Ether Theory Research Articles

EDMUND T. WHITTAKER, PHYSICS AND CATHOLICISM. THOUGHTS OF A CONVERT

In 1951, Pope Pius XII gave a long speech with the unequivocal title ‘The proofs for the existence of God in the light of modern natural science’, dealing with the relationship between modern science, Thomism and theology. The event was widely reported in the British press partly because the only living scientist quoted in that discourse was the Edinburgh emeritus professor of mathematics and convert to Catholicism, Edmund T. Whittaker (1873–1956), who was, in the 1930s and 1940s, producing his own corpus on the then-popular subject of science and religion. In this article, using the vast and unexplored correspondence between Whittaker and his son, the mathematician John M. Whittaker (1905–1984), I shall explore his thoughts and popular works, in which he mixed modern physics and mathematics, philosophy, apologetics, and theology. Whittaker is well known among historians of science for his A history of the theories of aether and electricity , the work of a hard-working, self-trained history aficionado. Similarly, after his conversion (in 1930, at the age of 57), Whittaker started reading and forming his own views around the official philosophy of the Catholic Church, Thomism. The core idea with which he justified his conversion and which would be the backbone of his speculations on natural theology was ‘sacramentality’. With it, he thought he could bridge the gap between mathematics, modern physics, and religion, and all with a sui generis embrace of Thomism.

New scale in the quasi-static limit of aether scalar tensor theory

New scale in the quasi-static limit of aether scalar tensor theory

Ether wind detection

The existence of an ether is confirmed by the detection of an ether wind, and a physics without dilation of time is described.

SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY IS ALSO FAILED TO EXPLAIN NULL RESULT OF MICHELSON AND MORLEY EXPERIMENT

Michelson and Morley conducted an experiment in the year 1887 to measure the speed of earth in luminiferous aether. In this experiment Michelson’s interferometer was used in which two waves are superimposed to generate interference fringes. Keeping in view known velocity of earth around the sun a fringe shift of 0.44 fringe was expected on the rotation of interferometer at an angle of 900, but surprisingly no fringe shift was observed. The experiment was conducted so many times and at so many places but always null results were obtained. The null result of MMX could not be explained by classical mechanics. A number of explanations for null results were submitted but no one was found to be correct. George Fitzerald and Hendrick Lorentz proposed length contraction hypothesis in the direction of motion of earth, but it was also rejected being an adhoc hypothesis. Albert Einstein submitted his famous theory “The special theory of relativity” in the year 1905. The second postulate of the STR states that speed of light is constant in all directions of inertial frames of reference irrespective of motion of source of light or the observer and states that no luminiferous aether exist as a medium, light waves do not require any medium to propagate. As light travels with constant velocity in both the arms of interferometer irrespective of motion of interferometer and there involves no time difference between the two rays hence null results of MMX were explained by special theory of relativity. Michelson and Morley experiment is based on the wave nature of light. In such experiments wavefront of light plays very important role but behaviour of wavefront of light was not taken into consideration while deriving the time taken by the light rays in the arms of interferometer due to motion of earth resulting into wrong derivation of time. The present article describes the principle and realization of role of wavefront of light in MMX. The time taken by light rays in the arms of the interferometer due to motion of earth depends upon the behaviour of wavefront of light. It has been established by results of Fizeau experiment and steller aberration of light that speed of light is not effected by velocity of moving medium. The derivation of time has been worked out keeping in view constancy of speed of light, wavefront of light and laws of reflection of light according to Huygen’s principle. Contrary to earlier beliefs the Lorentz length contraction hypothesis is not able to explain the null results of MMX. In the light of new facts it is established that there is no difference between theorectical results derived by classical mechanics and special theory of relativity. Special theory of relativity is also failed to explain the null result of MMX. The null result of Michelson and Morley experiment has again become a perplexing question for physicists.

The quantum luminiferous aether

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force equation), Newton’s law of universal gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of general relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect, and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood, and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.

Reconstruction of aether scalar tensor theory for variouscosmological scenarios* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11975072, 11875102, 11835009), National SKA Program of China (2022SKA0110200, 2022SKA0110203), Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (21JK0556), and Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2023-JC-QN-0077)

In this paper, we present several explicit reconstructions for the aether scalar tensor (AeST) theory derived from the background of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmological evolution. It is shown that the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian with a positive cosmological constant is the only Lagrangian capable of accurately replicating the exact expansion history of the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) universe filled solely with dust-like matter. However, the ΛCDM-era can be produced within the framework of the AeST theory for some other fluids, including a perfect fluid with , multifluids, and nonisentropic perfect fluids. Moreover, we demonstrate that the ΛCDM-era can be replicated with no real matter field for the AeST theory. The cosmic evolution resulting from both the power-law and de-Sitter solutions can also be obtained.

The Rejection of Aether in Physics

Eelco Runia’s view of historical time is that the now and the past exert an alternating influence on each other. The most prominent expression of this is a dialogue between the historian and the historical actors in which the historian creates metonyms, replacement terms, for how historical actors are defined, which affects the description of the past. In this paper, Runia’s conception of historical time has been tested through an empirical investigation into the changing descriptions of the process of rejecting the aether hypothesis, 1858-2022. After the process of phasing the aether out of physics had previously been explained as being caused by the gradual acceptance of the theory of relativity, the cause was suddenly superseded in the 1990s by the Michelson-Morley experiment conducted in the 1880s. During the 21st century, however, the aether once again returned as a concept. The reason for the changes, is the conclusion, could possibly be due to the ambition to give a rational picture of the development of natural science at every point in time

Universal horizons and black hole spectroscopy in gravitational theories with broken Lorentz symmetry

The violation of Lorentz invariance (LI) in gravitational theories, which allows superluminal propagations, dramatically alters the causal structure of the spacetime and modifies the notion of black holes (BHs). Instead of metric horizons, now universal horizons (UHs) define the boundaries of BHs, within which a particle cannot escape to spatial infinities even with an infinitely large speed. Then, a natural question is how the quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of a BH are modified, if one considers the UH as its causal boundary. In this paper, we study in detail this problem in Einstein–Aether theory, a vector-tensor theory that violates LI but yet is self-consistent and satisfies all observations to date. Technically, this poses several challenges, including singularities of the perturbation equations across metric horizons and proper identifications of ingoing modes at UHs. After overcoming these difficulties, we show that the QNMs of the Schwarzschild BH, also a solution of Einstein–Aether theory, consist of two parts, the metric and aether parts. The QNMs of the metric perturbations are quite similar to those obtained in general relativity and are consistent with current observations of gravitational waves. But the ones from aether perturbations are different, and our numerical studies indicate that they are even not stable. The latter is consistent with our previous studies, which showed that the stealth Schwarzschild BH suffers a Laplacian instability along the angular direction. The method and techniques developed in this paper can be applied to the studies of QNMs in other theories of gravity with broken LI.

Airy's experiment and the dragging of light by a moving medium

Airy observed the star γ Draconis with the telescope vertically. During observation, he introduced a tube with water in the telescope and expected to adjust the inclination of the telescope. The result was that the star's image was the same with or without water in the tube. With water in the tube and no dragging of light by the moving medium, this article indicates that the image captured by the telescope has a shift of 0.053 mm that may not be observable; therefore, there is no need to adjust the inclination of the telescope. Considering the dragging of light by the water in the tube, the derived formula of the drag coefficient in the framework of Newtonian physics based on Airy's experimental result is identical to that offered by Fresnel based on the ether theory.

A Way to Understanding Michelson-Morley Experiment and its Consequence Regarding Luminiferous Aether / Ether (LE)

A Way to Understanding Michelson-Morley Experiment and its Consequence Regarding Luminiferous Aether / Ether (LE)

Towards testing a dark matter candidate that emerges from the scalar ether theory

According to a scalar theory of gravity with a preferred frame, electromagnetism in the presence of a gravitational field implies that there is an additional energy tensor, which might contribute to dark matter. The expression of this tensor is determined by a mere scalar p, that depends on the EM field and (for a weak field) on the Newtonian gravitational field. We briefly recall why this tensor arises and how the EM field in a galaxy can be calculated. The data fields that enter the PDE for the scalar field p oscillate very quickly in space and time, as does the EM field. This prevents integration of that PDE at the relevant galactic scale. Therefore, a homogenization of that PDE has to be operated. We discuss in some detail three possible ways of applying the homogenization theory to that PDE: time, space, or spacetime homogenization. The second and third ways may lead to feasible, albeit heavy calculations.

The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether

The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether

The concept of a mechanical system for measuring the one-way speed of light

The work presents the concept of a device for the measurement of the one-way speed of light. The minimum parameters of this device have also been determined based on the Special Theory of Ether without transverse contraction. The Special Theory of Ether is a relativistic theory of kinemat-ics with a universal frame of reference in which light propagates and is an alternative explanation for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. An experiment based on the proposed device can be one of the ways to falsify the Special Theory of Relativity and Special Theory of Ether.

Quantum cosmological perfect fluid models in Einstein aether theory

Quantum cosmological perfect fluid models in Einstein aether theory

Aether destructive theory of gravity: Calculation of the aether pressure at the surface of the earth

The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as the earth is that aether is destroyed or modified within the earth. This results in a fall in aether pressure within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth from outer space in order to keep the aether pressure within the earth constant. The aether accelerating into the earth exerts a force on all objects caught in the accelerating aether flow. We have modified the existing theories of what aether is, and using these modifications and existing published figures on the structure of atomic nuclei, we have been able to calculate the aether pressure at the surface of the earth, as well as calculating the gravitational force per nucleon at the surface of the earth. We calculated the aether pressure at the surface of the earth as being 3311 N/m2 or 337.66 kg/m2. The gravitational force per nucleon is 1.627 × 10−26 N/nucleon. We present an entirely new way to calculate the gravitational force acting on an object at the surface of the earth based on the aether theory of gravity and aether dynamics. The force of gravity acting on an object (F) is the product of the aether pressure (P), the mass of object in grams (m), the effective surface area of a nucleon (Seff), and Avogadro’s number. The effective surface area is proportional to half of the surface area of a nucleon (S) multiplied by a factor (<graphic orientation="portrait" position="float" xlink:href="PEP-35-3-252-art0003-F003.jpg"/>). The factor necessary to modify the effective surface area was calculated using calculus. The fact that this equation, based on aether dynamics, actually works demonstrates that the aether theory of gravity may well be correct.

Tunneling analysis of null aether black hole theory in the background of Newman–Janis algorithm

We present a new asymptotically flat black hole solution in Null Aether Theory (NAT) by applying Newman–Janis process. For this purpose, we study the asymptotically flat NAT black hole solution in Newman–Janis algorithm and then compute the tunneling radiation for NAT black hole. The Hawking temperature for NAT black hole depends upon the rotation parameter and charge of the black hole. The Hawking temperature describes a black hole with extremal event horizon. Furthermore, we analyze the graphical interpretation of Hawking temperature with respect to event horizon and check the stability of black hole under the influence of different parameters associated with black hole temperature.

Nonlinear continuum mechanics with defects resembles electrodynamics—A comeback of the aether?

AbstractThe dynamics of an incompressible, isotropic elastic continuum are discussed. Starting from the Lorentz‐invariant motion of defects in elastic continua, MacCullagh's aether theory (1839) of an incompressible elastic solid is reconsidered. Since MacCullagh's theory, based on linear elasticity, cannot describe charges, particular attention is given to a topological defect that causes large deformations and, therefore, requires a nonlinear description. While such a twist disclination can take the role of a charge, the deformation field of a large number of these defects produces a microstructure of deformation related to a Cosserat continuum (1909). On this microgeometric level, a complete set of quantities can be defined that satisfies equations equivalent to Maxwell's. From a broader perspective, the elastic continuum approach appears to be intriguing, yet it has considerable difficulties in describing Dirac's large numbers, another unresolved mystery in fundamental physics. Despite this shortcoming, I think, however, that this paper may stimulate further research.

Explanation of What Time in Kinematics Is and Dispelling Myths Allegedly Stemming from the Special Theory of Relativity

One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is explaining what time is. The paper explains what time is in kinematics theories. It has been proved that in the kinematics of Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and Special Theory of Ether (STE) time is measured by the light clock. Therefore, all properties of time in kinematics result from the properties of a signal clock. The paper explains the time dilation phenomenon on the basis of STE. The presented explanation is not only a classic description of time dilation but is based on the construction of an innovative technical model of this phenomenon. Time dilation is due to the properties of the light clock. It is a natural property of this clock. The article shows that the claim that the speed of light in a vacuum is the maximum speed in the real world has no theoretical basis. In modern physics, such a doctrine has been adopted as a result of an overinterpretation of the mathematics on which the Special Theory of Relativity is based. The presented model shows how, using atomic clocks, it may be possible to determine the movement in relation to the universal frame of reference in which electromagnetic signals propagate. This article contains only original research.

The misunderstood Sagnac effect

The Sagnac effect of first order (in one-way light) is shown to explain the aberration observed in the very long base interferometry tests. This fact is also consistent with Sagnac’s results and with the observed stellar aberration. The Sagnac effect of second order (in two-way light) is shown to be real, but not observable, in the experiments that were done by Michelson and Morley. However, it is also shown that the same second order effect is observable in the Pioneer anomaly. The Doppler effect of second order is also demonstrated to explain the cosmic red shift, due to a radial ether wind.

On the missed opportunities of classical physics

This study considers a variant of the realization of Dirac’s ideas regarding the limited number of Faraday force lines and allowance for the finite size of microparticles in physical theory. It is shown that within the framework of the classical approach, consideration of the limited number of Faraday force lines opens additional possibilities for describing and characterizing the physical field and associated phenomena. Specifically, it is shown that it becomes possible to obtain in a facile manner an expression for describing the discrete radiation of an atom, which agrees well with the empirical Balmer relation. An assumption is made about the possibility of the material existence of Faraday force lines as structural elements of the physical field. It is suggested that the natural fields of physical bodies can be considered as a set of materially existing lines of force, i.e., as a luminiferous ether.