Advanced Planning Research Articles

Development of a pharmacy research career pathway discussion tool

Abstract Introduction Research is one of the four pillars of the RPS curriculum and forms Domain 5 of the credentialing pathway. However, gaining and using these research skills in the workplace appears challenging with low self-reported research confidence identified1, lowest domain pass rates in RPS Credentialing reports2 and a minority of the workforce identified as research active3. In order to support Welsh practitioners, Pharmacy Research Wales (PRW) has developed a tool to aid research discussions and awareness, identifying National research opportunities and potential career pathways, with relevant practice and portfolio evidence. Aims Develop a pharmacy research career pathway discussion tool to support career planning and evidence for the RPS credentialing portfolio. Method A literature search and review of RPS, National and local guidelines informed the tool drafting. A Microsoft form “tool” questionnaire was developed (PRW working group) and disseminated by email to a pharmacist cohort (n=10) established by Health Education Improvement Wales to support consultant credentialing. Subsequently members were invited to an in-person one-hour stakeholder development group (n=7) to discuss the tool and agree any modifications. A support moderator took anonymised notes which were reviewed for accuracy, with stakeholder clarification where necessary. No ethics approval was required as no patient involvement and data were anonymised. Questions explored usefulness, self-explanation, pathway self-recognition and improvements. A second draft was presented at 2023 RPS Wales conference research workshop for feedback. Results A schema was drafted describing timelines from foundation to consultant together with relevant examples of research opportunities and suggested portfolio evidence. All survey responses (7/10) indicated usefulness of tool: “good visual guide; draws everything together for the research domain” with 6/7 recognising this pathway as part of their own journey. Respondents (4/7) indicated it was not “self-explanatory”, suggesting removal of abbreviations, an introduction or a step-by-step guide but were positive for use as a mentor/mentee discussion tool. At the RPS research workshop tables (n=6) of ~7 delegates discussed and were asked to self-identify their research progression. Delegates annotated the tool (n=12) with 3, 8, and 1 respectively reporting foundation, advanced and consultant levels. Discussion and conclusion A research tool has been developed to support discussions relating to research career pathway planning and execution. Although there are methodological limitations to this work, for example sample size, it has been well received by the workforce with feedback highlighting areas such as increased awareness of research opportunities, a clear overview of research pathway examples and time investments required, supporting the need for advanced planning. Although aimed at Welsh practitioners, the template is generic and could be extrapolated to the UK workforce. The schema exemplars uni-professional and multi-disciplinary team pathways, the latter relying on research active medical staff. A high percentage of currently credentialled consultant pharmacists described using this latter route, confirming the need to build our own clinical academic workforce and support NHSE survey2 recommendations. Further work is required to embed this tool within the workforce and leadership bodies, facilitating research career pathway awareness, discussions and growth both within and across organisations.

Contemporary insights into spinopelvic mechanics.

Understanding spinopelvic mechanics is important for the success of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Despite significant advancements in appreciating spinopelvic balance, numerous challenges remain. It is crucial to recognize the individual variability and postoperative changes in spinopelvic parameters and their consequential impact on prosthetic component positioning to mitigate the risk of dislocation and enhance postoperative outcomes. This review describes the integration of advanced diagnostic approaches, enhanced technology, implant considerations, and surgical planning, all tailored to the unique anatomy and biomechanics of each patient. It underscores the importance of accurately predicting postoperative spinopelvic mechanics, selecting suitable imaging techniques, establishing a consistent nomenclature for spinopelvic stiffness, and considering implant-specific strategies. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of artificial intelligence to personalize care.

Estimation of Strawberry Canopy Volume in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle RGB Imagery Using an Object Detection-Based Convolutional Neural Network

Estimating canopy volumes of strawberry plants can be useful for predicting yields and establishing advanced management plans. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial variability of strawberry canopy volumes using a ResNet50V2-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained with RGB images acquired through manual unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights equipped with a digital color camera. A preprocessing method based on the You Only Look Once v8 Nano (YOLOv8n) object detection model was applied to correct image distortions influenced by fluctuating flight altitude under a manual maneuver. The CNN model was trained using actual canopy volumes measured using a cylindrical case and small expanded polystyrene (EPS) balls to account for internal plant spaces. Estimated canopy volumes using the CNN with flight altitude compensation closely matched the canopy volumes measured with EPS balls (nearly 1:1 relationship). The model achieved a slope, coefficient of determination (R2), and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.98, 0.98, and 74.3 cm3, respectively, corresponding to an 84% improvement over the conventional paraboloid shape approximation. In the application tests, the canopy volume map of the entire strawberry field was generated, highlighting the spatial variability of the plant’s canopy volumes, which is crucial for implementing site-specific management of strawberry crops.

A benign tumor of substantial size: Mandibular epithelioid osteoblastoma in a socioeconomically challenged patient

Epithelioid osteoblastoma (EOB) is a rare, benign bone tumor characterized by the proliferation of atypical epithelioid osteoblasts within a vascular stroma. It typically presents as a slow-growing painful mass and requires careful differentiation from more aggressive lesions like osteosarcoma for appropriate management. We present a case of an otherwise healthy 30-year-old man who presented with a mandibular EOB measuring 23 cm × 17 cm x 19 cm, causing significant disfigurement and functional impairment. Surgical management involved radical resection and immediate reconstruction using an osteocutaneous fibula free flap. The case emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary care, advanced surgical planning, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on healthcare access and outcomes.

Replantation following complete penile amputation: Summary of perioperative experience and treatment strategies.

To date, there are only case reports of penile amputation, a rare urological emergency with a low-treatment successful rate, and there are still no advanced, detailed surgical or perioperative treatment plans. Effective treatments for these rare diseases are urgently needed. The researchers summarized the perioperative experience of 20 patients who underwent replantation after complete penile amputation at several hospitals over the past 5 years and shared experience in detail. Only 1 of the 20 surgeries failed, and both urinary and erectile functions were successfully restored in other cases, indicating that the surgical methods and perioperative treatments summarized by researchers are feasible and highly successful for replantation following complete penile amputation. Researchers have summarized the method and perioperative plan for replantation following penile amputation based on a summary of 20 cases, thereby providing guidance for urologists and andrologists.

Optimizing the anesthetic care of patients with aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency.

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in a lack of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Patients present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, including motor and autonomic dysfunction, hypotonia, and developmental delay, often before the age of one. Until recently, treatment options were limited to symptom control, but the recent approval of the first gene therapy for AADC deficiency in Europe and the UK has provided an alternative to treating symptoms for this disease. Eladocagene exuparvovec is a one-time gene therapy, administered bilaterally to the putamen by magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic neurosurgery. While administration of the gene therapy itself is minimally invasive, the anesthetic management of patients with AADC deficiency is challenging due to the absence of sympathetic regulation secondary to the lack of adrenergic neurotransmitters. Optimal anesthetic management requires an understanding of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the disease. Hemodynamic instability, temperature dysregulation, and hypoglycemia are of primary concern, but there are also challenges regarding intravenous access and airway management. A thorough preoperative assessment is essential and should be guided by the patient's history. Advanced planning is necessary regarding the timing of the procedure schedule and operative plan; meticulous preparation, simulation for the operating room, as well as communication with all perioperative staff members, are crucial. Intraoperatively, utmost care must be taken to protect the skin, maintain body temperature, and to prepare for inotropic and/or glycemic support as needed. Postoperative intensive care management is necessary for consideration of postoperative extubation and provision of supportive care. With careful planning, preparation, and vigilance, patients with AADC deficiency can safely undergo anesthesia.

Utilizing a fully digital approach for oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment and zygomatic implant-based rehabilitation for maxillary defects.

This clinical report details the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of a patient with a severe maxillary defect secondary to subtotal maxillectomy for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCM) using a maxillary prosthesis anchored by four zygomatic implants. The procedure involved meticulous subtotal maxillectomy and defect repair with zygomatic implant support, incorporating advanced digital surgical methods, including 3D reconstruction, computer-guided surgery, and photogrammetry (Icam4D). A 3D finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to assess the method's efficacy in analyzing stress distribution around the zygomatic implants. The patient expressed high satisfaction with the prosthesis's functionality, aesthetics, speech, and swallowing capabilities, underscoring the value of zygomatic implant-supported maxillofacial prosthetics. This synergy of advanced planning, surgical precision, and biomechanical analysis marks a significant advancement in maxillofacial prosthetics.

Current Applications of the Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Neurosurgery: A Review.

In the recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a transformative tool, particularly in health care, offering unprecedented possibilities in neurosurgery. This review explores the diverse applications of 3D printing in neurosurgery, assessing its impact on precision, customization, surgical planning, and education. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, identifying 84 relevant articles. These were categorized into spine applications, neurovascular applications, neuro-oncology applications, neuroendoscopy applications, cranioplasty applications, and modulation/stimulation applications. 3D printing applications in spine surgery showcased advancements in guide devices, prosthetics, and neurosurgical planning, with patient-specific models enhancing precision and minimizing complications. Neurovascular applications demonstrated the utility of 3D-printed guide devices in intracranial hemorrhage and enhanced surgical planning for cerebrovascular diseases. Neuro-oncology applications highlighted the role of 3D printing in guide devices for tumor surgery and improved surgical planning through realistic models. Neuroendoscopy applications emphasized the benefits of 3D-printed guide devices, anatomical models, and educational tools. Cranioplasty applications showed promising outcomes in patient-specific implants, addressing biomechanical considerations. The integration of 3D printing into neurosurgery has significantly advanced precision, customization, and surgical planning. Challenges include standardization, material considerations, and ethical issues. Future directions involve integrating artificial intelligence, multimodal imaging fusion, biofabrication, and global collaboration. 3D printing has revolutionized neurosurgery, offering tailored solutions, enhanced surgical planning, and invaluable educational tools. Addressing challenges and exploring future innovations will further solidify the transformative impact of 3D printing in neurosurgical care. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers navigating the dynamic landscape of 3D printing in neurosurgery.

Hybrid Mobile Robot Path Planning Using Safe JBS-A*B Algorithm and Improved DWA Based on Monocular Camera

This paper addresses the formidable challenge of enabling autonomous navigation in Mobile Robots (MRs), focusing on the development of advanced path planning strategies. Despite their pivotal role in diverse applications, they face challenges in dynamic settings due to limitation in existing Global Path Planning (GPP) and Local Path Planning (LPP) techniques. In response to this, we propose an innovative hybrid path planning approach that enhances the A* algorithm with a risk-aware heuristic function and integrates the Jump Point Search (JPS) technique for route optimization. Additionally, B-spline smoothing is employed for perceptually global trajectory refinement. Our approach also includes an innovative improvement to the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) to align with the proposed enhanced A* algorithm for effective local navigation. Acknowledging the importance of high-quality input in path planning, we present substantial improvements to the IRDC-Net, a monocular-image semantic-segmentation model that we studied previously. Novel improvements include the integration of quantization and the Adam optimizer, along with the implementation of the Balanced Cross-Entropy loss function. These enhancements not only elevate the output quality of IRDC-Net but also reduce the model’s training parameters. The experimental results demonstrate the performance and viability of the proposed algorithm. Ultimately, the hybrid MR’s path planning algorithm exhibits proficiency across various tasks, particularly in addressing the challenge of evading moving obstacles to ensure the robot’s safety while adhering to the global path.

Impact of Head and Neck Multidisciplinary Clinic on Treatment Package Time During 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Institution Experience.

Prolongation of treatment package time is strongly associated with inferior oncologic outcomes. We examine the effect of creation of a multidisciplinary head and neck clinic on treatment package times. This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating treatment package time in patients receiving adjuvant radiation through a multidisciplinary clinic compared with standard clinics at a single academic institution between 7/31/2020 and 7/31/2022. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered to 23 patients in multidisciplinary clinic, 68 patients in standard clinic and 17 patients in satellite clinics. Patients seen in multidisciplinary clinic began adjuvant radiation sooner (median 35 vs 41 vs 48 days, p=0.01) with more compact treatment package times (median 78 vs 84 vs 86 days, p=0.003). Nine patient (13%) in standard clinics and 4 patients (24%) at the satellite clinics had adjuvant treatment package times exceeding 100 days. No patient seen in multidisciplinary clinic had treatment package times exceeding 100 days. Colocalization of radiation oncology and otolaryngology care in multidisciplinary clinic substantially improved time to postoperative radiotherapy and treatment package times. This is likely due to the identification of patients requiring adjuvant radiation earlier in their clinical presentation which in turn allowed for advanced planning and minimization of delays in initiation of adjuvant radiation.

Developing an integrative management plan for urban and peri-urban forests: A case study of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Many cities worldwide have adopted management strategies for urban forests, typically focusing on forest parks, street trees and park trees. However, planning that concentrates on natural urban forest areas remains scarce. This study introduces an advanced planning framework for the integrative management of natural urban forests and applies it to Ljubljana's urban forests (2151 ha). The framework consists of an initiation phase and a six-step planning procedure. Through a comprehensive process lasting 20 months, with strong stakeholder involvement and political support, we developed a strategic plan for Ljubljana’s entire urban forest area and an operational plan for a specific block within this area. The approach employs the integrative management of forest stands within or near the city, incorporating harmonised activities in silviculture, recreation, protection, harvesting and communication. This planning method aims to bridge the gap between traditional forest management planning and urban green infrastructure planning.

Sustainability Management Accounting in Urban Development: A Case Study of an Egyptian State-Owned Enterprise

The public sector literature on sustainability management accounting (SMA) has grown significantly in recent years, with numerous theoretical and empirical studies examining the purported link between management accounting and corporate sustainability within organisations. However, despite this surge, prior studies have largely confined their analytical scope to traditional SMA issues, such as corporate social, environmental, and governance responsibilities. Their analyses have predominantly concentrated on largely investigated elements such as situational linkages, transformational dynamics, agency issues, resistance, and conflicts. This study aims to address these limitations by examining corporate SMA systems within the burgeoning field of urban development. It utilises institutional theory and a case study from Egypt, a developing country, to explore how urban development could impact adopting a corporate SMA system in politically sensitive state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Contrary to existing literature, the findings indicate that urban development has created financial pressures for national governments, which have used these as a political instrument to implement a corporate SMA system within related SOEs. Additionally, the findings highlight the significant role of management accountants as central figures in integrating and standardising a corporate SMA system into the daily practices of current executives through advanced enterprise resource planning (ERP) technology. Moreover, as a development of institutional theory, the findings demonstrate the influence of corporate SMA reports on the decision-making processes of national governments in the context of urban development.

Models and P4R asset description for digital twin-based advanced planning and scheduling using cyber-physical integration for resilient production operation

Advanced planning and scheduling (APS) addresses the complex and uncertain nature of production control. A digital twin (DT), which incorporates simulations through cyber-physical integration, provides an advanced functionality for APS. To facilitate efficient design and implementation, a DT-based APS must satisfy three requirements: technical functionalities for resilience, robust models for diverse operational constraints, and efficient interoperability through cyber-physical integration. Although several studies have proposed the use of DT as a primary technology for APS, proposals that address the process, functionality, integration, and information models are lacking. Additionally, the existing asset descriptions cannot adequately capture the sophisticated characteristics of DT and necessary informational elements for APS. Thus, this study designed a process model, functionalities, and integration models for the DT-based APS and asset descriptions for snapshot synchronization. Crucial service-compositions and functionalities were defined using work-center-level lifecycles. Consequently, a process model was developed, which focused on core activities for resilience. Moreover, horizontal integration between DT and control functionalities and vertical integration between DT and standards, were proposed to enhance the DT-based APS. The proposed method effectively managed the product, process, plan, plant, and resource classes by ensuring adherence to asset administration shell principles. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, two work centers with distinctly different characteristics were employed and demonstrated dominant preventive measures compared to static functionality-based methods. The primary contributions encompass the facilitation of integration and interoperability within a DT-based APS. The proposed methods support the advanced characteristics of DT, ensuring robustness and neutrality across heterogeneous operational contexts.

Does Preoperative Virtual Reality Experience Enhance Implant Positioning Accuracy in Total Hip Arthroplasty?

Purpose Total hip arthroplasty (THA) requires precise implant positioning to ensure long-term success. Herein, we evaluated the effect of virtual reality (VR) on the surgical precision of THA, particularly when used by experienced surgeons. Methods In this single-center, prospective, case-control study, 34 patients who underwent primary THA performed by a single experienced surgeon were divided into the control (without VR simulation) and VR (with VR simulation) groups. Preoperative planning involved the creation of three-dimensional models from computed tomography scans using ZedHip® software (Lexi, Tokyo, Japan). The primary outcomes assessed included the accuracy of implant placement, operative time, and intraoperative blood loss. The secondary outcomes included postoperative hospital stay and in-hospital complications. Results A significant improvement in radiographic inclination (RI) was observed in the VR group as compared to controls. Other surgical parameters, such as radiographic anteversion, operation time, blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay, showed no significant differences between the groups. Discrepancies in planned versus actual implant sizes were notedbut were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion VR application in preoperative planning improved the RI accuracy in acetabular cup placement for THA, demonstrating its potential to enhance surgical precision for experienced surgeons. This study highlights the evolving role of VR, from a training tool to an integral part of advanced surgical planning in orthopedics.

Percutaneous Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions. 2024 Core Curriculum of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC.

The percutaneous treatment of structural, valvular, and non-valvular heart disease (SHD) is rapidly evolving. The Core Curriculum (CC) proposed by the EAPCI describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that define competency levels required by newly trained SHD interventional cardiologists (IC) and provides guidance for training centres. SHD ICs are cardiologists who have received complete interventional cardiology training. They are multidisciplinary team specialists who manage adult SHD patients from diagnosis to follow-up and perform percutaneous procedures in this area. They are competent in interpreting advanced imaging techniques and master planning software. The SHD ICs are expected to be proficient in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid areas. They may have selective skills in either the aortic area or mitral/tricuspid areas. In this case, they must still have common transversal competencies in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid areas. Additional SHD domain competencies are optional. Completing dedicated SHD training, aiming for full aortic, mitral, and tricuspid competencies, requires at least 18 months. For full training in the aortic area, with basic competencies in mitral/tricuspid areas, the training can be reduced to 1 year. The same is true for training in the mitral/tricuspid area, with competencies in the aortic area. The SHD IC CC promotes excellence and homogeneous training across Europe and is the cornerstone of future certifications and patient protection. It may be a reference for future CC for national associations and other SHD specialities, including imaging and cardiac surgery.

Exploring the patient perspective in pulmonary hypertension.

The global impacts of pulmonary hypertension (PH) were formally recognised in 1973 at the 1st World Health Organization meeting dedicated to primary pulmonary hypertension, held in Geneva. Investigations into disease pathogenesis and classification led to the development of numerous therapies over the ensuing decades. While the impacts of the disease have been lessened due to treatments, the symptoms and adverse effects of PH and its therapies on patients' wellbeing and mental health remain significant. As such, there is a critical need to enhance understanding of the challenges patients face on a global scale with respect to care access, multidimensional patient support and advocacy. In addition, thoughtful analysis of the potential benefits and utilisation of mechanisms for the incorporation of patient-reported outcomes into diagnosis and treatment plans is needed. A summary of these areas is included here. We present a report of global surveys of patient and provider experiences and challenges regarding care access and discuss possible solutions. Also addressed is the current state of PH patient associations around the world. Potential ways to enhance patient associations and enable them to provide the utmost support are discussed. A summary of relevant patient-reported outcome measures to assess health-related quality of life in PH is presented, with suggestions regarding incorporation of these tools in patient care and research. Finally, information on how current global threats such as pandemics, climate change and armed conflict may impact PH patients is offered, along with insights as to how they may be mitigated with advanced contingency planning.

Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Attention Networks for Network-Scale Traffic Learning and Forecasting.

Accurate and timely forecasting of traffic on local road networks is crucial for deploying effective dynamic traffic control, advanced route planning, and navigation services. This task is particularly challenging due to complex spatio-temporal dependencies arising from non-Euclidean spatial relations in road networks and non-linear temporal dynamics influenced by changing road conditions. This paper introduces the spatio-temporal network embedding (STNE) model, a novel deep learning framework tailored for learning and forecasting graph-structured traffic data over extended input sequences. Unlike traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the model employs graph convolutional networks (GCNs) to capture the spatial characteristics of local road network topologies. Moreover, the segmentation of very long input traffic data into multiple sub-sequences, based on significant temporal properties such as closeness, periodicity, and trend, is performed. Multi-dimensional long short-term memory neural networks (MDLSTM) are utilized to flexibly access multi-dimensional context. Experimental results demonstrate that the STNE model surpasses state-of-the-art traffic forecasting benchmarks on two large-scale real-world traffic datasets.

Enhancing Adaptability and Autonomy in Cooperative Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm Robots: Implementation of Coordination and Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Algorithms for Safe and Efficient Manipulation Tasks

In this study, a cooperative robotic system comprising two Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA) robots was developed and simulated. An algorithm was proposed for the coordination of robots in cooperative tasks, along with a Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) path planner for obstacle avoidance. The proposed system proved effective in transferring objects between robots and in handling various scenarios of variable complexity without collisions. The implementation of advanced trajectory planning and coordination algorithms significantly improves the adaptability and autonomy of robotic systems, allowing robots to predict and react to the movements of their counterparts and changes in the environment in real time. This capability is crucial for maintaining a safe and efficient work environment. The importance of synchronization and effective communication between robots is highlighted to avoid collisions and optimize trajectories and cycle times. All tests were conducted in virtual environments, allowing for the evaluation and refinement of the performance of the robots’ performance under controlled conditions. The positive results obtained in the simulations suggest that the system is well suited for future practical implementation in industrial and manufacturing applications, such as chemical handling, collaborative welding, quality inspection, among others. These findings underscore the potential of the cooperative SCARA system to improve the efficiency and safety in industrial applications using advanced algorithms and control techniques, establishing a solid foundation for future research and development in the field of cooperative robotics.

Thinking through ACAD - learning to see theory in action

The Activity-Centred Analysis and Design (ACAD) has been developed as a meta-theoretical framework for understanding and improving complex networked learning situations (Goodyear et al., 2021; Goodyear & Carvalho, 2014). ACAD helps to foreground two distinct moments related to the design of complex learning situations. The first entails advanced planning – and it involves design time – when an educator may consider the selection of specific tasks, tools, and complementary social arrangements of a learning situation. The second involves learning time – or what happens as a learning activity unfolds. When designing for networked learning educators need to anticipate a certain form of human activity and consider how designable elements may influence what students do (first view). But educators also need to channel what actually happens on the day, as activity unfolds, noticing how designable elements influence (or not) the intended learning activity (second view). One difficulty for teachers or educational designers relates to being able to draw connections between what has been designed (planned) and what learners actually do (learn).

Assessing institutional image's influence on student satisfaction and loyalty in Singapore's higher education: A study on higher learning institution students

This research project expands on previous studies to analyze the institutional image from the perspective of higher education students in Singapore. The work builds on extensive prior research and examines the impact of the recent pandemic and lockdowns in Asia, which have increased Singapore's popularity as a study destination for Asian students, particularly from China. Known as the Garden City and one of Asia's wealthiest cities, Singapore has grown significantly due to foreign direct investment and its strategic location near Malaysia and Indonesia. This study aims to identify institutional and city image dimensions in higher education, focusing on three of Singapore's six publicly funded universities. The critical factors examined include Institutional Image, Economic Image, Social Image, Environmental Image, Perceived Educational Quality, and Satisfaction and Loyalty. These factors are crucial for Singapore's goal to become an innovation and talent powerhouse by 2030, aligning with national scientific and technological advancement plans. The research also explores how Singapore competes with traditional study destinations like the USA, Britain, and Australia.