Adverse Conditions Research Articles

Role of white rot fungi in sustainable remediation of heavy metals from the contaminated environment

ABSTRACT Heavy metal contamination has severe impacts on the natural environment. The currently existing physico-chemical methods have certain limitations, restricting their wide-scale application. The use of biological agents like bacteria, algae, and fungi can help eliminate heavy metals without adversely affecting flora and fauna. Due to their inherent ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions, nowadays, mycoremediation approaches are receiving considerable attention for heavy metal removal from contaminated sites. In this review, we emphasised the role of white rot fungi in remediation of heavy metal along with different factors influencing biosorption, effects on exposed fungi, and the mechanisms involved. Bibliometric analysis tools have been applied to literature search and trend analysis of the research on white rot fungi-mediated heavy metal removal. Annual growth rates and average citations per document are 5.08% and 35.48, respectively. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor have been widely explored for the remediation of heavy metals. In addition to providing some prospects, the review also highlighted a few limitations, including inconsistent removal and effects of environmental factors influencing the functioning of white rot fungi. Overall, white rot fungi have been found to have immense potential to be widely utilised for sustainable remediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments.

Cooperative Load Transportation with Quadrotors using Adaptive RISE Control

The problem of transporting cable-suspended payloads using two quadrotors is analyzed in this work. The system kinematics are treated using a virtual structure formation controller, which generates the acceleration references commanded to the aerial vehicles. The disturbances caused by the payload are treated as unmodeled disturbances and a novel robust integral of the sign of the error (RISE) controller is proposed, guaranteeing the asymptotic convergence of the tracking errors. A model reference adaptive control is also incorporated into the RISE controller, combining the advantages of adaptive and robust control. The proposal is validated by numerous experiments using two quadrotors to transport a bar-shaped payload in adverse conditions. The results allow the conclusion that the proposed system is capable of performing transportation and orientation tasks with the payload, subject to translational accelerations up to 3.5 m/s2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}.

Pavement performance and model studies with modified bitumen binder

Flexible pavements experience premature deterioration due to several factors, such as high volumes of traffic, repeated wheel loads, overloading, adverse weather conditions, inferior quality of materials, and other related issues. One of the most commonly found types of distress is rutting, which severely affects pavement performance; hence, the prediction of rutting behaviour is crucial. Research has been done by adding various industrial wastes, chemicals, additives, and modifiers such as rubber, natural rubber, polymers, and waste plastic into the bitumen. These materials are expected to have a substantial impact on enhancing the strength, durability, and performance of pavement while simultaneously reducing the cost of construction. The present research deals with a laboratory investigation of bituminous mixes using both Marshall stability and rutting tests. The performance tests were carried out by Roller Compactor cum Rut Analyzer (RCRA) equipment and Finite Element (FE) analysis in ABAQUS. The experimental findings show that the modified bitumen exhibits 48% greater strength and 20% more resistance to rutting than the conventional bituminous mixes. The model analysis was successfully validated by experimental results. The findings of the research resulted in the development of a mathematical equation that helps to calculate in-service pavement rut depth.

Attentive Context-Aware Deep Speaker Representations for Voice Biometrics in Adverse Conditions

Attentive Context-Aware Deep Speaker Representations for Voice Biometrics in Adverse Conditions

Effect of stick and slip zones on fatigue life of a slewing ball bearing

Prediction of fatigue life of slewing ball bearings is challenging due to the influence of large deformations and adverse lubrication conditions. The present study presents an elegant simulation model that considers the flexibility of the supporting elements of the slewing bearing along with stick/slip zones at the raceway-ball contact interface. Using the stresses predicted by the simulation model, relative fatigue life using stick/slip condition versus no-friction condition is computed. A sensitivity study of the ball contact force, ball contact angle, coefficient of friction and raceway conformity is also performed. The present study also evaluates the results in comparison with full-sliding assumptions. The final results show that the stick/slip zone determination at the contact interface is beneficial for accurate determination of fatigue life of slewing bearings.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior among ambulatory children with cerebral palsy using accelerometer: a cross-sectional study

Background and objectivePhysical activity (PA) is paramount for childhood development and growth. However, children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were often considered sedentary, and their physical inactivity was associated with adverse health conditions and complications. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively describe and compare the PA levels and SB levels of children with and without CP of the same age group. It also studied the factors correlating with PA, SB, and step count per day in children with CP.Subjects and methodsA cross-sectional study using a wrist-worn accelerometer was conducted. PA and SB were measured over seven consecutive days.ResultsEighty-five children aged 6–12 years, consisting of 41 children with CP and 44 TD children, participated in this study with a mean age of 9.18 ± 1.95 and 8.45 ± 1.78 years, respectively. According to the gross functional measures, 53.6% of children with CP were classified as first classification. A significant amount of time was spent in SB and Light PA (LPA) by children with CP compared to TD children, and no significant differences were observed in moderate PA (MPA) or step count. Gender mainly affected MPA as girls spent more time in MPA than boys. The age, height, and weight of children with CP correlate significantly with SB. As children's age, height, and weight increase, SB increases. Additionally, children with higher weights have lower step counts per day.ConclusionThis study showed that children with CP spend more time in LPA and SB than typically developed children. Therefore, concerted efforts are needed to encourage physical activity and reduce the sedentary lifestyle, to take into account the gender and anthropometric measures of children to enhance the quality of life among children with CP, and to consider gender and anthropometric measures of the children.

The Resilience of Latin American Regionalism: A Neofunctionalist Perspective

AbstractLatin America has seen both recurrent crises and a surprising resilience of its regional organizations. This article explores how different approaches have attempted to explain this seemingly paradoxical record. Combining insights from European Union (EU) studies and comparative regionalism, we ask whether neofunctionalism as a theoretical approach developed for the study of the EU can travel across the Atlantic and enrich the analysis of Latin American regionalism. Neofunctionalist theorists posited that functional spillover could lead to politicization and subsequent deepening of regional integration. But while spillover has been the engine of European integration, it has never been a real option in Latin America. Past applications of neofunctionalist approaches to Latin American regionalism have therefore above all revealed its limitations. Comparative regionalism approaches fared better in that they identified characteristics that account for the repeated crises of Latin American regional organizations. However, this article suggests that the “second-best” strategies mentioned in neofunctionalist analyses, such as encapsulation, spill-around, or even spillback, can help explain the resilience of regionalism in Latin America. While those strategies posed an obstacle to deeper integration, as shown by classical neofunctionalist studies, we draw on a set of case studies to illustrate that Latin American regionalism survived through expansion (spill-around) rather than deepening (spillover), as well as through encapsulation and, in some cases, even spillback. A new reading of neofunctionalism therefore helps to explain the resilience of Latin American regionalism under adverse conditions.

Recognition of vehicle license plates in highway scenes with deep fusion network and connectionist temporal classification

AbstractLicense plate recognition is crucial in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for vehicle management, traffic monitoring, and security inspection. In highway scenarios, this task faces challenges such as diversity, blurriness, occlusion, and illumination variation of license plates. This article explores Recurrent Neural Networks based on Connectionist Temporal Classification (RNN‐CTC) for license plate recognition in challenging highway conditions. Four neural network models: ResNet50, ResNeXt, InceptionV3, and SENet, all combined with RNN‐CTC are comparatively evaluated. Furthermore, a novel architecture named ResNet50 Deep Fusion Network using Connectionist Temporal Classification (ResNet50‐DFN‐CTC) is proposed. Comparative and ablation experiments are conducted using the Highway License Plate Dataset of Southeast University (HLPD‐SU). Results demonstrate the superior performance of ResNet50‐DFN‐CTC in challenging highway conditions, achieving 93.158% accuracy with a processing time of 7.91 ms, outperforming other tested models. This research contributes to advancing license plate recognition technology for real‐world highway applications under adverse conditions.

Unravelling stress granules in the deep cold: Characterisation of TIA-1 gene sequence in Antarctic fish species

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic foci lacking membranes, comprising non-translating messenger ribonucleoproteins, translational initiation factors, and additional proteins. Their formation is crucial for rapidly modulating gene expression in response to adverse environmental conditions, such as pollution and infections. Limited research has focused on investigating the molecular components of SGs in fish, with minimal exploration in Antarctic fish. This study characterises for the first time the transcript sequences of one key protein component of SGs, TIA-1 (T-cell intracellular antigen 1), in two Antarctic endemic fish species, i.e. Trematomus bernacchii and Chionodraco hamatus. The mRNA-binding protein TIA-1 acts as a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression and its aggregation leads to the formation of SGs in response to cellular damage. The in vitro and bioinformatic analyses of the TIA-1 gene sequences of these two species highlighted interesting peculiarities, which include the transcription of alternatively spliced isoforms unique to the notothenioid lineage, potentially unlocking further insights into their unique adaptations to extreme environmental conditions. This is the first study to analyze tia-1 expression levels in different tissues of Antarctic fish species. Our key findings indicate that the TIA-1 gene is expressed at particularly high levels in the liver and spleen of C. hamatus, as well as in the heart and skeletal muscle of T. bernacchii. This suggests that those tissues play a significant role in the stress response mechanisms of the studied species. This study provides novel insights into the molecular adaptations of Antarctic fish, highlighting the potential importance of TIA-1 in their response to environmental stressors. The unique features of TIA-1 identified in these species may offer broader implications for understanding how Antarctic fish regulate gene transcriptions in their extreme environments.

Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health in Asian Americans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

To achieve cardiovascular health (CVH) equity in the United States, an understanding of the social and structural factors that contribute to differences and disparities in health is necessary. The Asian American population is the fastest-growing racial group in the United States but remains persistently underrepresented in health research. There is heterogeneity in how individual Asian American ethnic groups experience CVH and cardiovascular disease outcomes, with certain ethnic groups experiencing a higher burden of adverse social conditions, disproportionately high burden of suboptimal CVH, or excess adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. In this scientific statement, upstream structural and social determinants that influence CVH in the Asian American population are highlighted, with particular emphasis on the role of social determinants of health across disaggregated Asian American ethnic groups. Key social determinants that operate in Asian American communities include socioeconomic position, immigration and nativity, social and physical environments, food and nutrition access, and health system-level factors. The role of underlying structural factors such as health, social, and economic policies and structural racism is also discussed in the context of CVH in Asian Americans. To improve individual-, community-, and population-level CVH and to reduce CVH disparities in Asian American ethnic subgroups, multilevel interventions that address adverse structural and social determinants are critical to achieve CVH equity for the Asian American population. Critical research gaps for the Asian American population are given, along with recommendations for strategic approaches to investigate social determinants of health and intervene to reduce health disparities in these communities.

Stapfer I and II duodenal perforations after endoscopic procedures: how surgical delay impacts outcomes.

Post-endoscopic duodenal perforation is a severe adverse event with high morbidity and mortality rates. Managing this rare event is challenging owing to limited clear guidelines. This retrospective study aimed to examine the relationship between time-to-treatment and morbidity among patients with post-endoscopic duodenal perforations. Over 20years, 78 consecutive patients with post-endoscopic duodenal perforations were analyzed. Among these, most patients underwent endoscopic procedures at the Paoli-Calmettes Institute, whereas some were referred from other centers after a diagnosis of perforation. We described the characteristics of patients who underwent medical treatment alone or interventional procedures. Among patients who underwent interventional management, we compared the outcomes following early or delayed procedures (later than 24h post-duodenal perforation diagnosis). Overall, 78 patients with post-endoscopic duodenal perforation were identified between September 2003 and September 2022. Of these, 17 (22%) patients underwent non-operative management, and 61 (78%) with peritonitis or adverse clinical features were treated with endoscopic or surgical procedures. Additionally, among these patients, 40 (65%) underwent immediate invasive procedures, surgically (n = 20) or endoscopically (n = 20). Patients with delayed procedures experienced more major Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3 complications and had an increase by 21 of the median comprehensive complication index. Overall, mortality occurred in 7 (8.9%) patients in the entire cohort and in 3 (14.3%) with delayed invasive procedures. Delayed decision-making is a key factor complicating post-endoscopic duodenal perforation. Therefore, invasive procedures should be performed promptly in cases of adverse conditions requiring additional procedures, ideally within the first 24h of perforation diagnosis.

Increased incidences of cervical ribs in deer indicate extinction risk

Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, a number which remains remarkably conserved. Occasional deviations of this number are usually due to the presence of cervical ribs on the seventh vertebra, indicating a homeotic transformation from a cervical rib-less vertebra into a thoracic rib-bearing vertebra. These transformations are often associated with major congenital abnormalities or pediatric cancers (pleiotropic effects) that are, at least in humans, strongly selected against. Based on data from Late Pleistocene mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) and woolly rhinoceroses (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from the North Sea, we hypothesized that high incidences of cervical ribs in declining populations are due to inbreeding and/or adverse conditions impacting early pregnancies. In this study, we investigated the incidence of cervical ribs in an extinct Late Pleistocene megaherbivore, giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) from Ireland and in the extant highly inbred Père David deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and in twenty other extant species. We show that the incidence of cervical ribs is exceptionally high in both the Irish giant deer and the Père David deer and much higher than in extant outbred deer. Our data support the hypothesis that inbreeding and genetic drift increase the frequencies of maladaptive alleles in populations at risk of extinction. The high incidence of cervical ribs indicates a vulnerable condition, which may have contributed to the extinction of megaherbivore species in the Late Pleistocene. We argue that cervical rib frequency may be a good proxy for extinction risk in inbred populations.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in Sertoli cells regulates age-dependent changes in sperm DNA methylation.

Over the past several decades, a trend toward delayed childbirth has led to increases in parental age at the time of conception. Sperm epigenome undergoes age-dependent changes increasing risks of adverse conditions in offspring conceived by fathers of advanced age. The mechanism(s) linking paternal age with epigenetic changes in sperm remain unknown. The sperm epigenome is shaped in a compartment protected by the blood-testes barrier (BTB) known to deteriorate with age. Permeability of the BTB is regulated by the balance of two mTOR complexes in Sertoli cells where mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes the opening of the BTB and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) promotes its integrity. We hypothesized that this balance is also responsible for age-dependent changes in the sperm epigenome. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed reproductive outcomes, including sperm DNA methylation in transgenic mice with Sertoli cell-specific suppression of mTORC1 (Rptor KO) or mTORC2 (Rictor KO). mTORC2 suppression accelerated aging of the sperm DNA methylome and resulted in a reproductive phenotype concordant with older age, including decreased testes weight and sperm counts, and increased percent of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and mitochondrial DNA copy number. Suppression of mTORC1 resulted in the shift of DNA methylome in sperm opposite to the shift associated with physiological aging - sperm DNA methylome rejuvenation and mild changes in sperm parameters. These results demonstrate for the first time that the balance of mTOR complexes in Sertoli cells regulates the rate of sperm epigenetic aging. Thus, mTOR pathway in Sertoli cells may be used as a novel target of therapeutic interventions to rejuvenate the sperm epigenome in advanced-age fathers.

A Survey of Image Enhancement and Dehazing Algorithms to Improving Autonomous Navigation in Fog and Dust.

Video captured during sand-dust weather conditions indicates significant degradation, diminished contrast, and pronounced color distortion. The reason behind this phenomenon is the impact of sand-dust particles, which result in the dispersion and assimilating of light. Consequently, resultant image seems blurred and lacks contrast. Additionally, the alteration in color is attributed to the swift reduction of blue light. Adverse weather circumstances, such as fog, sand, and dust storms, cause problems with vision for deploying self-driving automobiles. To guarantee secure and seamless operations during frequent adverse weather conditions, video enhancement plays a vital role in facilitating vehicular mobility and navigational in both road and air transportation. To improve the safety and efficiency of operation, it is imperative to employ video dehazing techniques, particularly in adverse weather conditions. The purpose of our overview is to offer interested researchers a thorough and methodical examination of image enhancement approaches, serving as an important point of reference for their work. The text explored different image enhancement methods, along with the challenges, constraints, advantages, and drawbacks associated with using these techniques throughout the past five years. Specifically, it focused on three aspects: supervised algorithms, unsupervised algorithms, and quality evaluation.

The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Dysfunction in Brain Disorders and Stroke: Why, How, What For?

Ischemic stroke (IS) results in the interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause significant damage. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IS include ionic imbalances, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impairment of brain barriers. Brain barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)barrier (B-CSF), protect the brain from harmful substances by regulating the neurochemical environment. Although the BBB is widely recognized for its crucial role in protecting the brain and its involvement in conditions such as stroke, the B-CSF requires further study. The B-CSF plays a fundamental role in regulating the CSF environment and maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the impact of B-CSF impairment during pathological events such as IS is not yet fully understood. In conditions like IS and other neurological disorders, the B-CSF can become compromised, allowing the entry of inflammatory substances and increasing neuronal damage. Understanding and preserving the integrity of the B-CSF are crucial for mitigating damage and facilitating recovery after ischemic stroke, highlighting its fundamental role in regulating the CNS during adverse neurological conditions.

A novel multiscale cGAN approach for enhanced salient object detection in single haze images

In computer vision, image dehazing is a low-level task that employs algorithms to analyze and remove haze from images, resulting in haze-free visuals. The aim of Salient Object Detection (SOD) is to locate the most visually prominent areas in images. However, most SOD techniques applied to visible images struggle in complex scenarios characterized by similarities between the foreground and background, cluttered backgrounds, adverse weather conditions, and low lighting. Identifying objects in hazy images is challenging due to the degradation of visibility caused by atmospheric conditions, leading to diminished visibility and reduced contrast. This paper introduces an innovative approach called Dehaze-SOD, a unique integrated model that addresses two vital tasks: dehazing and salient object detection. The key novelty of Dehaze-SOD lies in its dual functionality, seamlessly integrating dehazing and salient object identification into a unified framework. This is achieved using a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) comprising two distinct subnetworks: one for image dehazing and another for salient object detection. The first module, designed with residual blocks, Dark Channel Prior (DCP), total variation, and the multiscale Retinex algorithm, processes the input hazy images. The second module employs an enhanced EfficientNet architecture with added attention mechanisms and pixel-wise refinement to further improve the dehazing process. The outputs from these subnetworks are combined to produce dehazed images, which are then fed into our proposed encoder–decoder framework for salient object detection. The cGAN is trained with two modules working together: the generator aims to produce haze-free images, whereas the discriminator distinguishes between the generated haze-free images and real haze-free images. Dehaze-SOD demonstrates superior performance compared to state-of-the-art dehazing methods in terms of color fidelity, visibility enhancement, and haze removal. The proposed method effectively produces high-quality, haze-free images from various hazy inputs and accurately detects salient objects within them. This makes Dehaze-SOD a promising tool for improving salient object detection in challenging hazy conditions. The effectiveness of our approach has been validated using benchmark evaluation metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHLOROPHYLLS AND CAROTENOIDS IN ENHANCING SEED TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESS

the degradation of chlorophylls during seed ripening, residual levels are detectable in mature seeds, affecting their stress tolerance. Carotenoids, predominantly lutein and β-carotene, accumulate in seeds under accelerated aging conditions and high-temperature germination, influencing stress response. The ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll content (Car/Chl) emerges as a potential indicator of seed stress tolerance, with higher ratios correlating with enhanced resilience to stressors. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the significance of chlorophylls and carotenoids in enhancing seed tolerance to abiotic stressors by investigating their roles and interactions within seeds under stress conditions. Methods: Physiologically mature seeds containing residual chlorophylls were subjected to stress treatments, and carotenoid levels were assessed during seed aging and germination experiments. The Car/Chl ratio was calculated to evaluate its relationship with seed stress tolerance. Results: Seeds with elevated Car/Chl ratios exhibited higher tolerance to stress treatments, suggesting a protective role of carotenoids against oxidative stress induced by chlorophylls under abiotic stress conditions. Carotenoid accumulation during aging and germination further underscored their role in stress response, influencing seed resilience. Conclusion: although residual in mature seeds, chlorophylls contribute to oxidative stress under abiotic stressors. Conversely, carotenoids act as antioxidants, mitigating stress-induced damage and enhancing seed tolerance. The Car/Chl ratio is valuable for assessing seed stress resilience, providing insights into seed physiology under adverse environmental conditions.

Backbone assignment of CcdB_G100T toxin from E.coli in complex with the toxin binding C-terminal domain of its cognate antitoxin CcdA.

The CcdAB system expressed in the E.coli cells is a prototypical example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that ensure the survival of the bacterial population under adverse environmental conditions. The solution and crystal structures of CcdA, CcdB and of CcdB in complex with the toxin-binding C-terminal domain of CcdA have been reported. Our interest lies in the dynamics of CcdB-CcdA complex formation. Solution NMR studies have shown that CcdB_G100T, in presence of saturating concentrations of CcdA-c, a truncated C-terminal fragment of CcdA exists in equilibrium between two major populations. Sequence specific backbone resonance assignments of both equilibrium forms of the ~ 27kDa complex, have been obtained from a suite of triple resonance NMR experiments acquired on 2H, 13C, 15N enriched samples of CcdB_G100T. Analysis of 1H, 13Cα, 13Cβ secondary chemical shifts, shows that both equilibrium forms of CcdB_G100T have five beta-strands and one alpha-helix as the major secondary structural elements in the tertiary structure. The results of these studies are presented below.

A cross-sectional study: the impact of extreme weather, sleep quality, and physical activity

This study aims to explore the impact of extreme weather condition on sleep quality and physical activity in Gorontalo using a cross-sectional research design. The data were collected from 220 respondents aged 18-25 using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and weather information from BMKG Gorontalo. The results showed that extreme weather, especially high temperatures, significantly reduced physical activity and affected sleep quality. Respondents with higher physical activity levels showed better sleep quality (lower PSQI scores). Extreme weather also reduces motivation to exercise, increasing the risk of health problems such as dehydration and heat stroke. In conclusion, public health interventions that promote physical activity and improved sleep quality during extreme weather conditions are urgently needed to reduce associated health risks. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the specific mechanisms of how extreme weather affects sleep and physical activity, and developing strategies to maintain healthy routines despite adverse weather conditions. Keywords: extreme weather, sleep quality, physical activity, public health, health interventions.

The guidance of neutral human populations maintains cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game

In game theory, the emergence and maintenance of cooperative behavior within a group is a significant topic in evolutionary game theory and complex network theory. However, the limitations of a single mechanism in traditional networks restrict a thorough analysis of the sustenance and development of cooperative behavior, given the challenges posed by the diversity of social groups. To address this issue, this paper combines reinforcement learning game strategies with traditional prisoner's dilemma strategies based on two-layer coupled network to investigate the transmission of cooperative behavior among individuals in games. In our research, we study the evolutionary pattern and phase transitions using the Monte Carlo method. We use the prisoner's dilemma game as a mathematical model, establishing two subpopulations in each layer, with mutually payoff-neutral players between different subpopulations. This configuration results in intriguing spatiotemporal dynamics and patterns, leading to the spontaneous emergence of a cyclic dominance, where defectors from one group become prey for cooperators in another group, and vice versa. By simulating game evolution, we explore individual strategy changes and the impact of individual abilities on cooperative behavior in reinforcement learning. Extensive validations indicate that, in social dilemmas, adjusting the abilities of groups through effective guidance can sustain cooperative behavior. This guidance enables us to comprehend the stability of cooperation under adverse conditions. Simultaneously, the coexistence of two subpopulations greatly amplifies the complexity of evolutionary dynamics, causing a increase in cooperation rate.