carbon-based catalysts.

The combination of nanobubble aeration and iron-based multi-carbon source composites achieves efficient aquaculture wastewater nitrogen removal

The primary constraints for efficient nitrogen removal in aquaculture ponds by indigenous aerobic denitrifiers are oxygen depletion in sediment and the shortage of electron donors. This study innovatively combined nanobubble aeration with iron-based multi-carbon source composites to stimulate aerobic denitrifiers, significantly improving the sediment's oxygen level and supplementing the electron donors of the system. Compared with the systems that incorporated multi-carbon source composites (MCSC) or iron-based multi-carbon source composites (IMCSC) under diffused air aeration conditions, the system that employed nanobubble aeration and iron-based multi-carbon source composites (NIMCSC) demonstrated an increase in total nitrogen (TN) elimination rate by 14.07% and 7.46%, respectively, reaching 89.75%. Microbial community analysisrevealed that the NIMCSC systemenriched the mixotrophic aerobic denitrifiers and fostered a symbiotic relationship among the bacterial communities. Moreover, compared with the MCSC and IMCSC systems, the NIMCSC system highlighted a significant increase in the average abundance of key indigenous aerobic denitrifiers. Meanwhile, the production and transfer process of electrons were stimulated, providing more energy and electron donors and assisting various abundant key functional enzymes to achieve efficient mixotrophic aerobic denitrification in the NIMCSC system. This study presenteda novel approach to achieve efficient aquaculture wastewater nitrogen removal.

Optimized submerged batch fermentation for metabolic switching in Streptomyces yanglinensis 3-10 providing platform for reveromycin A and B biosynthesis, engineering, and production.

The cultivation system requires that the approach providing biomass for all types of metabolic analysis is of excellent quality and reliability. This study was conducted to enhance the efficiency and yield of antifungal substance (AFS) production in Streptomyces yanglinensis 3-10 by optimizing operation conditions of aeration, agitation, carbon source, and incubation time in a fermenter. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were found to play significant roles in AFS production. The optimum pH for the production of AFS in S. yanglinensis 3-10 was found to be 6.5. As the AFS synthesis is generally thought to be an aerobic process, DO plays a significant role. The synthesis of bioactive compounds can vary depending on how DO affects growth rate. This study validates that the high growth rate and antifungal activity required a minimum DO concentration of approximately 20% saturation. The DO supply in a fermenter can be raised once agitation and aeration have been adjusted. Consequently, DO can stimulate the development of bacteria and enzyme production. A large shearing effect could result from the extreme agitation, harming the cell and deactivating its products. The highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) was obtained with 3% starch, making starch a more efficient carbon source than glucose. Temperature is another important factor affecting AFS production. The needed fermentation time would increase and AFS production would be reduced by the too-low operating temperature. Furthermore, large-scale fermenters are challenging to manage at temperatures that are far below from room temperature. According to this research, 28°C is the ideal temperature for the fermentation of S. yanglinensis 3-10. The current study deals with the optimization of submerged batch fermentation involving the modification of operation conditions to effectively enhance the efficiency and yield of AFS production in S. yanglinensis 3-10.