Adverse Effects Of Passive Smoking Research Articles

Perception of the oral health risks of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products: A cross-sectional study.

Tobacco smoke is a major health risk factor for smokers but also for non-smokers due to passive smoking. These risks come from conventional cigarette smoke but also from aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs). The aim of this study was to investigate population knowledge about the adverse effects of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and HTPs. Between February and October 2023, 504 subjects among the general population responded to a questionnaire with 8 questions in Italian, via a link to the Google Forms platform. The questions related to the oral health effects of active and passive smoking. Descriptive analyses of all variables in the questionnaire were performed, and statistical analyses between variables were carried out using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. A large subset of individuals interviewed stated that active smoking is harmful to health and consider active smoking more damaging compared with passive smoking (86.3%). The majority believed that passive smoking of cigarettes is more harmful to oral health than passive smoking of HTPs (79.4%) or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (84.9%). Results suggest that most people in this study had good knowledge about the adverse effects of active or passive smoking on health; however, knowledge regarding e-cigarettes and HTPs was poor and confused. These results reveal the complexity of perceptions regarding different types of smoking and the need for further research to fully understand the risks associated with each type of passive smoking.

Awareness on passive smoking among Indian adults.

Around one-third of adults worldwide regularly come into contact with passive smoking. In addition to many other health issues, non-smokers who are exposed to passive smoking at home or at work have a 20-30% higher risk of acquiring lung cancer. The current study set out to determine adult smokers' awareness of the hazards of passive smoking as well as the efficacy of an education campaign in raising that awareness. To finish the investigation, a pre-experimental research approach was employed. 60 adults between the ages of 18 and 45 were chosen by non-probability purposive sampling. Results revealed that the mean of pre-test score was 12.33 and mean of post-test score was 21.5. The mean difference was 9.17. The standard deviation of pre-test knowledge score was 2.87 and standard deviation post-test knowledge score was 3.27. The calculated 't' value is 14.80, the DF value was 59 and p value was 1.671. This shows that the teaching program was effective in increasing the awareness of adults regarding effects of passive smoking. Age and education status of the sample were found to have significant association with the level of awareness in pre-test. Teaching programs can be effectively utilized to create awareness among adults regarding adverse effects of passive smoking.

Correlation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and periodontitis in passive smokers; a systematic review

Introduction: Smoking is a major health hazard. Cigarette smoke is produced by burning of complex organic compounds that include highly toxic components. Passive smokers are non-smoker individuals that are exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Passive or involuntary smoking is currently a major public health dilemma worldwide. Considering the increasing number of passive smokers in today’s world, it is imperative to assess the potential adverse effects of passive smoking on oral health and periodontal tissue. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the correlation between exposure to ETS and periodontitis in passive smokers. Methods: In this systematic review, the Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles published from 1990 to 2020. The extracted data were tabulated. Results: Search of the literature yielded 77 articles based on the searched keywords. After assessing the abstracts and excluding the duplicates, 68 articles remained. After accurate assessment by the examiners, 21 articles were selected for the full-text review. Finally, seven eligible articles remained in the study for the final review. Conclusion: Cigarette smoke affects the immune system and aggravates periodontal destruction as such. Despite the available evidence regarding the correlation of periodontal parameters and exposure to ETS in passive smokers, more comprehensive studies on this topic are still required to achieve a definite therapeutic protocol considering the small number of available studies on this topic, methodological flaws and the existing controversies.

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by healthy children aged below five (Preliminary study).

Children are commonly affected by environmental tobacco smoke. The presence of exposure can be deduced from urinary urine kotinine/creatinine ratio and history. The aim of this study was to investigate passive smoking in healthy children between one-month and five year old, and to determine the adverse effects of passive smoking on child health. Children between one-month and five year old who were regularly monitored for health were included following informed consent given by their parents. The questionnaire method was used. Demographic variables, respiratory tract infections, recurrent infections were questioned. The levels of cotinine, creatinine were measured and the cotinine/creatinine ratios were calculated in urine specimens taken from the children. Growth status and infection frequency were determined using demographic data, cotinine/creatinine ratios in urine, exposure rate to second-hand tobacco smoke of the children. The ratio of household smokers was 70.3%, the ratio of non-smokers was 29.7%. Fifty percent of the mothers were smokers. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly higher in children of smokers compared with children of non-smokers (p=0.011). One third of the children was evaluated as passive smokers. The presence of a smoker at home and the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during the day increased the frequency of acute respiratory infections (p=0.047). In these regularly-monitored preschool children, we found frequent exposure to cigarette smoke. This study contributes to national data and will aid in increasing the awareness for the deleterious effects of passive smoking on child health.

Bacoside A: Role in Cigarette Smoking Induced Changes in Brain.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major health hazard that exerts diverse physiologic and biochemical effects mediated by the components present and generated during smoking. Recent experimental studies have shown predisposition to several biological consequences from both active and passive cigarette smoke exposure. In particular, passive smoking is linked to a number of adverse health effects which are equally harmful as active smoking. A pragmatic approach should be considered for designing a pharmacological intervention to combat the adverse effects of passive smoking. This review describes the results from a controlled experimental condition, testing the effect of bacoside A (BA) on the causal role of passive/secondhand smoke exposure that caused pathological and neurological changes in rat brain. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke induced significant changes in rat brain histologically and at the neurotransmitter level, lipid peroxidation states, mitochondrial functions, membrane alterations, and apoptotic damage in rat brain. Bacoside A is a neuroactive agent isolated from Bacopa monnieri. As a neuroactive agent, BA was effective in combating these changes. Future research should examine the effects of BA at molecular level and assess its functional effects on neurobiological and behavioral processes associated with passive smoke.

A tobacco-related carcinogen: assessing the impact of smoking behaviours of cohabitants on benzene exposure in children

BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) represents a major preventable cause of morbidity for communities, especially for children, who are more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of passive smoking. SHS contains...

686 Passive Smoking in Children at High Socio-Cultural and Economic Level and Parents' Opinions About the Effects of Passive Smoking

Objective: This study was conducted to determine exposure to tobacco smoke at home in children whose parents at high socio cultural and economic level and parents' opinions about the effects of passive smoking in children. Method: The survey data was collected on a random sample of 290 parents of children who attended from two private schools in Sakarya (2007) All parents in the sample received an anonymous self-administered questionnaire containing an explanation about the purpose of the study, pointing out the participation is voluntary. Results: 407% of fathers and 328% of mothers were university graduates 466% of families have described to their economic situation as good 545% of families were smokers, % 203 of both mother and father were identified as smokers 169% of the parents had reported their children exposed to cigarette smoke at home, 824% of families have an opinion that they have reported passive smoking of children may lead respiratory diseases, 724% the immune system weakens, 721% a desire to smoke in the future. Conclusion: The majority of the parents are known to health effects of the passive smoking on the children Despite this, nearly one in five is exposed to their children to tobacco smoke at home By adapting to the parents to adverse effects of passive smoking for the health of children and particularly babies at individual and family health awareness programs, changes in behavior must be established.

2007 Hakem Dizini

Passive smoking environmental tobacco smoke is an important public health problem causing several adverse effects on the health outcomes of children Adverse effects of passive smoking occur from conception through adolescence Exposure to passive smoking in children is associated especially with increased upper and lower respiratory infection and increased asthmatic symptoms Globally including Turkey the percentage of children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke is considerably high Exposure intensity of passive smoking shows a strong correlation with indoor parental and especially maternal smoking the number of cigarettes smoked the number and volume capacity of the rooms where cigarettes are smoked and individual metabolic diversities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42: 136 41 Key words: Child health passive smoking respiratory tract infection

Pasif sigara içiciliğinin çocuklarda solunum sistemi üzerindeki etkileri Çağrılı Editör

Passive smoking environmental tobacco smoke is an important public health problem causing several adverse effects on the health outcomes of children Adverse effects of passive smoking occur from conception through adolescence Exposure to passive smoking in children is associated especially with increased upper and lower respiratory infection and increased asthmatic symptoms Globally including Turkey the percentage of children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke is considerably high Exposure intensity of passive smoking shows a strong correlation with indoor parental and especially maternal smoking the number of cigarettes smoked the number and volume capacity of the rooms where cigarettes are smoked and individual metabolic diversities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42: 136 41 Key words: Child health passive smoking respiratory tract infection

2007 Yazar Dizini

Passive smoking environmental tobacco smoke is an important public health problem causing several adverse effects on the health outcomes of children Adverse effects of passive smoking occur from conception through adolescence Exposure to passive smoking in children is associated especially with increased upper and lower respiratory infection and increased asthmatic symptoms Globally including Turkey the percentage of children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke is considerably high Exposure intensity of passive smoking shows a strong correlation with indoor parental and especially maternal smoking the number of cigarettes smoked the number and volume capacity of the rooms where cigarettes are smoked and individual metabolic diversities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42: 136 41 Key words: Child health passive smoking respiratory tract infection

Ciddi bir yakınması olmaksızın başvuran üç aylık kız çocuğu Ayın Olgusu

Passive smoking environmental tobacco smoke is an important public health problem causing several adverse effects on the health outcomes of children Adverse effects of passive smoking occur from conception through adolescence Exposure to passive smoking in children is associated especially with increased upper and lower respiratory infection and increased asthmatic symptoms Globally including Turkey the percentage of children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke is considerably high Exposure intensity of passive smoking shows a strong correlation with indoor parental and especially maternal smoking the number of cigarettes smoked the number and volume capacity of the rooms where cigarettes are smoked and individual metabolic diversities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42: 136 41 Key words: Child health passive smoking respiratory tract infection

The effect of environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy on birth weight

This study explores whether pregnant nonsmokers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affects the average birth weight at term. The population studied consists of pregnant nonsmokers participating in a study called Smoke-free Newborn Study. The participants (n = 1612) answered a questionnaire during 12th to 16th gestational week about their exposure to ETS at home and outside the home. Pregnant nonsmokers exposed to ETS both at home and outside the home gave birth to children with a birth weight of 78.9 g (95% CI -143.7 to -14.1) (P=0.02) lower than the weight of children born to women unexposed to ETS. There was no significant reduction in birth weight among women exposed to ETS at home only or outside the home only. A nonsignificant dose-response association was seen between increasing daily exposure to ETS and reduction in birth weight. Nonsmoking pregnant women who were exposed to ETS at home as well as outside the home gave birth to children with a 79 g reduction in birth weight compared to children of unexposed women. The fact that exposure to ETS has an effect on the birth weight is regarded as essential. The authors recommend that pregnant women should not be exposed to passive smoking, and that it should be considered whether workplace legislation should be instituted in order to protect pregnant women against the adverse effects of passive smoking.

Longitudinal studies of active and passive smoking.

From the public health perspective, epidemiologic research on smoking and respiratory health can be considered a success. In addition to the identification of smoking as a cause of lung cancer, which is not a focus of this review, sufficient evidence has been obtained to causally link active and passive smoking to adverse respiratory effects in children and adults (1-3). Initially, much of this evidence, both for active and passive smoking, was derived from cross-sectional studies. The findings of these studies, some undertaken more than 40 yr ago, were compelling in their demonstration that active smoking could substantially reduce lung function and cause respiratory symptoms. The adverse effects of passive smoking on the lung function of children, although far more subtle, were first shown in cross-sectional data as well. The cross-sectional data on active smoking provided evidence sufficient to stand up to the yardstick of the criteria for causality. Although temporality cannot be met in cross-sectional data, the age-pattern of effect was consistent with the proper sequence, with smoking preceding its adverse consequences. The effects on symptoms and lung function level were also consistent among studies, biologically plausible, and strong, doseresponse relationships wereevident. Conclusions of the U.S. Surgeon General's reports mirrored this evidence (1-3). To better characterize the longitudinal effect of cigarette smoking on lung function, cohort studies wereinitiated that provided data on active smoking and respiratory health. These early studies, the London transport workers study and the Dutch cohort study, were implemented to address the early natural history of chronic airflow obstruction (4, 5). Information on active smoking also came secondarily from other cohort studies, including studies of occupational groups and studies of cardiovascular disease. The data from the early cohort studies wereanalyzed primarily to characterize change in ventilatory function and not disease incidence. The analytic approaches were straightforward, estimating change as simple difference measures or regression slopes. The findings from these cohort studies confirmed the cross-sectional evidence; cigarette smokers had accelerated decline compared with nonsmokers, and the degree of acceleration increased with the amount smoked. The longitudinal data further showed that the rate of decline after stopping smoking returned to that of the never smoker. By the end of the 1970s, the findings of this literature were extensive, and the findings were consistent among the investigations. These studies, which focused on adult smokers, did not examine the age at which effects of active smoking are first manifest. In the 1960s, the first studies were published on active smok-

Relation between passive tobacco smoke exposure and the development of bacterial meningitis in children.

The adverse effects of passive smoking have received wide attention in recent years. Although a number of childhood illnesses are known to be affected by exposure to tobacco smoke, to date the medical literature is silent about the effect of tobacco smoke on the development of bacterial meningitis in children. The purpose of this study was to learn whether any such association exists. Parents of 93 children admitted for bacterial meningitis were surveyed to ascertain which of the children were exposed to passive tobacco smoke. A similar survey was conducted of an age- and sex-matched control group. Children admitted for bacterial meningitis were significantly more likely to have been exposed to tobacco smoke than was a control group of children admitted for abdominal surgery. (P = 0.017; odds ratio 2.63, 95 percent confidence interval 1.15, 4.87). The results of this study indicate that bacterial meningitis in children should be added to the growing list of illnesses associated with passive exposure to cigarette smoke.