Detection Of Ae Research Articles

Detection of AE Caused by Photosynthesis in Algae Culture Tanks and Effect of Culture Conditions on AE Generation Behavior

Detection of AE Caused by Photosynthesis in Algae Culture Tanks and Effect of Culture Conditions on AE Generation Behavior

Natural joint effect on mechanical characteristics and fracture evolution of In-Site rocks under uniaxial compression

Understanding the strength features and failure characteristics of in-site rocks with various natural joints is an important fundament for studying the stability of underground engineering. The rock specimens with different joint angles, joint lengths, and joint distribution types were prepared and tested in uniaxial compressive test UCT combined with the acoustic emission AE detection. The natural joint categories of rock specimens were divided into single-joint type, cross-joint type, and mixed-joint type according to the number of joints and the gradual deterioration degree of integrity. The research results showed that the lower integrity could degrade the mechanical properties. The AE parameters as well as three types of energies all exhibited a firstly increasing and then decreasing trend with the increase of dominant joint angle αA. Rock specimens with lower intactness generated AE events with higher intensity and energy, resulting in a higher proportion of energy loss and lower severity of damage. The integrity of the natural jointed rock was verified by fractal dimension. The activity of micro-cracks within natural jointed rocks was characterized by both fractal dimension and AE b-value, and found that their trends were synchronized. A classification criterion that combined clustering techniques, AE parameter features, and genetic algorithms for tensile and shear cracks generated during the rock failure process was proposed. It’s demonstrated that the ratio of shear cracks to the total cracks showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with the increase of αA. Hoek-Brown's empirical formula was improved and the rating scores related to the uniaxial compressive strength Rucs-scores were continuouszed for natural jointed rock.

Trigger tool-based description of adverse events in helicopter emergency medical services in Qatar

IntroductionAdverse events (AEs) in helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) remain poorly reported, despite the potential for harm to occur. The trigger tool (TT) represents a novel approach to AE detection...

First record of Aedes japonicus in Liguria region, Northwest of Italy.

Aedes japonicus is an invasive Asian mosquito species, and to date it is widespread in many European countries. In Italy, it was first recorded in 2015 at the Austrian border and it then spread throughout the Northeast of the country. In 2019, it was also identified in Piedmont region, near the Swiss border. In the framework of the Italian program for prevention, surveillance, and response to Arboviruses, from June to November 2021, biweekly entomological surveillance was performed in the Liguria region (Northwest Italy). The collected mosquitoes were morphologically and genetically identified and molecularly analysed for the detection of West Nile and Usutu viruses. Six female mosquitoes, trapped on the 6th of July 2021 using a gravid trap in Albenga (Savona province), were morphologically identified as Ae. japonicus and the identification was genetically confirmed. The pool tested was negative for the presence of West Nile and Usutu viruses. The detection of Ae. japonicus was performed in a coastal area characterized by the presence of many floriculture activities. Considering the distance from the established Ae. japonicus mosquito populations in Italy and other European countries, this could represent an independent introduction in this country.

First record of the invasive Asian tiger mosquitoAedes albopictus in Cyprus based on information collected by citizen scientists

Aedes invasive mosquitoes are a serious human health concern worldwide. The Asian tiger mosquitoAedes albopictus is considered one of the world’s worst invasive alien species. It is a nuisance species and a vector of arboviruses andDirofilaria spp., causing negative socio-economic impacts. This article reports the detection ofAe. albopictus by citizens on the island of Cyprus for the first time. Specimens were collected from urban sites situated within Limassol district. Records were verified by experts, using both morphological and molecular methods. Given both the human health risks associated withAe. albopictus and with the recent rediscovery ofAe. aegypti on the island, intensive monitoring efforts and collaboration between the authorities are required to assess the current distribution of theseAedes invasive mosquitoes and rapidly implement elimination measures. Citizen scientists should be encouraged to monitorAedes invasive mosquitoes as this could significantly contribute to the surveillance and control efforts undertaken by the authorities.

First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Czech Republic.

Aedes koreicus is an invasive mosquito species originating from East Asia. It has recently been introduced into several countries in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia in many of which it has successfully established populations. The biology and ecological requirements of the species are largely unknown, but it is considered as a potential vector of pathogens that requires careful monitoring. We report here the first detection of Ae. koreicus in the Czech Republic, based on a citizen report.

Variation in detected adverse events using trigger tools: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Adverse event (AE) detection is a major patient safety priority. However, despite extensive research on AEs, reported incidence rates vary widely. This study aimed: (1) to synthesize available evidence on AE incidence in acute care inpatient settings using Trigger Tool methodology; and (2) to explore whether study characteristics and study quality explain variations in reported AE incidence. Systematic review and meta-analysis. To identify relevant studies, we queried PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and three journals in the patient safety field (last update search 25.05.2022). Eligible publications fulfilled the following criteria: adult inpatient samples; acute care hospital settings; Trigger Tool methodology; focus on specialty of internal medicine, surgery or oncology; published in English, French, German, Italian or Spanish. Systematic reviews and studies addressing adverse drug events or exclusively deceased patients were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Our main outcome of interest was AEs per 100 admissions. We assessed nine study characteristics plus study quality as potential sources of variation using random regression models. We received no funding and did not register this review. Screening 6,685 publications yielded 54 eligible studies covering 194,470 admissions. The cumulative AE incidence was 30.0 per 100 admissions (95% CI 23.9-37.5; I2 = 99.7%) and between study heterogeneity was high with a prediction interval of 5.4-164.7. Overall studies' risk of bias and applicability-related concerns were rated as low. Eight out of nine methodological study characteristics did explain some variation of reported AE rates, such as patient age and type of hospital. Also, study quality did explain variation. Estimates of AE studies using trigger tool methodology vary while explaining variation is seriously hampered by the low standards of reporting such as the timeframe of AE detection. Specific reporting guidelines for studies using retrospective medical record review methodology are necessary to strengthen the current evidence base and to help explain between study variation.

The first 6 years of surveillance of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Gibraltar

Following the expansion of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) through Spain along the Mediterranean coast, mosquito surveillance was established in Gibraltar in 2016. This paper reports on the first detection of Ae. albopictus in Gibraltar in 2017 as well as subsequent efforts to monitor the establishment of the species, including longitudinal data over several years since 2018, and results of a snapshot survey in 2021 on adult mosquito density. Aedes albopictus has become established across most of Gibraltar, with defined seasonality from August to October, slightly later than the peak in Culex pipiens densities. The larval habitats for Ae. albopictus remain largely enigmatic. Mosquito samples tested for chikungunya and West Nile virus were all found to be negative, and this paper includes recommendations for future control efforts and infectious disease risk assessment.

First Report of Aedes vittatus in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Aedes vittatus is distributed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe and can transmit dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Like other Aedes species, larvae develop in both natural and artificial containers in urban, suburban, and rural areas. In September 2021, an entomological survey was conducted at the National Institute of Health of Pakistan (NIH) and adjacent housing within the NIH colony. All containers with water were examined for Aedes mosquitoes at 150 locations, including residential properties, a plant nursery, junkyards, and recreational parks and playgrounds. A total of 103 larvae, 37 pupae, 5 female and 2 male Ae. vittatus were collected from a fountain. This was the first detection of Ae. vittatus in urban Islamabad. Additional vector surveillance is needed to better understand the geographical distribution, ecology, and behavior of this invasive species and to understand its possible role in the transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Pakistan.

Revisiting model’s uncertainty and confidences for adversarial example detection

Security-sensitive applications that rely on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to small perturbations that are crafted to generate Adversarial Examples. The (AEs) are imperceptible to humans and cause DNN to misclassify them. Many defense and detection techniques have been proposed. Model’s confidences and Dropout, as a popular way to estimate the model’s uncertainty, have been used for AE detection but they showed limited success against black- and gray-box attacks. Moreover, the state-of-the-art detection techniques have been designed for specific attacks or broken by others, need knowledge about the attacks, are not consistent, increase model parameters overhead, are time-consuming, or have latency in inference time. To trade off these factors, we revisit the model’s uncertainty and confidences and propose a novel unsupervised ensemble AE detection mechanism that 1) uses the uncertainty method called SelectiveNet, 2) processes model layers outputs, i.e. feature maps, to generate new confidence probabilities. The detection method is called SFAD. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better performance against black- and gray-box attacks than the state-of-the-art methods and achieves comparable performance against white-box attacks. Moreover, results show that SFAD is fully robust against High Confidence Attacks (HCAs) for MNIST and partially robust for CIFAR10 datasets.1

First Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Benin, West Africa, 2021.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is native to Southeast Asia and has colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide in the last three to four decades. In Africa, data on its distribution is incomplete. Most studies having focused on the abundance, competition to other species, and phylogenetics of this vector are from the central African region. Here, we report the first detection of Ae. albopictus in Benin, West Africa. A total of 13 specimens were collected during the study period in 2021. The phylogenetic analysis of a cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene fragment revealed a close relationship to populations from tropical India. Because of its close geographical proximity to areas where it has been found, it is assumed that the species was introduced several years before and is currently widely distributed in Benin. Additional studies are needed to explore its distribution, expansion range, and competitive effects on native species.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, endocrine adverse events, and outcomes of melanoma.

ObjectiveImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can cause endocrine adverse events. However, endocrine AEs could be related to better treatment outcomes. Our aim was to investigate whether this holds true in a real-world setting of metastatic melanoma patients.DesignA retrospective single-institution study.MethodsWe included 140 consecutive metastatic melanoma patients treated with ICI between January 2012 and May 2019. We assessed the endocrine toxicity and the best possible treatment outcomes from electronic patient records, including laboratory parameters and radiological images.ResultsOf the treated patients, 21 patients (15%) were treated with ipilimumab, 46 (33%) with nivolumab, 67 (48%) with pembrolizumab, and 6 (4%) with combination therapy (ipilimumab + nivolumab). Endocrine AEs appeared in 29% (41/140) patients. Three patients had two different endocrine AEs. Thyroid disorders were the most common: 26% (36/140), followed by hypophysitis: 4% (5/140). Three subjects (2%, 3/140) were diagnosed with autoimmune diabetes. Three patients had to terminate treatment due to endocrine toxicity. Radiological manifestations of endocrine AEs were found in 16 patients (39%, 16/41). Endocrine toxicity was associated with significantly better treatment outcomes. Median progression-free survival (8.1 months, range 5.1–11.1 months vs 2.7 months, range 2.4–3.0 months, P < 0.001), and median overall survival (47.5 months, range 15.5–79.5 months vs 23.7 months, range 15.3–32.1 months, P = 0.035) were longer for patients experiencing endocrine AEs.ConclusionsThe higher number of endocrine AEs suggest that regular laboratory monitoring aids in AE detection. Endocrine AEs in metastatic melanoma may correlate with better treatment outcomes.

An Efficient AES 32-Bit Architecture Resistant to Fault Attacks

The Advanced Encryption Standard cryptographic algorithm, named AES, is implemented in cryptographic circuits to ensure high security level to any system which required confidentiality and secure information exchange. One of the most effective physical attacks against the hardware implementation of AES is fault attacks which can extract secret data. Until now, a several AES fault detection schemes against fault injection attacks have been proposed. In this paper, so as to ensure a high level of security against fault injection attacks, a new efficient fault detection scheme based on the AES architecture modification has been proposed. For this reason, the AES 32-bit round is divided into two half rounds and input and pipeline registers are implemented between them. The proposed scheme is independent of the procedure the AES is implemented. Thus, it can be implemented to secure the pipeline and iterative architectures. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed fault detection scheme against fault injection attacks, we conduct a transient and permanent fault attacks and then we determine the fault detection capability; it is about 99.88585% and 99.9069% for transient and permanent faults respectively. We have modeled the AES fault detection scheme using VHDL hardware language and through hardware FPGA implementation. The FPGA results demonstrate that our scheme can efficiently protect the AES hardware implementation against fault attacks. It can be simply implemented with low complexity. In addition, the FPGA implementation performances prove the low area overhead and the high efficiency and working frequency for the proposed AES detection scheme.

Quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Aedes vigilax in mosquito trap collections containing large numbers of morphologically similar species and phylogenetic analysis of specimens collected in Victoria, Australia

BackgroundAedes vigilax is one of the most significant arbovirus vector and pest species in Australia’s coastal regions. Occurring in multiple countries, this mosquito species occurs as a species complex which has been separated into three clades with two detected in Australia. Until recently, Ae. vigilax has largely been absent from Victoria, only occasionally caught over the years, with no reported detections from 2010 to 2016. Complicating the detection of Ae. vigilax is the shared sympatric distribution to the morphologically similar Ae. camptorhynchus, which can exceed 10,000 mosquitoes in a single trap night in Victoria. Currently, there are no molecular assays available for the detection of Ae. vigilax. We aim to develop a quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of Ae. vigilax, with the specificity and sensitivity of this assay assessed as well as a method to process whole mosquito traps.MethodsTrapping was performed during the 2017–2020 mosquito season in Victoria in two coastal areas across these 3 consecutive years. A qPCR assay was designed to allow rapid identification of Ae. vigilax as well as a whole mosquito trap homogenizing and processing methodology. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine which clade Ae. vigilax from Victoria was closest to.ResultsAedes vigilax was successfully detected each year across two coastal areas of Victoria, confirming the presence of this species. The qPCR assay was proven to be sensitive and specific to Ae. vigilax, with trap sizes up to 1000 mosquitoes showing no inhibition in detection sensitivity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ae. vigilax from Victoria is associated with clade III, showing high sequence similarity to those previously collected in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia.ConclusionsAedes vigilax is a significant vector species that shares an overlapping distribution to the morphologically similar Ae. camptorhynchus, making detection difficult. Here, we have outlined the implementation of a specific and sensitive molecular screening assay coupled with a method to process samples for detection of Ae. vigilax in collections with large numbers of non-target species.Graphical abstract

The Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) hsp83 Gene Promoter Drives Strong Ubiquitous DsRed and ZsGreen Marker Expression in Transgenic Mosquitoes.

Transgenic strains of the mosquito disease vector Aedes aegypti (L.) are being developed for population suppression or modification. Transgenic mosquitoes are identified using fluorescent protein genes. Here we describe DsRed and ZsGreen marker genes driven by the constitutive Ae. aegypti heat shock protein 83 (hsp83) promoter in transgenic mosquitoes. Transgenic larvae and pupae show strong full body expression of the red and green fluorescent proteins. This greatly assists in screening for transgenic individuals while making new or maintaining already established lines. Transient marker gene expression after embryo microinjection was readily visible in developing larvae allowing the separation of individuals that are more likely to produce transgenic offspring. The strongly expressed marker genes developed in this study should facilitate the detection of transgenic Ae. aegypti larvae or pupae in the field.

Status of the invasive mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Turkey

Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of arboviruses. In Turkey, Ae. albopictus eggs were detected in the Thrace area of northwestern Turkey for the first time in 2011. In 2015, studies revealed the spread of Ae. albopictus and the first detection of Ae. aegypti within northeastern Turkey was reported. This paper reports the results of a survey of the presence and distribution of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in Turkey conducted over 5 years. As of 2019, monitoring studies were conducted on the presence of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in five geographical regions (Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Marmara, Mediterranean and Aegean Regions). A comprehensive range of potential larval habitats, such as tires, artificial containers, cemeteries, water bottles and natural breeding habitats, were assessed. In addition, standard ovitraps and adults’ traps were used in some localities. This study showed that Ae. albopictus , in particular, expanded its distribution each year and has the potential to extend its range throughout Turkey over the next few years. In Turkey, the distribution of Ae. aegypti is currently limited to northeastern Turkey. Future work focused on determining more effective surveillance and control studies is discussed.

Establishing and evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in human tissue.

BackgroundAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by metacestode larva of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE diagnostics currently rely on imaging techniques supported by serology, but unequivocal detection of AE is difficult. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to detect tapeworm DNA in biopsies have been suggested for several species, no validated protocol adhering to accepted guidelines has so far been presented for AE diagnostics. We herein established a PCR protocol for metacestode biopsies and technically evaluated the method using isolated parasite DNA and cells, biopsies of clinically relevant material, and formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissue blocks. We compared the results with an immunochemical (IHC) approach using the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 specific for the antigen Em2 of E. mulitlocularis.Methodology/Principal findingsBased on tapeworm 12S rDNA sequences we established and validated a PCR protocol for robust detection of as little as 50 parasite cells per specimen and report 127 cases of positive identification of Echinococcus species in samples from humans and animals. For further validation, we analyzed 45 liver, heart, brain, and soft tissue samples as well as cytological probes of aspirates of FFPE-material from 18 patients with clinically confirmed AE. Of each patient we analyzed (i) fully viable lesions with laminated layer; (ii) tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive small particles of E. multilocularis (spems); (iii) mAbEm2G11-negative tissue adjacent to the main lesion; and (iv) lymph node tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive spems. To identify the areas for the PCR-based approach, we performed IHC-staining with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11. Micro-dissected tissue of these areas was then used for PCR-analysis. 9 of 15 analyzed samples with viable E. multilocularis lesions with laminated layer were positive by PCR. Of this group, all samples preserved for less than 6 years (6/6) were tested positive. 11 of 15 samples of spems and 7 of 9 samples of the control group mAbEm2G11-negative tissue were negative by PCR. We further show that all probes from lymph nodes with spems are PCR negative.Conclusions/SignificanceWe present a sensitive PCR method for the detection of E. multilocularis in human tissue, particularly in fresh biopsy material and tissue blocks stored for less than 5 years. While the diagnostic sensitivity of material containing only spems was higher using IHC, PCR detection was possible in IHC negative liver tissue and in patients with negative serology. Our results support the view that spems do not contain parasitic DNA or viable cells of the parasite. spems thus most probably do not directly contribute to metastasis formation during AE.

NUEVA INTRODUCCIÓN DE AEDES VITTATUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) EN LA REGIÓN ORIENTAL DE CUBA: CARACTERIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA Y RELEVANCIA MÉDICA

Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) posee una amplia distribución mundial en el Viejo Mundo, que se ha ampliado recientemente al continente americano. Este mosquito presenta una marcada preferencia por hábitats cercanos a las poblaciones humanas y se relaciona con la transmisión de arbovirus de importancia médica. A principios de diciembre de 2020, después de una inspección rutinaria en una localidad rural de Camagüey, Cuba, se capturaron estados inmaduros de culícidos en diferentes tipos de reservorios. Tras la maduración de las larvas y la eclosión de las pupas capturadas, se identificaron un total de 34 larvas y nueve adultos pertenecientes a dicha especie, entre otras de importancia médica. Esta es la primera detección de Ae. vittatus en Cuba fuera de la Base Naval de la Bahía de Guantánamo, y la tercera en las Américas. Es necesario continuar profundizando en la bioecología y distribución de esta potencial especie invasora, así como determinar el impacto futuro que tendrá la presencia de este mosquito en Cuba.

First confirmed occurrence of the yellow fever virus and dengue virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead, 1907) in Mozambique

BackgroundMozambique, same as many other tropical countries, is at high risk of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) diseases and recently two dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks occurred in the northern part of the country. The occurrence of some important vector species, such as Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) and Ae. (Stg.) albopictus (Skuse), besides several other sylvatic vectors, have been reported in the country, which may indicate that the transmission of some arboviruses of public health importance may involve multiple-vector systems. Therefore, knowing the occurrence and distribution of existing and the new important vectors species, is crucial for devising systematic transmission surveillance and vector control approaches. The aim of this study was to map the occurrence and distribution of mosquito species with potential for transmitting arboviruses of human and veterinary relevance in Niassa Province, Northern Mozambique.MethodsField entomological surveys were undertaken in April 2016 in Lago District, Niassa Province, northern Mozambique. Breeding sites of mosquitoes were inspected and immature stages were collected and reared into adult. Mosquitoes in the adult stages were morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. Morphological identification of Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead) were later confirmed using dissected male genitalia and molecular based on the phylogenetic analyses of the sequenced barcode (cox1 mtDNA) gene.ResultsA total of 92 mosquito larvae collected developed into adults. Of these, 16 (17.39%) were morphologically identified as Ae. luteocephalus. The remaining specimens belonged to Ae. (Stg.) aegypti (n = 4, 4.35%), Ae. (Aedimorphus) vittatus (n = 24, 26.09%), Anopheles garnhami (n = 1, 1.09%), Culex (Culiciomyia) nebulosus (n = 28, 30.43%), Eretmapodites subsimplicipes (n = 18, 19.57%) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (n = 1, 1.09%), taxa already known to the country. Male genitalia and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identity of Ae. luteocephalus specimens collected in this study.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first detection of Ae. luteocephalus in Mozambican territory, a vector species of yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) in Africa. Further studies are encouraged to investigate the role of Ae. luteocephalus in the transmission of arboviral diseases in Mozambique.

The First Record of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dominican Republic: Public Health Implications of a Potential Invasive Mosquito Species in the Americas.

Aedes vittatus Bigot is distributed throughout Africa, tropical Asia, and southern Europe and occurs in sylvatic as well as peridomestic environments where it readily feeds on humans. Although the vectorial capacity of Ae. vittatus is not well understood, this species is known to play a role in the maintenance and transmission of yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, and dengue virus within its native range. In October 2019, after a routine inspection of mosquito-breeding containers in Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic, two Ae. vittatus females were captured via human landing catch method. After this finding, a CDC miniature light trap was deployed at the point of initial detection from 18:00 to 08:00 h, 2 d/wk from 3 to 31 October 2019. Potential larval habitats were also sampled via traditional dip method once per week spanning a 150 m radius from point of initial detection. In addition to the 2 adult females, 10 female and 2 male Ae. vittatus were captured. One Ae. vittatus larva also was found in a small puddle formed by an animal hoof print. Conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm morphological identification of collected specimens. This is the first detection of Ae. vittatus in the Dominican Republic as well as the Americas. Therefore, enhanced surveillance is needed to better understand the range and public health risks this potential invasive mosquito species may pose in the Dominican Republic, other Caribbean Islands, and/or the Americas.