Advances In Experimental Medicine Research Articles

Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with intranasal prophylaxis.

Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with intranasal prophylaxis.

KERNEL OF TRUTH: AN INTERESTING CASE OF FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Signs and Symptoms of Chest Disease Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is commonly seen in the pediatric and elderly population. Risk factors include encephalopathy, stroke, alcoholism and neuromuscular disorders affecting swallowing reflex. It is rare in the adult population except in cases of unconscious accidental ingestion. The most common symptom of FBA is chronic cough, which is nonspecific and can often be mistakenly approached as an infectious process. Here we describe a case of a patient who had no significant risk factors, presented with chronic cough and was found to have a lung mass on imaging but ultimately diagnosed with foreign body aspiration. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old male presented to the pulmonary office for a progressive productive cough of two-year duration. Chest roentgenogram (CXR) showed a dense opacification in the right middle lobe concerning for pneumonia versus obstructive lesion. He completed a 10-day course of levofloxacin but with no improvement of symptoms. He denied history of travel, sick contacts, pet exposure, or incarceration. He had intermittent febrile episodes and a twenty-pound weight loss. He was a non-smoker and didn’t drink alcohol. On physical examination, he had decreased breath sounds on the right lung field. Laboratory workup was significant for leukocytosis. Chest computed tomography showed complete opacification of the right middle lobe (RML) with abrupt cut off of the RML bronchus concerning for an obstructive mass along with subcarinal and right hilar lymphadenopathy (Figure 1). He underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy in which two yellow, spherical foreign body fragments were found to be obstructing the RML bronchus (Figure 2). Both specimens were removed successfully, and further gross examination was consistent with corn kernels. Bronchoalveolar lavage and endobronchial biopsies were negative for malignancy. After foreign body removal, patients' symptoms subsequently improved. DISCUSSION: FBA in the tracheobronchial tree is more common in the pediatric population than adults. Common risk factors in adults include advanced age, stroke, neuromuscular diseases such as myasthenia gravis, and alcohol abuse. Given the lack of such risk factors, prolonged duration of symptoms, and imaging concerning for malignancy, the diagnosis of FBA was not suspected. Undiagnosed FBA can lead to complications such as recurrent pneumonia, atelectasis, or bronchiectasis. Flexible bronchoscopy is the treatment of choice for the diagnosis and removal of FBA. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the predisposition for a delayed diagnosis of FBA in the healthy adult population, a high index of suspicion and thorough history taking is warranted when dealing with cases of chronic cough and recurrent pneumonia to avoid long term sequelae. Reference #1: Kam JC, et al. Foreign Body Aspiration Presenting with Asthma-Like Symptoms. Case Reports in Medicine. 2013;2013:1-4. Reference #2: Cataneo AJM, Reibscheid SM, Ruiz RL, Ferrari GF. Foreign Body in the Tracheobronchial Tree. Clinical Pediatrics. 1997;36(12):701-705. Reference #3: Malinowska E, Dabrowska-Kruszewska J, Doboszynska A, Stangiewicz M, Gugala K, Biernacki M. Foreign Body in the Airway a Female Patient with Myasthenia Gravis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Pathophysiology of Respiration. 2015:29-36. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Anthony Cucci, source=Admin input No relevant relationships by NICOLE LAO, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Joseph Michael Lim, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Elizabeth Verghese, source=Web Response

Retinal Degeneration Caused by Rod-Specific Dhdds Ablation Occurs without Concomitant Inhibition of Protein N-Glycosylation.

SummaryDehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) catalyzes the committed step in dolichol synthesis. Recessive mutations in DHDDS cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP59), resulting in blindness. We hypothesized that rod photoreceptor-specific ablation of Dhdds would cause retinal degeneration due to diminished dolichol-dependent protein N-glycosylation. Dhddsflx/flx mice were crossed with rod-specific Cre recombinase-expressing (Rho-iCre75) mice to generate rod-specific Dhdds knockout mice (Dhddsflx/flx iCre+). In vivo morphological and electrophysiological evaluation of Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ retinas revealed mild retinal dysfunction at postnatal (PN) 4 weeks, compared with age-matched controls; however, rapid photoreceptor degeneration ensued, resulting in almost complete loss of rods and cones by PN 6 weeks. Retina dolichol levels were markedly decreased by PN 4 weeks in Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ mice, relative to controls; despite this, N-glycosylation of retinal proteins, including opsin (the dominant rod-specific glycoprotein), persisted in Dhddsflx/flx iCre+ mice. These findings challenge the conventional mechanistic view of RP59 as a congenital disorder of glycosylation.

High Fat Feeding in Rats Alters Respiratory Parameters by a Mechanism That Is Unlikely to Be Mediated by Carotid Body Type I Cells.

The carotid bodies (CB) respond to changes in blood gases with neurotransmitter release, thereby increasing carotid sinus nerve firing frequency and ultimately correcting the pattern of breathing. It has previously been demonstrated that acute application of the adipokine leptin augments the hypoxic sensory response of the intact in-vitro CB (Pye RL, Roy A, Wilson RJ, Wyatt CN. FASEB J 30(1 Supplement):983.1, 2016) and isolated CB type I cell (Pye RL, Dunn EJ, Ricker EM, Jurcsisn JG, Barr BL, Wyatt CN. Arterial chemoreceptors in physiology and pathophysiology. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Springer, Cham, 2015). This study's aim was to examine, in-vivo, if elevated leptin modulated CB function and breathing.Rats were fed high fat or control chow for 16-weeks. High fat fed (HFF) animals gained significantly more weight compared to control fed (CF) animals and had significantly higher serum leptin levels compared to CF. Utilizing whole-body plethysmography, HFF animals demonstrated significantly depressed breathing compared to CF at rest and during hypoxia. However, amplitudes in the change in breathing from rest to hypoxia were not significantly different between groups. CB type I cells were isolated and intracellular calcium levels recorded. Averaged and peak cellular hypoxic responses were not significantly different.Despite a small but significant rise in leptin, differences in breathing caused by high fat feeding are unlikely caused by an effect of leptin on CB type I cells. However, the possibility remains that leptin may have in-vivo postsynaptic effects on the carotid sinus nerve; this remains to be investigated.

Correction to: HIV Persistence on Antiretroviral Therapy and Barriers to aCure.

Correction to: Chapter 7 in L. Zhang, S. R. Lewin (eds.), HIV Vaccines and Cure, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1075, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_7.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Intrafascicular Local Anesthetic Injection Damages Peripheral Nerve-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) is advantageous for patients undergoing surgery to decrease the perioperative opioid consumptions and enhance recovery after surgery.Inadvertent local anesthetic (LA) administration into nerve fiber intrafascicularly easily results in unrecognized nerve injury. Using nerve block guidance either by ultrasound, electrical nerve stimulator, or using pressure devices does not prevent nerve damage, even though most of the nerve injury is transiently. The incidence of neurologic symptoms or neuropathy is in the range of 0.02-2.2%, and no significant difference of postoperative neurologic symptoms is found as compared with using ultrasound or guided nerve stimulator technique. However, intrafascicular lidocaine brought about macrophage migration into the damaged fascicle, Schwann cell proliferation, increased intensity of myelin basic protein, and shorten withdrawal time to mechanical stimuli. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG), intrafascicular LA injection increased the activated transcriptional factor 3 (ATF-3) and downregulated Nav1.8 (Nav1.8). In spinal dorsal horn (SDH), the microglia and astrocytes located in SDH were activated and proliferated after intrafascicular LA injection and returned to baseline gradually at the end of the month. This is a kind of neuropathic pain, so low injection pressure should be maintained, the correct needle bevel used, nerve stimulator or ultrasound guidance applied, and careful and deliberately slow injection employed as important parts of the injection technique to prevent intrafascicular LA administration-induced neuropathic pain.

Translational Research in Pain and Itch (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

Translational Research in Pain and Itch (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

Memorial: Tatsushi Muta, 1963-2013.

Dr. Tatsushi Muta was a biochemist who died September 11, 2013, at the age of 50 at Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan. Tatsu and I were in the process of preparing a draft of a manuscript, which is published in this edition of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology [1]. During his long career, Tatsu spearheaded research that led to the discovery and functional analysis of IκB-ζ, which has been instrumental in our understanding of the biologic homeostatic mechanisms of IκB-ζ. Unfortunately, despite overcoming challenges related to the East Japan great earthquake disaster on March 11, 2011, which damaged his laboratory at Tohoku University, this work became his last work. Tatsu was born on July 24, 1963, and grew up in Nagasaki, Japan. He attended Nagasaki-Kita High School, where he played baseball, and he dreamed of playing at Koshien, where the Japan National High School Baseball Tournament is held. He also had a passion for life sciences studies, guiding his decision to attend Kyusyu University in 1982. During graduate school, Tatsu worked in the laboratory of Dr. Sadaaki Iwanaga, who discovered the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin LPS. Tatsu was a very productive student and went on to receive a Master’s degree and Ph.D. while conducting research in Dr. Iwanaga’s laboratory. During these studies, Tatsu and his colleagues cloned proclotting enzyme and factor C, which play an important role in the coagulation cascade in the horseshoe crab. Tatsu also published 3 first-author papers, including 1 manuscript in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, and Journal of Biochemistry [2–4]. He then became an assistant professor in Dr. Iwanaga’s laboratory and contributed to the identification of factors B and G, which are also involved in the coagulation cascade in the horseshoe crab.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 842: Biochemical Roles of Eukaryotic Cell Surface Macromolecules. Edited by Abhijit Chakrabarti and Avadhesha Surolia.

Springer, Heidelberg 2015, 411+IX pp., hardcover, £/€/$ 149.75.—ISBN 978‐3‐319‐11279‐4

Synergy Between Scientific Advancement and Technological Innovation, Illustrated by a Mechanism‐Based Model Characterizing Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibition

Advances in experimental medicine and technological innovation during the past century have brought tremendous progress in modern medicine and generated an ever-increasing amount of data from bench and bedside. The desire to extend scientific knowledge motivates effective data integration. Technological innovation makes this possible, which in turn accelerates the advancement in science. This mutually beneficial interaction is illustrated by the development of an expanded mechanism-based model for understanding a novel mechanism, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 SGLT2 inhibition for potential treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Programmed cell death in cancer progression and therapy, in advances in experimental medicine and biology, Vol. 615

Programmed cell death in cancer progression and therapy, in advances in experimental medicine and biology, Vol. 615

Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 561

Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 561

Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 561

Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 561

Book Review: Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

Book Review: Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology)

Computational modeling of physiological systems

in recent years, the development of information-gathering technologies such as high-throughput technology in genomics and proteomics, and the introduction of related techniques for managing and mining large-scale data, have facilitated a dramatic increase in the degree of quantification applied to

Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation IX: Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic. Based on a conference held in Newport Beach, California, 8–10 February 2002. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 512. Edited by Sudhir Gupta, , Eugene Butcher, and , William Paul. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. $125.00. ix + 212 p + 1 pl; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–306–47395–X. 2002.

Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation IX: Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic. Based on a conference held in Newport Beach, California, 8–10 February 2002. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 512. Edited by Sudhir Gupta, , Eugene Butcher, and , William Paul. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. $125.00. ix + 212 p + 1 pl; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–306–47395–X. 2002.

Cytokines, Stress, and Depression: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology Campus Box 354 University of Colorado–Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-3054 Email: [email protected]

Cytokines, Stress, and Depression: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 461

Cytokines, Stress, and Depression: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 461

Steroid resistance in the squirrel monkey: an old subject revisited.

I t has been more than 30 yr since Brown et al. (1968) reported at the 52nd Annual FASEB Meeting in Atlantic City that squirrel monkeys have high circulating levels of the adrenal steroid cortisol compared with humans. This work was subsequently published in full (Brown et al. 1970) and confirmed by other laboratories (for example, Chrousos et al. 1982; Coe et al. 1978; Klosterman et al. 1986; Manogue et al. 1975). In the meantime, it was recognized that other steroid hormones, including progesterone, 17|3-estradiol, and testosterone, are also elevated in squirrel monkeys (Mendoza et al. 1978; Wilson et al. 1978; Wolf et al. 1977). Since these discoveries, a number of reports have contributed to our understanding of these phenomena, although not until recently have we begun to appreciate the molecular changes that led to these elevated hormone levels. The goal of this article is not to review our current knowledge of secretion and metabolism of each of these steroids in the squirrel monkey. Such review has been expertly achieved in chapters published in a volume of Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology dedicated to the late Dr. Mortimer Lipsett (Chrousos et al. 1986a,b; Siiteri 1986). Rather, this article details recent findings that have provided insight into the molecular events that led to hypercortisolemia, briefly describing their relevance to the secretion of other steroid hormones in squirrel monkeys. The issue of elevated steroid hormone levels is important to laboratory animal science for several reasons. First, it should be appreciated that high circulating levels of some steroid hormones are a normal finding in captive squirrel monkeys. Second, it is generally agreed that this phenomenon has occurred as a normal physiological response to a state of hormone insensitivity or resistance in responsive tissues, including tissues such as the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which mediate the feedback response. As a consequence, hormone levels are high to compensate for endorgan resistance, and squirrel monkeys enjoy a relatively normal pituitary-adrenal physiology albeit at a higher hormonal set-point. Thus, cortisol secretion in squirrel monkeys is appropriately stimulated by chair restraint (Brown et al. 1970) and social and environmental perturbations (Coe et

BOOK REVIEW

Journal of Food BiochemistryVolume 23, Issue 2 p. 242-243 BOOK REVIEW First published: 23 February 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.1999.tb00017.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Book Reviews in this Article: PROCESS-INDUCED CHEMICAL CHANGES IN FOOD ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY VOLUME 434, (F. Shahidi, C.T. Ho, and N.V. Chuyen, eds.), 1998. Plenum Press, New York, 361 pp. Hardcover $110.00. Volume23, Issue2June 1999Pages 242-243 RelatedInformation