Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Research Articles

Evaluating the environmental and economic performance of biological and advanced biological wastewater treatment plants by life cycle assessment and life cycle costing.

The primary objective of this study is to assess and establish benchmarks for environmental and economic sustainability of biological and advanced biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment technologies and characteristics. Furthermore, the study aims to determine the beneficial role of WWTPs to reduction of eutrophication potential. Environmental and economic sustainability of ten municipal WWTPs was assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). In the first section of the study, LCA was performed to determine the environmental performance of the WWTPs. Furthermore, net environmental benefit (NEB) approach was implemented to reveal the beneficial role of WWTPs to eutrophication potential. In the subsequent section, LCA-based LCC was conducted by integrating the results of LCA. The most significant environmental impact was determined as marine aquatic ecotoxicity, which is highly affected from the generation and transmission of electricity consumed in the WWTPs. Wastewater recovery and co-incineration of sewage sludge in cement kiln ensure significant environmental savings on ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and abiotic depletion (fossil fuel) potential. Considering NEB approach, the highest NEB values were found for the WWTPs with the higher organic load and nutrient concentration in the influent. The results of LCC in WWTPs varied between 0.21 and 0.53 €/m3. External (environmental) costs were evaluated higher than internal (operational) costs for all selected WWTPs. While eutrophication was the highest among environmental costs, electricity cost was the highest among operational costs for almost all WWTPs.

Application of machine learning algorithms and feature selection methods for better prediction of sludge production in a real advanced biological wastewater treatment plant

Although the management of sewage sludge is an important and challenging task of wastewater treatment, there is a scarcity of studies on the prediction of waste sludge. To overcome this deficiency, the present work aims to develop an appropriate model providing accurate and fast prediction of sewage sludge. With this aim, different machine learning (ML) algorithms were tested by data obtained from a real advanced biological wastewater treatment plant located in Kocaeli, Turkey. In modelling studies, a data set from January 2022 to December 2022 composed of 208 daily measurements was considered. The flow rate of the plant (Q), polyelectrolyte dosage (PD) and removed amounts of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN) were assigned as input parameters to predict sludge production (SP). The precision of the models was evaluated in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and correlation coefficient (R2). Among the various tested models Kernel Ridge Regression provided the best accuracy with R2 value of 0.94 and MAE value of 3.25. Mutual information-based feature selection (MIFS) and correlation-based feature selection (CFS) algorithms were also used in the study in order to enhance the model performance. Thus, higher prediction accuracies were achieved using the selected subset of features. Furthermore, importance contribution of features were calculated and visualized by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique. The overall results of the work indicate the feasibility of ML models for describing the dynamic and complex nature of SP. The process operators may benefit from this modelling approach since it enables accurate and fast estimation of sewage sludge by using fewer and easily measurable parameters.

Microplastics in advanced biological wastewater treatment plant of Kocaeli, Turkey: point source of microplastics reaching Marmara Sea

Microplastics in advanced biological wastewater treatment plant of Kocaeli, Turkey: point source of microplastics reaching Marmara Sea

The water footprint assessment for advanced biological wastewater treatment plant

The water footprint assessment for advanced biological wastewater treatment plant

The Importance of the Management of Micropollutants in an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Amazon

Objetivo do estudo: O estudo visa determinar a dinâmica de descarga de micropoluentes no rio Amazonas a partir de uma ETE avançada e discutir a importância da gestão na minimização dos impactos.Metodologia: Foram analisados 13 micropoluentes: ibuprofeno (IBP), paracetamol (PCM), atenolol (ATL), loratadina (LTD), cloridrato de fexofenadina (FXF), amoxicilina (AMX), 17α-ethynil estradiol (EE2), cafeína (CAF), diclofenaco de sódio (DCF), estrona (E1), estriol (E3), bisfenol A (BPA), and bis(2-etilexil) ftalato (DEHP) em amostras de efluente vindas de diferentes estágios de tratamento de uma ETE com tecnologias de tratamento avançado, em diferentes períodos do dia. A presença de micropoluentes e sua quantificação foram realizadas usando técnicas de CL-EM e CG-EM.Originalidade/Relevância: Este é o primeiro estudo realizado em uma ETE de Manaus, cidade brasileira que está localizada em um dos mais extensos sistemas fluviais do mundo. Os dados obtidos são importantes para compreender o comportamento da descarga de micropoluentes no rio Amazonas e suas implicações.Principais resultados: Depois do tratamento, os micropoluentes paracetamol, cloridrato de fexofenadina, cafeína, diclofenaco de sódio, e, bis (2-etilexil) ftalato foram detectados no efluente final.Contribuições: Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam a necessidade de um gerenciamento integrado, considerando abordagens técnicas, governamentais, organizacionais e comunitárias para minimizar os efeitos da descarga de micropoluentes no meio ambiente.

Efficient removal of antibiotics from water via aqueous portlandite carbonation

Current wastewater treatment technologies struggle to remove antibiotics from wastewaters, leading to contamination of surface and groundwater. Therefore, more effective and efficient processes for removing antibiotics from water are needed. The present study reports for the first time that three widely used antibiotics (amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefazoline) can be successfully removed from water under ambient conditions by using aqueous carbonation of portlandite. Breakthrough curves acquired from flow-through experiments and their respective removal isotherms were mainly used to determine quantitative equilibrium parameters. In this way, the removal of antibiotics using aqueous portlandite carbonation is very efficient for amoxicillin (9.5 mg/g), followed by cefazoline (4.3 mg/g) and ceftriaxone (2.7 mg/g). In a comparison perspective, nanomagnetite-interfacial Fenton reaction is more effective in removing amoxicillin (76.5 mg/g); however, the process is slower and chemically more complex. However, both investigated methods offer promising results at the laboratory scale and are technically feasible to be implemented in conventional and/or advanced wastewater treatment plants.

Hillsborough bay inflow modification study: An application of the Tampa Bay Coastal Ocean Model

With a large salinity gradient existing between the rivers and the ocean, the saline environment of an estuary is crucial to its ecosystem functionality. For Tampa Bay, the Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (HFCAWTP) presently yields an outflow of nearly freshwater to the Hillsborough Bay portion of Tampa Bay. In order to estimate the potential impact that the removal of this outflow may have on the salinity and flow fields of Hillsborough Bay, as part of the Tampa Augmentation Project, both numerical circulation model and Knudsen theorem applications are made. The numerical model study compares the instantaneous and nontidal, mean estuarine circulation and salinity distributions for the Hillsborough Bay on the basis of the HFCAWTP outflow being either included with, or excluded from, the freshwater inflows. It is found that the potential reduction of the treated reclaimed water inflow to the bay from the HFCAWTP will not significantly affect the circulation or the salinity distributions of Hillsborough Bay or of the larger Tampa Bay. The estimation through a Knudsen theorem application shows an 0.13 psu increase of salinity after removing the HFCAWTP outflow when averaged within Hillsborough Bay. Thus, both approaches demonstrate that the effects of HFCAWTP outflow removal are very small when compared with variations that occur naturally.

Micropollutant Removal Efficiency of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Systematic Review.

Various review papers have been published regarding the occurrence and fate of micropollutants (MPs). MPs in the aquatic environment are still not well reviewed to generate comprehensive summaries with a special focus on their removal from wastewater using conventional and advanced treatment processes. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a synopsis of the efficiency of the advanced wastewater treatment plants in the removal of MPs. A systematic search of published literature was conducted on the National Library of Medicine (NLM) database, Web of Science, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) database, Scopus, and Google Scholar, based on studies with evidence of removal of MPs in the wastewater treatment process. Screening of the published articles was made using pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Amongst the 1545 studies searched, 21 full-length articles were analyzed that showed 7 treatment options related to the removal of MPs from wastewater. MPs from wastewater effluents were successfully and effectively removed by advanced treatment techniques. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), membrane processes, and adsorption processes have all been shown to be potential solutions for the removal of MPs in advanced treatment plants (WWTPs). But, there are 2 critical issues associated with the application of the advanced treatment options which are high operational cost and the formation of dangerous by-products and concentrated residues. This study identified that the removal of MPs using WWTPs was commonly incomplete with varying removal efficiency. Therefore, the adaptation and scale-up of the cost-effective and efficient combined wastewater treatment technology are vital to creating an absolute barrier to MPs emissions.

전산유체해석을 활용한 일체형 침전부상조 미세기포수 및 최종처리수 유공관의 설계인자 검증 연구

In this research, the feasibility of the design parameters for microbubble distribution and perforated drainpipes in the integrated sedimentation and dissolved air flotation (SeDAF) process for an advanced wastewater treatment plant was verified using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The flow rates for the raw water and the microbubble distribution stage were 100 and 15㎥/d respectively. In the simulation, the raw water was first introduced into the mixing tank and then passed on to the coagulation, sedimentation, and flotation stages in sequence. The flow velocity for each stage increased at the narrowed cross-sectional points. It was observed that some of the coagulated water flowing into the inclined plate module in the sedimentation stage spilled out. As a result of the CFD analysis, the average flow rate for the four perforated distribution pipes was 0.014 kg/s. The standard deviation (SD) for the simulations of original and alternative model was 0.00050 and 0.00062, respectively, which indicated that the simulations were successful and reliable. The SD for the average flow rate for the four perforated pipes was 0.00706, 0.00779, 0.00833, and 0.00938, respectively. The aver age flow rates for each pipe were decreased by 0.0003, 0.0000, 0.0002, and 0.0002 kg/s, respectively compared to the original model. This simulation of characterization of microbubble distribution and perforated drainpipe demonstrated that the design parameters for the distribution pipes were set so that the microbubbles were distributed evenly and that the perforated drainpipes successfully withdrew the treated water within the integrated SeDAF process.

Removal of emerging contaminants in conventional and advanced biological wastewater treatment plants in India-a comparison of treatment technologies

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a growing concern for the environment and human health. The study investigates 20 commonly reported ECs in 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban to semi-urban settlements of north India over two years in the summer and winter. The selected plants were based on waste stabilization pond (WSP), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), activated sludge process (ASP), anoxic-aerobic process (AO), anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, biodenipho process, sequencing batch reactor, and densadeg-biofor process. Of the 20 ECs, all 20 were identified in the influent and effluent, and 13 were identified in the final sludge on at least one occasion. The concentration in the influent, effluent, and sludge varied in the range from 2.5 ng/L to 77.4 μg/L, below limit of detection (LOD) to 1.984 μg/L, and < LOD to 1.41 μg/g, respectively. Acetaminophen and caffeine were predominately detected in the influent, whereas naproxen, ciprofloxacin, and carbamazepine were predominant in the effluent. The total removal in the plants was found in the range of 40.3–68.6%, mainly attributed to biodegradation/biotransformation. Removal of ECs by WWTPs, ranked by a relative removal criterion, followed the order: Biological nutrient removal based plants > WSP > UASB > densadeg-biofor > AO > ASP > combitreat-SBR. The risk assessment showed the risk to algae from antibiotics and triclosan, daphnia from triclosan, and fish from triclosan and hormones.

Microfibers: Environmental Problems and Textile Solutions

Microplastics have become a topic of considerable concern and intensive study over the past decade. They have been found everywhere in the oceans, including the deepest trenches and remotest parts of the Arctic. They are ingested by many animals and some are incorporated into tissues. There is considerable effort in studying what effects they have on marine life. It has become clear that when water samples are collected in ways that prevent most long thin particles from escaping through pores of a net, the most abundant type of microplastics found in water and sediments are microfibers (fibers with dimensions less than 5 mm). The major source of these pollutants is synthetic textiles, such as polyester or polyamides, which shed microfibers during their entire life cycle. Microfibers are released during textile manufacturing, everyday activities (e.g., washing, drying, wearing) and final disposal. The complexity of microfiber release mechanisms and of the factors involved make the identification and application of ways to reduce the inputs of microfibers very challenging. A comprehensive approach is strongly needed, taking into account solutions at a number of levels, such as re-engineering textiles to minimize shedding, applying washing machine filters, developing advanced wastewater treatment plants and improving the management of textile wastes. To harmonize and make mandatory the solutions identified, a variety of potential government policies and regulations is also needed.

The fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacterial and archaeal communities during advanced treatment of pig farm wastewater

Advanced wastewater treatment plants are widely used in most large-scale pig farms in southern China. However, the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their association with bacterial and archaeal communities during advanced wastewater treatment remain unclear. In this study, the profiles of ARGs in typical advanced wastewater treatment plants were surveyed using metagenomic analysis. The results showed that 279– 326 different subtypes of ARGs were detected in raw wastewater, with a total abundance of 5.98 ± 0.48 copies per bacterial cell. During the advanced wastewater treatment, the abundance and number of ARGs were significantly reduced. Microbial communities (bacteria and archaea) contributed the most to the variation in ARG abundance and composition (PCA axis_1), accounting for 10.8 % and 15.7 %, respectively, followed by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and physicochemical factors. Special attention should be given to potential pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus and archaea such as Methanocorpusculum, Candidatus Methanoplasma and Candidatus Methanomethylophilus, which were important potential ARG hosts. Bacterial communities may indirectly affect ARG variation by affecting archaeal communities. These findings indicated that ARG levels in pig farm wastewater can be effectively reduced during advanced treatment and highlighted the important role played by archaea, which should not be ignored.

Environmental and techno-economic analysis of the integration of biogas and solar power systems into urban wastewater treatment plants

This study analyses the environmental and economic benefits of integrating renewable energy sources (RES), biogas and solar energy into urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The energy intensity (kWh/m3) of the selected 456 WWTPs in Turkey was evaluated according to type and treatment process. The energy intensity of primary WWTPs (0.066–0.335 kWh/m3) is lower than that of secondary (0.075–1.361 kWh/m3) and advanced WWTPs (0.147–0.988 kWh/m3). RES integration is investigated using energy system optimization software for a sample of 25 WWTPs. Six scenarios were developed based on different CO2 emission penalties (0 and 16 USD/ton) and prices for selling electricity to the grid (0.000, 0.050, and 0.133 USD/kWh) to demonstrate the impact of market-based instruments. RES integration is cost-effective for secondary and advanced WWTPs with a flow capacity above 1 million m3/y. Market-based instruments are found to significantly influence the decision to integrate, generate and use renewable electricity at WWTPs. The RES integration can meet up to 88% of the annual energy demand of the WWTPs at an electricity selling price of 0.133 USD/kWh. When no market-based instruments are implemented, RES generation can reach up to 23% of the WWTPs' annual energy demand while reducing CO2 emissions by 15%.

Long-Term Toxicological Monitoring of a Multibarrier Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Comprising Ozonation and Granular Activated Carbon with In Vitro Bioassays

A set of CALUX in vitro bioassays was applied for long-term toxicity monitoring at an advanced wastewater treatment plant comprising ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration for the abatement of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). During the 13-month monitoring, eight reporter gene assays targeting different modes of action along the cellular toxicity pathway were accessed to evaluate the suitability and robustness of the technologies. Two approaches were followed: on the one hand, signal reduction during advanced treatment was monitored; on the other hand, results were compared to currently available effect-based trigger values (EBTs). A decrease of the corresponding biological equivalent concentrations after the multibarrier system could be observed for all modes of action; while the estrogenic activity decreased below the EBT already during ozonation, the potencies of oxidative stress-like and toxic PAH-like compounds still exceeded the discussed EBT after advanced treatment. Overall, the long-term monitoring confirmed the positive effect of the multibarrier system, commonly evaluated only by CEC abatement based on chemical analysis. It could be demonstrated that advanced WWTPs designed for CEC abatement are suitable to significantly decrease toxicity responses not only in the frame of pilot studies but under real-world conditions as well.

Dissolved rubidium to strontium ratio as a conservative tracer for wastewater effluent-sourced contaminant inputs near a major urban wastewater treatment plant

Municipal wastewater (MWW) effluent discharges can introduce contaminants to receiving waters which may have adverse impacts on local ecosystems and human health. Conservative chemical constituents specific to the MWW effluent stream can be used to quantify and trace wastewater effluent-sourced contaminant inputs. Gadolinium (Gd), a rare earth element used as a contrasting agent in medical magnetic resonance imaging, can be found in urban MWW streams. Dissolved anthropogenic Gd has been shown to be an indicator and potential conservative tracer for MWW effluent in receiving waters. Like other known MWW tracers, it can be difficult and expensive to measure. Dissolved rubidium (Rb) to strontium (Sr) ratio enrichment in biological materials such as blood and urine can lead to enriched Rb/Sr values in MWW effluent relative to natural waters. This ratio is relatively easy and inexpensive to measure and represents a promising additional indicator for MWW effluent in receiving waters in urbanized freshwater systems. In July 2015 and 2016 surface water samples were collected from sites in the tidal-fresh Potomac River in the vicinity of the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (BPAWWTP) outfall near Washington, DC USA along with treated MWW effluent samples from the BPAWWTP. Dissolved Rb/Sr ratios were measured in these waters and compared to dissolved Gd concentrations in order to demonstrate the potential of the dissolved Rb/Sr ratio as a conservative indicator for MWW effluent. Results suggest the dissolved Rb/Sr ratio represents a simple and cost-effective indicator and conservative tracer for MWW effluent. It can be used with, or in place of, other proven tracers to investigate wastewater impacts in highly-urbanized, anthropogenically-impacted freshwater systems like the tidal fresh Potomac River and perhaps in a wider range of geologic settings than previously thought. A case study is presented as an example to demonstrate the potential of using dissolved Rb/Sr ratios to trace MWW-sourced nutrient inputs from a major WWTP like BPAWWTP to the receiving waters of tidal-fresh Potomac River.

Comparison of advanced biological treatment and nature-based solutions for the treatment of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs): A comprehensive study for wastewater and sewage sludge.

Passing of pharmaceutical residues into environment in an uncontrolled manner as a result of continuous increase in drug consumption across the globe has become a threatening problem for the ecosystems and almost all living creatures. In this study, diclofenac (DCF), carbamazepine (CBZ), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) belonging to different therapeutic classes were investigated simultaneously in advanced biological treatment and nature-based treatments during 12-months sampling campaign. In this context, behavior patterns of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) throughout the both wastewater and sludge lines in advanced biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) and constructed wetland (CW) were discussed in detail based on each treatment processes seasonally. Furthermore, statistically evaluated data obtained in full-scale WWTPs were compared with each other in order to determine the valid removal mechanisms of these pharmaceutical compounds. While DCF and CBZ were detected very intensively both in the wastewater and sludge lines of the investigated WWTPs, steroid hormones,17β-E2 and EE2, were determined below the LOQ value in general. Annual average removal efficiencies achieved in studied WWTPs for DCF ranged between -23.3% (in CW) and 75.2% (in WSP), while annual average removal rates obtained for CBZ varied between -20.7% (in advanced biological treatment) and 10.0% (in CW). It has been found that DCF was highly affected by different wastewater treatment processes applied in the WWTPs compared to CBZ which showed extraordinary resistance to all different treatment processes. Although calculated in different rates for each compounds, biodegradation/biotransformation and sorption onto sewage sludge were determined as the main removal mechanisms for PhACs in plants. Although showed a similar behavior in the sludge dewatering unit (decanter) present in the advanced biological WWTP, quite different behaviors observed in the anaerobic digester for DCF (up to 15% decrease) and CBZ (up to 95% increase). Sorption and desorption behaviors of DCF and CBZ were also evaluated in the sludge treatment processes found in advanced biological WWTP. Percentages of originated extra annual average of pharmaceutical loads were calculated as 0.64% and 0.90% for DCF and CBZ, respectively in the advanced biological WWTP due to the sidestream caused by the sludge dewatering unit.

Economic viability and analysis of wastewater treatment processes in Kuwait

A full and comprehensive economic analysis of wastewater treatment is a prerequisite for ensuring long-term economic, environmental, and social sustainability. The aim of this study is to improve the economic evaluation of treated wastewater reuse. In 2001, the Government of Kuwait built an advanced wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at Sulaibiya. This plant is designed to treat up to 375 million imperial gallons (IG) of water, but the volume can be extended to 600 million IG. This WWTP is the first of to be built in the Middle East and is the largest plant worldwide that uses a combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for water purification. The UF step removes all suspended solids and promotes a substantial reduction in microbiological contaminants. We identify and compare the advantages and costs between using treated wastewater and desalinated fresh water. We show that while treatment costs are highly dependent on the incoming effluent quality and plant size, the benefits and advantages are reasonably high.

High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater: comparison between a pond system in Namibia and an activated sludge treatment in Germany.

There are increasing concerns about wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) acting as hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). However, their role largely depends upon the treatment methods and antibiotics in the wastewater. To better understand these influences, we compared the occurrence and fate of ARG between a pond system in a developing country (Namibia) and an advanced WWTP (activated sludge system) in a developed country (Germany). A targeted metagenomic approach was used to investigate the wide-spectrum profiles of ARGs and their co-occurrence patterns at both locations. In total, 93 ARG subtypes were found in the German influent wastewater, 277 in the Namibian influent wastewater. The abundant ARG types found in Namibia and Germany differed, especially for multidrug resistance genes. The differences in occurrence and reduction can help to understand the performance of simple WWTP such as pond systems common in Namibia, where direct contact with wastewater is a potential risk for contamination.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Wastewater from Istanbul: Data from Hospitals and Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Wastewater (WW) carry considerable amount of chemicals that could have mutagenic or cytotoxic effect from hospital discharges to aquatic environment. Our objective was to determinate the possible mutagenic and toxic effects of hospital originated WWs and effectiveness of the wastewater treatment plants (WTP) functions. In the study the mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of three hospitals and influent/effluent of a treatment plant WW collected in Istanbul and was examined using AMES, XTT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Mutagenic effects were detected at both hospital discharges and advanced biological wastewater plant. We observed no cytotoxic effect in fibroblasts for LDH and XTT assays whereas high cytotoxicity for all samples was found in hepatocytes by XTT assay. According to the results even if advanced technology is used for treatment of WW, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects still remain, and the present technologies need to be further improved.

Machine Learning Weather Soft-Sensor for Advanced Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants.

Control of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is challenging not only because of their high nonlinearity but also because of important external perturbations. One the most relevant of these perturbations is weather. In fact, different weather conditions imply different inflow rates and substance (e.g., N-ammonia, which is among the most important) concentrations. Therefore, weather has traditionally been an important signal that operators take into account to tune WWTP control systems. This signal cannot be directly measured with traditional physical sensors. Nevertheless, machine learning-based soft-sensors can be used to predict non-observable measures by means of available data. In this paper, we present novel research about a new soft-sensor that predicts the current weather signal. This weather prediction differs from traditional weather forecasting since this soft-sensor predicts the weather conditions as an operator does when controling the WWTP. This prediction uses a model based on past WWTP influent states measured by only a few physical and widely applied sensors. The results are encouraging, as we obtained a good accuracy level for a relevant and very useful signal when applied to advanced WWTP control systems.