Adversarial Communities Research Articles

DEEP LEARNING ANALYSIS OF 3D VOLUME OF BRAIN ANOTOMY USING MRI

Developing machines that behave in a manner just like humans is the intention of artificial intelligence (AI). Further to sample recognition, making plans, and problem-fixing, laptop sports with synthetic intelligence embody special sports activities. A set of algorithms known as "deep learning" is applied in system learning. With the help of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), experts use advanced techniques to develop models that can detect and classify brain tumors. This results in the fast and easy identification of such tumors, enabling doctors to provide timely and effective treatment to patients. Thought issues are through and massive as the result of aberrant brain cell proliferation, which could harm the structure of the brain and in the long run, bring about malignant brain maximum cancers. The early identification of brain tumors and the following appropriate remedy may additionally lower the loss of life fee. On this advise generative adversarial community (GAN) architecture for the inexperienced identification of brain tumors through the usage of MRI images. This project discusses numerous methods which include resnet-50, vgg16, and inception v3, and evaluates the proposed structure and those models. To investigate the general performance of the models, we took into consideration unique metrics that incorporate the accuracy, don't forget, loss, and vicinity below the curve (AUC). Due to reading distinct methods with our proposed version and the usage of those metrics, we concluded that the proposed version did better than the others. We may additionally infer that the proposed model is dependable for the early detection of diffusion of thought tumors after evaluating it with the other models. In this project we need to apply extra datasets from 2022. In this architecture will be done by using information collection, Pre-manner with resize and filtering of median, segmentation through thresholding or clustering, and finally using an algorithm with GAN for training and augmentation of the dataset to get more accuracy.

Privacy Protection for Marginal-Sensitive Community Individuals Against Adversarial Community Detection Attacks

Social networks especially the social communities facilitate the rapid and rich social activities of all individuals in the world. However, advanced community detection brings serious privacy disclosure (e.g., whether two important and sensitive individuals belong to the same community?) to us. For instance, online plainclothes policemen can be regarded as marginal community users who are often in the same community initially and in need of penetrating into as many as possible different communities to collect illegal evidence of network criminals, but adversarial community inference which can maliciously disclose the sensitive user relationships within a target community will expose their privacy and lead to task failure. Thus, privacy protection for the marginal community users becomes an urgent issue which is still open so far. In this work, we aim to study the community privacy protection for target marginal individuals of a community against multiple adversarial community detection (ACD) attacks. First, we define the marginal community user hiding problem and propose a marginal user pair selection strategy. Second, to enhance the privacy effectiveness of conventional methods, we propose a deep graph learning approach to maximally find the minimum link perturbation cost. Finally, we conduct various community detection attacks on many real social graphs, and the experimental results show that our method can more effectively hide the marginal-sensitive user pairs than baselines.

Exploring the mediating role of utilitarian value and hedonic value in the formation of oppositional loyalty in online communities

AbstractOur research expands the scope of the research on oppositional loyalty from brands to online communities. Online communities allow members to freely express their opinions and promote the occurrence of oppositional loyalty behaviours towards the communities. Oppositional loyalty is defined in this article that, for the purpose of strengthening the market position of their preferred community, members of the online community may express negative views or even show oppositional behaviour towards adversarial communities. In view of social capital theory, the study examines the effect of hedonic value and utilitarian value on oppositional loyalty in online communities. The results show that only hedonic value significantly affects oppositional loyalty; hedonic value mediates the effect of the three dimensions of social capital (network ties, identification, and common language) on oppositional loyalty. The study identifies that community type moderates the impact of social capital (identification and common language) on hedonic value but does not moderate the effect of social capital on utilitarian value. Finally, we find that members' oppositional loyalty towards their community can promote their community participation. This research provides recommendations for online community managers to manage and benefit from members' oppositional loyalty.

Religious Authority beyond Domination and Discipline: Epistemic Authority and Its Vernacular Uses in the Shi‘i Diaspora

Abstract“Religious authority” remains a ubiquitous but controversial term of comparative analysis. In Islamic studies, authority is generally personified in the form of the ulama and most often viewed through Weber’s lens of charismatic, legal-rational, and traditional types of legitimate domination. Our particular interest, Twelver Shi‘i Islam, seems a paradigmatic case, where the relationship between “the Ayatollahs” and state power has dominated academic discussion since Khomeini. Through ethnography of a Shi‘i diaspora community in the UK, we argue for a radical shift in perspective: away from forms of clerical power and towards non-specialist uses of clerical authority as expert opinion. Far from such “epistemic” authority being opposed to ordinary agency, here they are inextricably linked. Inspirational work in the anthropology of Islam has understood ordinary Muslim experiences of authority in non-liberal ways, as (Foucauldian) ethical discipline and self-care. We maintain the need to transcend not only domination but discipline too, refocusing the comparison between (Shi‘i) Islamic legal and liberal thought, in the form of Raz’s classic “service conception” of authority. Both stress the rationality of following authoritative opinion and its role as reason and justification for individual action. Our ethnography of ordinary practice then shows the sheer diversity of ways that such epistemic authority can be taken up, including, but not limited to, projects of personal piety and adversarial community politics. In our context, as surely also in others, domination and discipline should thus be seen as potential uses of “religious” epistemic authority, rather than as its privileged form.

The Challenges of Implementing Action Research in a Divided Context: A Field Account

Action research is mainly concerned with the entrenchment of social change through social interventions that involves the beneficiaries as key participators. The study documents the experience of the researcher in conducting action themed research in two adversarial communities in North-Central Nigeria. The core goals of the study are to draw attention to the usefulness of this approach for peacebuilding research and to also shed light on some of the complexities associated with this kind of research. A research diary was employed to document events and reflections as they unfolded during the fieldwork. A combination of a harsh social climate and the invasive nature of the research functioned to deepen the conventional limitations associated with projects of this nature in the research settings. Challenges were encountered in the areas of access to information, researchers’ identity, and emotive interaction with the process. Disruptive difficulties were also experienced during the intervention stage of the research where emerging developments in the social-political climate in both communities had drastic effects on the research. The navigation of these challenges was facilitated by a step-by-step application of simple methodological and practical principles that facilitated data collection without compromising the scientific rigour of the study. The primacy placed on values such as sensitivity, resilience, genuine commitment for the welfare of the communities was also instrumental for actualising the research goals. The study recommends the inclusion of non-formal techniques such as observation and informal conversations in data collection processes in conflict communities. To optimise productivity, change oriented researchers may benefit from a preliminary assessment of the potential methodological and practical difficulties inherent in the research context.

The Imagination of the Other in a (Post-)Sectarian Society: Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Divided City of Belfast

This article explores the ways a salient sectarian community division in Northern Ireland frames the imagination of newcomers and the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees. We examine the dominant ethno-national Christian communities and how their actions define the social-spatial landscape and challenges of manoeuvring everyday life in Northern Ireland as an ‘Other’. We argue all newcomers are impacted to some degree by sectarianism in Northern Ireland, adding a further complexified layer to the everyday and institutional racism so prevalent in different parts of the UK and elsewhere. First, we discuss the triangle of nation, gender and ethnicity in the context of Northern Ireland. We do so in order to problematise that in a society where two adversarial communities exist the ‘Other’ is positioned differently to other more cohesive national societies. This complication impacts how the Other is imagined as the persistence of binary communities shapes the way local civil society engages vulnerable newcomers, e.g. in the instance of our research, asylum seekers and refugees. This is followed by an examination of the situation of asylum seekers and refugees in Northern Ireland. We do so by contextualising the historical situation of newcomers and the socio-spatial landscape of the city of Belfast. In tandem with this, we discuss the role of NGO’s and civil support organisations in Belfast and contrast these views with the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees. This article is based on original empirical material from a study conducted in 2016 on the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees with living in Northern Ireland.

Special Issue on Context-Awareness of Mobile Systems: Models, Algorithms and Applications

Foreword: This special issue, with papers contributed by prominent researchers from academia and industry, will serve as a reference material for researchers, scientists, professionals and students in computer science and computer engineering as well as developers and practitioners in computing and networking systems design by providing them with state-of-the-art research findings and future opportunities and trends. These contributions include some recent advances in contextawareness of mobile systems reflected in the six papers that we chose to invite for this special issue. In particular, the special issue covers various problems on models, algorithms and applications for context-awareness of mobile systems. Paper 1 by Phan Cong Vinh and Nguyen Thanh Tung is both to give an in-depth analysis as well as to present the new material on the notion of context-aware computing, an idea that computing can both sense and react accordantly based on its environment. The paper formalizes context-awareness process using coalgebraic language, including the coalgebraic definition of context-awareness, bisimulation between context-awarenesses, homomorphism between contextawarenesses and context-awarenesses as coalgebras. Paper 2 by Sara Montagna, Mirko Viroli, Jose Luis Fernandez Marquez, Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo and Franco Zambonelli aims at deepening how self-organization can be injected in pervasive service ecosystems in terms of spatial structures and algorithms for supporting the design of contextaware applications. To this end, authors start from an existing classification of self-organization patterns, and systematically show how they can be supported in pervasive service ecosystems, and be composed to generate a self-organizing emergent behavior. A paradigmatic crowd steering case study is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Paper 3 by Julien Freudiger, Murtuza Jadliwala, JeanPierre Hubaux, Valtteri Niemi and Philip Ginzboorg discusses the ability to discover geographic proximity of specific communities of people (e.g., friends or neighbors). To do so, mobile devices must exchange some community identifiers or messages. Authors investigate privacy threats introduced by such communications, in particular, adversarial community detection. Authors use the general concept of community pseudonyms to abstract anonymous community identification mechanisms and define two distinct notions of community privacy using challenge-response methodology. An extensive cost analysis and simulation results throw further light on the feasibility of these mechanisms in the upcoming generation of wireless peer-to-peer networks. Paper 4 by Andrei Olaru, Adina Magda Florea and Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni provides a model for a such middleware, based on software agents, in which context-awareness is implemented both in the agent’s representation of context information, and in the logical topology of the agent system. The model is oriented towards decentralization of the system and relies mostly on local behavior. The paper also reports on several proof-of-concept applications that have been developed and tested using the proposed model, proving thus the validity of the approach. Paper 5 by Antonio Coronato and Giuseppe De Pietro provides a new formal approach for the situation-awareness and the detection of abnormal behaviors of cognitive impaired people in situation-aware smart spaces. Instead of relying on the identification of deviations from normal behaviors, the approach is based on the specification and runtime verification of correctness properties. Situation Calculus is the formal method adopted to model the world; whereas, intelligent agents P. C. Vinh (*) Department of Information Technology at NTT University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam e-mail: pcvinh@ntt.edu.vn

Privacy of Community Pseudonyms in Wireless Peer-to-Peer Networks

Wireless networks offer novel means to enhance social interactions. In particular, peer-to-peer wireless communications enable direct and real-time interaction with nearby devices and communities and could extend current online social networks by providing complementary services including real-time friend and community detection and localized data sharing without infrastructure requirement. After years of research, the deployment of such peer-to-peer wireless networks is finally being considered. A fundamental primitive is the ability to discover geographic proximity of specific communities of people (e.g, friends or neighbors). To do so, mobile devices must exchange some community identifiers or messages. We investigate privacy threats introduced by such communications, in particular, adversarial community detection. We use the general concept of community pseudonyms to abstract anonymous community identification mechanisms and define two distinct notions of community privacy by using a challenge-response methodology. An extensive cost analysis and simulation results throw further light on the feasibility of these mechanisms in the upcoming generation of wireless peer-to-peer networks.

Identifying Agile Security Patterns in Adversarial Stigmergic Systems

AbstractSystem adversarial communities appear to exhibit characteristics of natural agile systems, and enjoy an advantage as a result over static systems that are the focus of their attacks. A project started in graduate courses at Stevens Institute of Technology and currently pursued by the International Council on Systems Engineering Working Group on Systems Security Engineering works under the premise that security strategy will benefit by architectural patterns that are equally self organizing. To that end a pattern cataloging project is in process, identifying fundamental self organizing patterns that can explain the adversary operational modes and inform next generation security strategy. This article advances that pattern project by exploring and capturing the stigmergic communication employed by system‐adversarial communities according to the pattern project guidelines. This article first identifies the unique stigmergic pattern, explores its nuances, and presents it in a format identified by the pattern project. Then the stigmergic pattern is applied as a mold to analyze a series of three systems in an effort to regard each within a familiar context. Three adversarial systems, the Iraqi Insurgency, IED Networks and Cybercrime, were selected as prominent opponents that provide significant consternation to security experts. They are first identified as agile systems, per characteristics defined by the pattern project, then studied in the context of the stigmergic pattern.

8.1.0 Self Organizing vs Standards‐Based System‐Security Strategy Conflict or Synergy

AbstractSelf organizing systems‐of‐systems characterizes the operational architecture of the anti‐system adversarial community – from guerillas and terrorists to organized computer crime, high‐seas pirates, grass‐roots vigilantes and independent system hackers. These anti‐system communities are loosely coupled multi‐agent systems bound only by shared learning loops of tools, techniques and targets. Contemporary system security strategy is failing against this intelligent operational evolution. The need for next generation security strategies is fueling early action. One avenue is crafting new standards and new acquisition requirements – another avenue is probing security structures that mirror the adversarial architectures of self‐organizing systems‐of‐systems. The former sounds like a centralized approach, the later a decentralized approach. Is there conflict, compatibility or synergy between these two approaches?

Why does policy change over time? Adversarial policy communities, alternative policy arenas, and British trunk roads policy 1945–95

Abstract This article examines some of the processes conditioning both policy stability and policy change. It focuses on how established policy communities (usually associated with policy stability) can exist alongside a powerful dynamic of change within the policy subsystem. By listing and analysing agents of exogenous and endogenous stability and change, it is concluded that the concepts of epistemic communities, advocacy coalitions and choice of ‘image’ and ‘venue’ are useful in explaining the co‐existence of stability and change. In the case of British trunk roads policy, this stability and change can be explained by the development of the road and environmental lobbies as rival adversarial policy communities operating in separate and competing policy arenas. The article concludes that, although one of the adversarial communities may hold an advantage over the other at a particular time, the scope for action in a number of different policy‐making arenas makes it unlikely that it will retain supremacy ...

A Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century Britain by Christopher Hamlin

164 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE there was no serious support for evolution in Britain before Origin of Species, just as he underestimates the role in early-Victorian cultural history of critics of material progress through technology. Nor does he put religion in its proper place when he states summarily and far too simply that “the conservative Anglicans who controlled Oxford, Cambridge and the medical schools used the idea of divine creation to legitimise a static, hierarchical society” (p. 136). The higher criticism of the Bible is left out of the cultural mix; and so, too, except when he deals with the “record of the rocks,” are almost all the great writers of Victorian England who had more of interest to say on the place of science in culture than some of the forgotten characters, English and foreign, whom he has paraded in his pages. Nonetheless, this is a book to read and argue about. Bowler is at his best in dealing with the late-Victorian years and when he is concerning himself with “racist myths”; and his epilogue, like his introduction, should be compulsory reading. Asa Briggs Dr. Briggs is provost of Worcester College, Oxford University. A Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century Britain. By Christopher Hamlin. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990. Pp. xiii + 342; illustrations, notes, appendix, bibliography, index. $39.95. When Ibsen’s medical officer, Dr. Stockmann, became an enemy of the people in 1883, it was for analyzing the water of the pump room he superintended and claiming it to be polluted by sewage. Stock­ mann soon found himself embroiled in adversarial community poli­ tics. He is told by his self-interested burgomaster brother that the issue at stake is not one of science but of economics and technology. Although Ibsen’s interest in An Enemy ofthe People was in attacking the conformity and insularity of the “compact majority,” as Christopher Hamlin shows in this fine book, water analysis always involved “political” decisions by experts. A Science of Impurity works at two levels: on the one hand it is an excellent, readable history of water analysis and its changing tech­ niques in Victorian Britain; on the other hand it is a stimulating critical account of the development of public decision making on water quality and the roles of scientific experts in aiding society to reach what are essentially local or national political decisions. Throughout the 19th century, analysis was a battlefield between those who used chemical analysis to defend the potability and harmlessness of existing river water supplies and those who used them to condemn water even when physical evidence or plain TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 165 common sense suggested that they might be harmless. The arguments also turned on the hardness or softness of water elucidated by Thomas Clark’s test, and Arthur Hassall’s sensational and unpalatable reports of microscopic fauna in domestic supplies. Hamlin is careful to point out that before the appearance of Liebig’s zymotic theory of disease in the 1840s, “bad” water was seen as a predisposing factor, not a cause, of disease. Liebig’s concept of fermentation transferred attention to the potentiality of water to putrefy from the presence of organic nitrogen from sewage contamination. In 1867, Edward Frankland, the main protagonist of Hamlin’s study, devised a compli­ cated combustion analysis that produced an estimate of “previous sewage contamination.” Despite the serious objections to Frankland’s very clever terminology, which implied there was something harmful in the water when, chemically, the results actually suggested that a process of purification had taken place, Frankland used analyses as strategic weapons for social action. As an unofficial government water analyst and despite fierce controversy with his former pupil, Alfred Wanklyn, over the alternative “albuminoid ammonia” method and with other analysts who used permanganate, Frankland succeeded brilliantly in pushing local authorities into cleaning up rivers, munic­ ipalizing private water companies, and recommending fresh sources of supply. His pragmatic emphasis on the prior history of water turned out to be the essential link between chemical and bacteriolog­ ical analysis. By 1885 Frankland’s son, Percy Edward Frankland, was persuaded that sand filtration, as practiced by a...