Advances In Nanomedicine Research Articles

Targeting the undruggable in glioblastoma using nano-based intracellular drug delivery.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly prevalent and aggressive brain tumor in adults with limited treatment response, leading to a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Standard therapies, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, often fall short due to the tumor's location, hypoxic conditions, and the challenge of complete removal. Moreover, brain metastases from cancers such as breast and melanoma carry similarly poor prognoses. Recent advancements in nanomedicine offer promising solutions for targeted GBM therapies, with nanoparticles (NPs) capable of delivering chemotherapy drugs or radiation sensitizers across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to specific tumor sites. Leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention effect, NPs can preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues, where compromised BBB regions enhance delivery efficiency. By modifying NP characteristics such as size, shape, and surface charge, researchers have improved circulation times and cellular uptake, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Recent studies show that combining photothermal therapy with magnetic hyperthermia using AuNPs and magnetic NPs induces ROS-dependent apoptosis and immunogenic cell death providing dual-targeted, immune-activating approaches. This review discusses the latest NP-based drug delivery strategies, including gene therapy, receptor-mediated transport, and multi-modal approaches like photothermal-magnetic hyperthermia combinations, all aimed at optimizing therapeutic outcomes for GBM.

Drug-Free Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Enable Suppression of Cancer Metastasis and Confer Survival Advantages to Mice with Tumor Xenografts.

Despite advancements in nanomedicine for drug delivery, many drug-loaded nanoparticles reduce tumor sizes but often fail to prevent metastasis. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted attention as promising nanocarriers. Here, we demonstrated that MSN-PEG/TA 25, with proper surface modifications, exhibited unique antimetastatic properties. In vivo studies showed that overall tumor metastasis decreased in 4T1 xenografts mice treated with MSN-PEG/TA 25 with a notable reduction in lung tumor metastasis. In vitro assays, including wound-healing, Boyden chamber, tube-formation, and real-time cell analyses, showed that MSN-PEG/TA 25 could modulate cell migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells and interrupt tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), key factors in suppressing cancer metastasis. The synergistic effect of MSN-PEG/TA 25 combined with liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin (Lipo-Dox) significantly boosted mouse survival rates, outperforming Lipo-Dox monotherapy. We attributed the improved survival to the antimetastatic capabilities of MSN-PEG/TA 25. Moreover, Dox-loaded MSN-PEG/TA 25 suppressed primary tumors while retaining the antimetastatic effect, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes and overall survival. Western blot and qPCR analyses revealed that MSN-PEG/TA 25 interfered with the phosphorylation of ERK, FAK, and paxillin, thus impacting focal adhesion turnover and inhibiting cell motility. Our findings suggest that drug-free MSN-PEG/TA 25 is highly efficient for cancer treatment via suppressing metastatic activity and angiogenesis.

Nanoengineering-armed oncolytic viruses drive antitumor response: progress and challenges.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a powerful tool in cancer therapy. Characterized with the unique abilities to selectively target and lyse tumor cells, OVs can expedite the induction of cell death, thereby facilitating effective tumor eradication. Nanoengineering-derived OVs overcome traditional OV therapy limitations by enhancing the stability of viral circulation, and tumor targeting, promising improved clinical safety and efficacy and so on. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms through which engineered OVs can suppress tumor progression. It initiates with a concise delineation on the fundamental attributes of existing OVs, followed by the exploration of their mechanisms of the antitumor response. Amid rapid advancements in nanomedicine, this review presents an extensive overview of the latest developments in the synergy between nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, and OVs, highlighting the unique characteristics and properties of the nanomaterials employed and their potential to spur innovation in novel virus design. Additionally, it delves into the current challenges in this emerging field and proposes strategies to overcome these obstacles, aiming to spur innovation in the design and application of next-generation OVs.

RNA technology and nanocarriers empowering in vivo chimeric antigen receptor therapy.

The remarkable success of mRNA-based coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has propelled the advancement of nanomedicine, specifically in the realm of RNA technology and nanomaterial delivery systems. Notably, significant strides have been made in the development of RNA-based in vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy. In comparison to the conventional ex vivo CAR therapy, in vivo CAR therapy offers several benefits including simplified preparation, reduced costs, broad applicability and decreased potential for carcinogenic effects. This review summarises the RNA-based CAR constructs in in vivo CAR therapy, discusses the current applications of in vivo delivery vectors and outlines the immune cells edited with CAR molecules. We aim for the conveyed messages to contribute towards the advancement of in vivo CAR application.

Phytoactives for Obesity Management: Integrating Nanomedicine for Its Effective Delivery.

Obesity is a global health concern that requires urgent investigation and management. While synthetic anti-obesity medications are available, they come with a high risk of side-effects and variability in their efficacy. Therefore, natural compounds are increasingly being used to treat obesity worldwide. The proposition that naturally occurring compounds, mainly polyphenols, can be effective and safer for obesity management through food and nutrient fortification is strongly supported by extensive experimental research. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of obesity while reviewing the efficacy of an array of phytoactives used for obesity treatment. It details mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, energy expenditure, appetite suppression, adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and modulation of gut microbiota. Comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies underscore the promise of phytoactives in combating obesity, which have been thoroughly reviewed. However, challenges, such as poor bioavailability and metabolism, limit their potential. Advances in nanomedicines may overcome these constraints, offering a new avenue for enhancing the efficacy of phytoactives. Nonetheless, rigorous and targeted clinical trials are essential before applying phytoactives as a primary treatment for obesity.

Box-Behnken Design for Nephrolithiasis: Developing Folic AcidChitosan Nanoparticles from Musa acuminata Stem Water.

Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, is a widespread condition causing significant discomfort and health issues. This analysis delves into the development of folic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (FA-CNPs) using Musa acuminata stem water to address nephrolithiasis. A Box-Behnken design was used to refine synthesis variables—chitosan concentration, folic acid loading, and reaction time. The study systematically analyzed their effects on nanoparticle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile. The optimized FA-CNPs demonstrated potential for improved targeted treatment of kidney stones, highlighting advancements in nanomedicine for effective nephrolithiasis management.

Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA molecules in cancer therapy: triumphs and challenges.

The discovery of novel and innovative therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment and management remains a major global challenge. Exosomes are endogenous nanoscale extracellular vesicles that have garnered increasing attention as innovative vehicles for advanced drug delivery and targeted therapy. The attractive physicochemical and biological properties of exosomes, including increased permeability, biocompatibility, extended half-life in circulation, reduced toxicity and immunogenicity, and multiple functionalization strategies, have made them preferred drug delivery vehicles in cancer and other diseases. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are remarkably able to target any known gene: an attribute harnessed to knock down cancer-associated genes as a viable strategy in cancer management. Extensive research on exosome-mediated delivery of siRNAs for targeting diverse types of cancer has yielded promising results for anticancer therapy, with some formulations progressing through clinical trials. This review catalogs recent advances in exosome-mediated siRNA delivery in several types of cancer, including the manifold benefits and minimal drawbacks of such innovative delivery systems. Additionally, we have highlighted the potential of plant-derived exosomes as innovative drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, offering numerous advantages such as biocompatibility, scalability, and reduced toxicity compared to traditional methods. These exosomes, with their unique characteristics and potential for effective siRNA delivery, represent a significant advancement in nanomedicine and cancer therapeutics. Further exploration of their manufacturing processes and biological mechanisms could significantly advance natural medicine and enhance the efficacy of exosome-based therapies.

Nanomedicine and Targeted Drug Delivery: Advances and Challenges

Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine, has revolutionized the field by providing novel approaches to diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. Among its various applications, targeted drug delivery has emerged as a key area of focus, offering the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects by directing drugs specifically to diseased cells or tissues. This review discusses the latest advancements in nanomedicine, particularly in the design and development of nanoscale drug delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles. We explore the mechanisms of passive and active targeting, as well as stimuli-responsive delivery systems. Clinical applications in cancer therapy, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases are examined to illustrate the practical impact of these technologies. Furthermore, we address the challenges facing the field, including toxicity and biocompatibility concerns, manufacturing and scalability issues, regulatory and ethical considerations, and the integration of personalized medicine approaches. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future directions of nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery, this review aims to highlight the transformative potential of these technologies in improving patient outcomes and advancing healthcare. Keywords: Nanomedicine, Targeted drug delivery, Liposomes, Passive targeting, Personalized medicine

Green Nanotechnology Through Papain Nanoparticles: Preclinical in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Imaging Triple-Negative Breast Tumors.

Recent advancements in nanomedicine and nanotechnology have expanded the scope of multifunctional nanostructures, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic agents in oncology and nuclear medicine. Nanoparticles, particularly those derived from natural sources, hold immense potential in overcoming biological barriers to enhance therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic accuracy. Papain, a natural plant protease derived from Carica papaya, emerges as a promising candidate for green nanotechnology-based applications due to its diverse medicinal properties, including anticancer properties. This study presents a novel approach in nanomedicine and oncology, exploring the potential of green nanotechnology by developing and evaluating technetium-99m radiolabeled papain nanoparticles (99mTc-P-NPs) for imaging breast tumors. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and specificity of these nanoparticles in breast cancer models through preclinical in vitro and in vivo assessments. Papain nanoparticles (P-NPs) were synthesized using a radiation-driven method and underwent thorough characterization, including size, surface morphology, surface charge, and cytotoxicity assessment. Subsequently, P-NPs were radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc), and in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate cellular uptake at tumor sites, along with biodistribution, SPECT/CT imaging, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry assays, using breast cancer models. The synthesized P-NPs exhibited a size mean diameter of 9.3 ± 1.9 nm and a spherical shape. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of native papain and P-NPs showed low cytotoxicity in HUVEC, MDA-MB231, and 4T1 cells. The achieved radiochemical yield was 94.2 ± 3.1% that were sufficiently stable (≥90%) for 6 h. The tumor uptake achieved in the 4T1 model was 2.49 ± 0.32% IA/g at 2h and 1.51 ± 0.20% IA/g at 6h. In the spontaneous breast cancer model, 1.19 ± 0.20% IA/g at 2h and 0.86 ± 0.31% IA/g at 6h. SPECT/CT imaging has shown substantial tumor uptake of the new nanoradiopharmaceutical and clear tumor visualization. 99mTc-P-NPs exhibited a high affinity to tumoral cells confirmed by ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry assays. The findings underscore the potential of green nanotechnology-driven papain nanoparticles as promising agents for molecular imaging of breast and other tumors through SPECT/CT imaging. The results represent a substantial step forward in the application of papain nanoparticles as carriers of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides to deliver diagnostic/therapeutic payloads site-specifically to tumor sites for the development of a new generation of nanoradiopharmaceuticals.

DNA tetrahedral nanocages as a promising nanocarrier for dopamine delivery in neurological disorders.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that is essential for many bodily and mental processes, and a lack of it can cause Parkinson's disease. DNA tetrahedral (TD) nanocages are promising in bio-nanotechnology, especially as a nanocarrier. TD is highly programmable, biocompatible, and capable of cell differentiation and proliferation. It also has tissue and blood-brain barrier permeability, making it a powerful tool that could overcome potential barriers in treating neurological disorders. In this study, we used DNA TD as a carrier for dopamine to cells and zebrafish embryos. We investigated the mechanism of complexation between TD and dopamine hydrochloride using gel electrophoresis, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation tools. Further, we demonstrate that these dopamine-loaded DNA TD nanostructures enhanced cellular uptake and differentiation ability in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, we extended the study to zebrafish embryos as a model organism to examine survival and uptake. The research provides valuable insights into the complexation mechanism and cellular uptake of dopamine-loaded DNA tetrahedral nanostructures, paving the way for further advancements in nanomedicine for Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders.

Nanorepair medicine for treatment of organ injury.

Organ injuries, such as acute kidney injury, ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury, often result in complications that can be life-threatening or even fatal. Recently, many nanomaterials have emerged as promising agents for repairing various organ injuries. In this review, we present the important developments in the field of nanomaterial-based repair medicine, herein referred to as 'nanorepair medicine'. We first introduce the disease characteristics associated with different types of organ injuries and highlight key examples of relevant nanorepair medicine. We then provide a summary of existing strategies in nanorepair medicine, including organ-targeting methodologies and potential countermeasures against exogenous and endogenous pathologic risk factors. Finally, we offer our perspectives on current challenges and future expectations for the advancement of nanomedicine designed for organ injury repair.

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Frontier in Cancer Therapeutics.

Recent advancements in nanomedicine and biotechnology have unveiled the remarkable potential of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) as a novel and promising approach for cancer treatment. These naturally occurring nanoscale particles exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, targeted delivery capabilities, and the capacity to load therapeutic agents, positioning them at the forefront of innovative cancer therapy strategies. PDEVs are distinguished by their unique properties that facilitate tumor targeting and penetration, thereby enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery systems. Their intrinsic biological composition allows for the evasion of the immune response, enabling the efficient transport of loaded therapeutic molecules directly to tumor sites. Moreover, PDEVs possess inherent anti-cancer properties, including the ability to induce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptotic pathways within tumor cells. These vesicles have also demonstrated antimetastatic effects, inhibiting the spread and growth of cancer cells. The multifunctional nature of PDEVs allows for the simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, further enhancing their therapeutic potential. Engineering and modification techniques, such as encapsulation, and the loading of therapeutic agents via electroporation, sonication, and incubation, have enabled the customization of PDEVs to improve their targeting efficiency and therapeutic load capacity. This includes surface modifications to increase affinity for specific tumor markers and the encapsulation of various types of therapeutic agents, such as small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. Their plant-derived origin offers an abundant and renewable source to produce therapeutic vesicles, reducing costs and facilitating scalability for clinical applications. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research on PDEVs as emerging anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy.

Phosphorus Dendrimers Co-deliver Fibronectin and Edaravone for Combined Ischemic Stroke Treatment via Cooperative Modulation of Microglia/Neurons and Vascular Regeneration.

The development of new multi-target combination treatment strategies to tackle ischemic stroke (IS) remains to be challenging. Herein, a proof-of-concept demonstration of an advanced nanomedicine formulation composed of macrophage membrane (MM)-camouflaged phosphorous dendrimer (termed as AK137)/fibronectin (FN) nanocomplexes (NCs) loaded with antioxidant edaravone (EDV) to modulate both microglia and neurons for effective IS therapy is showcased. The created MM@AK137-FN/EDV (M@A-F/E) NCs with a mean size of 260nm possess good colloidal stability, sustained EDV release kinetics, and desired cytocompatibility. By virtue of MM decoration, the M@A-F/E NCs can cross blood-brain barrier, act on microglia to exert the anti-inflammatory (AK137 and FN) and antioxidative (FN and EDV) effects in vitro for oxidative stress alleviation, microglia M2 polarization, and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and act on neuron cells to be anti-apoptotic. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model, the developed M@A-F/E NCs can exert enhanced antioxidant/anti-inflammatory/anti-apoptotic therapeutic effects to comprehensively regulate the brain microenvironment and promote vascular regeneration to collaboratively restore the blood flow after ischemia-reperfusion. The designed MM-coated NCs composed of all-active ingredients of phosphorous dendrimers, FN, and EDV that can fully regulate the brain inflammatory microenvironment may expand their application scope in other neurodegenerative diseases.

Insights into 5-fluorouracil anti–cancer drug encapsulation within the pristine and palladium-doped carbon, silicon-carbide, and germanium-carbide nanotubes: A DFT investigation for advanced nanomedicine applications

In this study, we investigated the interaction and binding properties of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an anti-cancer drug, encapsulated within pristine and palladium-doped carbon, silicon-carbide, and germanium-carbide nanotubes (CNT, SiCNT, GeCNT). Using density functional theory (DFT), we conducted a comprehensive analysis at both aqueous and gas phases. This included geometrical, structural, electrical, bonding, and thermodynamic properties, optimized geometries, adsorption energies, quantum molecular descriptors, frontier molecular orbitals, and topological parameters at the M06-2X level of theory. Our findings indicate that Pd-doping enhances the encapsulation capabilities of nanotubes, strengthening interactions with 5-FU and improving water solubility. Calculations of recovery time required for drug release suggest that Pd-doped nanotubes effectively control the release of 5-FU. Notably, the decapsulation time of 5-FU from of Pd-doped nanotubes was longer in the gas phase than in aqueous conditions. Using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) method, we investigated intermolecular interactions and critical bonding points. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis revealed enhanced stabilization of the 5-FU molecule post-encapsulation, with charge transfer primarily directed from nanotubes to the 5-FU. Hirshfeld surface analysis highlighted that hydrogen bonds between 5-FU active sites and nanotubes are crucial in encapsulation and fixation. Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis confirmed Pd-doping as a primary source of strong attractive interactions in 5-FU/Pd-doped nanotube complexes compared to pristine nanotubes.

Advances in Nanomedicine and Biomaterials for Endometrial Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review.

The endometrium is an extremely important component of the uterus and is crucial for individual health and human reproduction. However, traditional methods still struggle to ideally repair the structure and function of damaged endometrium and restore fertility. Therefore, seeking and developing innovative technologies and materials has the potential to repair and regenerate damaged or diseased endometrium. The emergence and functionalization of various nanomedicine and biomaterials, as well as the proposal and development of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering techniques, have brought great hope for solving these problems. In this review, we will summarize various nanomedicine, biomaterials, and innovative technologies that contribute to endometrial regeneration, including nanoscale exosomes, nanomaterials, stem cell-based materials, naturally sourced biomaterials, chemically synthesized biomaterials, approaches and methods for functionalizing biomaterials, as well as the application of revolutionary new technologies such as organoids, organ-on-chips, artificial intelligence, etc. The diverse design and modification of new biomaterials endow them with new functionalities, such as microstructure or nanostructure, mechanical properties, biological functions, and cellular microenvironment regulation. It will provide new options for the regeneration of endometrium, bring new hope for the reconstruction and recovery of patients' reproductive abilities.

Topical Administration of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Viable Approach to Reduce Inflammation: A Review.

This review seeks to assess the potential of nanomaterials, specifically Nano-struc-tured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), in mitigating challenges associated with inflammation-related disorders, with a particular emphasis on chronic ailments like arthritis. A comprehensive lit-erature review spanning Web of Science, PubMed, and other scholarly repositories from 2000 to 2023 is conducted. Articles are selected based on their focus on NLCs and inflammation management, utilizing keywords, such as "nanomaterials," "targeted drug delivery," and "ar-thritis." Exclusion criteria involve non-English studies or those lacking adequate detail on NLCs. Synthesized data provide an overview of the advantages, challenges, and prospects of NLCs in addressing chronic inflammatory disorders. This review also examines the therapeu-tic applications of nanotechnology, including targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering, particularly focusing on the intricate biological responses in chronic inflammation, often in-volving Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Moreover, the exploration ex-tends to topical delivery methods to enhance control over medication concentration, with a review of lipid nanoparticles, such as liposomes and solid-lipid nanoparticles, highlighting their potential in augmenting drug permeation while addressing challenges like inadequate drug loading. NLCs have emerged as promising candidates for overcoming drug delivery challenges, par-ticularly in arthritis treatment, with a focus on their advantages across diverse lipid composi-tions. The review underscores significant strides in inflammation management through NLC utilization, offering insights into future research directions. Moreover, it contributes to ongoing advancements in nanomedicine, emphasizing the pivotal role of NLCs in developing innovative therapeutic approaches for inflammation-related dis-orders, particularly arthritis. NLCs represent a promising avenue for effective interventions, signaling progress in nanotechnology-enabled therapeutics.

Precipitation of advanced nanomedicines (curcumin) using supercritical processing; experimental study, design and optimizing operating conditions

Curcumin is a known herbal medicine with numerous therapeutic effects and low bioavailability. Reducing the particle size of this medicine is a confirmed solution to increase its dissolution rate and bioavailability. To do so, Curcumin nanoparticles were produced in the present work by the supercritical gas anti-solvent (GAS) method. First, the minimum GAS operating pressure (Pmin) required to precipitate fine Curcumin particles from two solvents DMSO and ethanol was estimated using Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS). Then, Curcumin nanoparticles were precipitated from these two solvents under different operating conditions, specified by the Box–Behnken design method. Given the desired operating variables including pressure (120, 180, and 240 bar), temperature (308, 328, and 348 K), initial concentration (5, 35, and 65 mg/ml), flow rate of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) (10, 50, and 90 ml/min), and stirring rate (500, 1500, and 2500 rpm), their influence on the particle size of Curcumin was investigated, and optimum conditions were determined. At 240 bar and 328 K, nano Curcumin particles with the size of 230 nm and 81 nm were precipitated from DMSO and ethanol solutions with the initial concentration of 5 mg/ml and stirring rate of 1500 rpm, respectively. Results show that scCO2 flow rate is not a significant parameter.The remarkable reduction in the particle size of Curcumin from 28 ± 10 μm of the original sample to nano-scale confirms GAS efficiency. Also, the dissolution rate of the nanoparticles, produced in the optimal condition is much higher than the original sample, which can be due to their nano-metric size and lower degree of crystallinity.

Novel peptide and hyaluronic acid coated biomimetic liposomes for targeting bacterial infections and sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from an imbalanced immune response to severe infections. Despite advances in nanomedicines, effective treatments for sepsis are still lacking. Herein, vancomycin free base (VCM)-loaded dual functionalized biomimetic liposomes based on a novel TLR4-targeting peptide (P3) and hyaluronic acid (HA) (HA-P3-Lipo) were developed to enhance sepsis therapy. The nanocarrier revealed appropriate physicochemical parameters, good stability, and biocompatibility. The release of VCM from HA-P3-Lipo was found to be sustained with 76 % VCM released in 48 h. The biomimicry was elucidated by in silico tools and MST and results confirmed strong binding between the system and TLR4. Furthermore, HA-P3-Lipo revealed 2-fold enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus, sustained antibacterial activity against MRSA over 72 h and 5-fold better MRSA biofilm inhibition compared to bare VCM. Bacterial-killing kinetics and flow cytometry confirmed the superiority of HA-P3-Lipo in eliminating MRSA faster than VCM. The in vivo potential of the nanocarrier was elucidated in an MRSA-induced sepsis mice model, and the results confirmed the superiority of HA-P3-Lipo compared to free VCM in eliminating bacteria and down-regulating the proinflammatory markers. Therefore, HA-P3-Lipo exhibits potential as a promising novel multi-functional nanosystem against sepsis and could significantly contribute to the transformation of sepsis therapy.

Advances in Nanomedicine for Precision Insulin Delivery.

Diabetes mellitus, which comprises a group of metabolic disorders affecting carbohydrate metabolism, is characterized by improper glucose utilization and excessive production, leading to hyperglycemia. The global prevalence of diabetes is rising, with projections indicating it will affect 783.2 million people by 2045. Insulin treatment is crucial, especially for type 1 diabetes, due to the lack of β-cell function. Intensive insulin therapy, involving multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, has proven effective in reducing microvascular complications but poses a higher risk of severe hypoglycemia. Recent advancements in insulin formulations and delivery methods, such as ultra-rapid-acting analogs and inhaled insulin, offer potential benefits in terms of reducing hypoglycemia and improving glycemic control. However, the traditional subcutaneous injection method has drawbacks, including patient compliance issues and associated complications. Nanomedicine presents innovative solutions to these challenges, offering promising avenues for overcoming current drug limitations, enhancing cellular uptake, and improving pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, chitosan, and PLGA, provide protection against enzymatic degradation, improving drug stability and controlled release. These nanocarriers offer unique advantages, ranging from enhanced bioavailability and sustained release to specific targeting capabilities. While oral insulin delivery is being explored for better patient adherence and cost-effectiveness, other nanomedicine-based methods also show promise in improving delivery efficiency and patient outcomes. Safety concerns, including potential toxicity and immunogenicity issues, must be addressed, with the FDA providing guidance for the safe development of nanotechnology-based products. Future directions in nanomedicine will focus on creating next-generation nanocarriers with precise targeting, real-time monitoring, and stimuli-responsive features to optimize diabetes treatment outcomes and patient safety. This review delves into the current state of nanomedicine for insulin delivery, examining various types of nanocarriers and their mechanisms of action, and discussing the challenges and future directions in developing safe and effective nanomedicine-based therapies for diabetes management.

Advanced nanomedicines and immunotherapeutics to treat respiratory diseases especially COVID-19 induced thrombosis

Immunotherapy and associated immune regulation strategies gained huge attraction in order to be utilized for treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases. Engineering specifically nanomedicines can be used to regulate host immunity in lungs in the case of respiratory diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. COVID-19 causes pulmonary embolisms, thus new therapeutic options are required to target thrombosis, as conventional treatment options are either not effective due to the complexity of the immune-thrombosis pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss regulation of immune response in respiratory diseases especially COVID-19. We further discuss thrombosis and provide an overview of some antithrombotic nanoparticles, which can be used to develop nanomedicine against thrombo-inflammation induced by COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases. We also elaborate the importance of immunomodulatory nanomedicines that can block pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, and thus can be recommended to treat respiratory infectious diseases.