Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Research Articles

Research on identification of key brittleness factors in emergency medical resources support system based on complex network

To address the problem of difficulty in identifying the key brittleness factors in the emergency medical resources support system (EMRSS), the principle of Interpretive Structural Modeling is utilized to construct a hierarchical recursive structural model for probing the influencing factors of the brittleness risk formation in the system. Further, by incorporating with the complex network theory, the network of the emergency medical resources support system has been built. The integrated value reflecting the importance of the network nodes is calculated by integrating the local nodes and the whole network to identify the critical factors that lead to the collapse of the emergency medical system. The validity of the method was verified by Advanced Research Project Agency network. The results showed that the key brittleness factors in EMRSS mainly include the professional competence of staff, the amount of government funding and the passing rate of quality sampling medical supplies in storage. It is hoped that this study provides useful information for reducing the brittleness risk and ensuring the safe operation of the system.

Identifying node importance based on evidence theory in complex networks

How to identify influential nodes in complex networks is still an open issue. In this paper, a new multi-evidence centrality is proposed based on evidence theory. The existing measures of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, efficiency centrality and correlation centrality are taken into consideration in the proposed method. The simulation on Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Algorithm for complex network diameter based on distance matrix

The network diameter is an important characteristic parameter of a complex network. Calculation for a large-scale complex network's diameter has been an important subject in the study of complex networks. If the network diameter is calculated directly, the problem mainly exists in efficiency for searching and counting the shortest paths. If the network diameter is calculated indirectly by studying the statistical function about the relationship between the network diameter and parameters affecting the diameter, the problems not only exist in the efficiency of statistic, but also exist in the function which may be not applicable to all kinds of networks. An algorithm for the complex network diameter based on the k order distance matrix is proposed with a matrix multiplication approach, and a mathematical proof for the algorithm correctness is given as well. Furthermore, some relevant propositions and deductions for reducing the complexity of this algorithm are put forward. With a good theoretical basis and a simple calculation process, this algorithm can be used to calculate the diameter of a large-scale complex network with small-world effect more accurately and efficiently. Two cases about the advanced research projects agency (ARPA) network model and the Chinese airline network model are adopted to verify the effect of this algorithm.

The Announcement of Dar al-Harb in Cyber Media in Context of the Theological Policy of Jihad: Reading the Cyber-Jihad and ISIS based on the Pharmakon Characteristic of the Cyber Media

Before understanding and making sense of the pharmakon character of cyber media as well as the phenomenon of jihad, we would like to begin by describing the technology of the which is an important phenomenon in the development of the Western world in terms of communication sociology. This is because the West created a curious development in its quest for growth and founded and improved ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which is the premise of the Internet. This network became more popular and widespread and also became the topic of democratic public spaces. In fact, it was intended to be a project. There was no way for the West to know that this new defense project would be used by mujahids when they were creating it. Yet, there was a production similar to the chimeric living things which carry multiple DNA profiles in the same body together. Internet is a tool which is almost impossible to supervise and determine who, how, and for what purposes it will be used. most controversial example of this is the announcement of jihad against the Western world by the radical Islamic terrorist organization ISIS.The Internet came into existence as a defense project funded by the West, and it has been used by some radical (Eastern) Islamic organizations for a very long time. However, ISIS is the first organization that followed an Internet policy including having their mujahids develop software programs to increase the number of tweets they send; that is, they transformed this tool of defense into an attacking tool which is as competent and sufficient as it was intended to be. They see the Internet as a battlefield where the disbelievers can fight against them (e.g. do their propaganda and make an anti-Islam lifestyle attractive through movies and websites), and as an area of Dar al-Harb (House of War) which should become Dar ai-Islam (House of Islam). ISIS have discovered an area in cyber media where they can fight with the state authorities and even the big Western evil allies they oppose to in the world as an Islamic organization and as equals practically without leaving their geography for the first time in history.The Roots of the Cyber Media: The Internet: From a Defense Project to an Antagonistic WeaponThere are two fundamental approaches to the intentions and circumstances of the creation of the Internet. These approaches both deny each other and bring us closer to the dualist character of the Internet. first approach indicates that the ARPANET, which is the premise of the was started as a defense project against nuclear attacks when the intercontinental ballistic missiles were developed. second approach, which was claimed by the multiple writers of the article A Brief History of the Internet, is that the ARPANET was not designed to resist to a nuclear attack. Accordingly, the main intention of the ARPANET was to solve the problems related to the loss of capacity created by the geographic disconnection between the researchers in the country. In other words, it is completely addressed to the civil targets of civil researchers.What and who these researchers were that were struggling with these crucial disconnections and losses is also controversial, because the efforts to prevent the crucial disconnections and losses can also be seen as defensive and/or protective. purposes and circumstances of the development of the Internet have been discussed. Another discussion emphasizes the dualist character of the Internet and its relation to freedom of expression, participation, and equality, which are the core qualities of democracy.The arguments that the in contrast with other types of media, eliminated the inequalities between gender and age groups, classes of income, urban and rural areas, developed and under-developed parts of cities, and the inequalities between cities, regions, countries, and continents thanks to the equal access facility it provides has created a debate in communication and sociology that brought technological determinists to the concept of a global village. …

Out from the PLATO cave: uncovering the pre-Internet history of social computing

ABSTRACTPLATO was a pioneering educational computer platform developed at the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the 1960s and 1970s. It quickly evolved into a communication system used for educational purposes, and also for social interaction (message boards, real-time messaging), collaboration and online gaming. The PLATO system was one of several precursors to today's Internet, but it has been little studied. It illustrates the value of the study of Internet histories and pre-histories (insofar as PLATO and other computer-mediated communication infrastructures like it predated Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), particularly as those histories entail rhetorical discursive elements regarding technical resources, social values and ethical norms that continue to shape the development of Internet technologies.

The problem of future users: how constructing the DNS shaped internet governance

Before the emergence of bodies like the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), early network designers learned how to govern the in their work building the Domain Name System (DNS). Using original archival research, this article follows conversations among network designers in their daily struggle to keep the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) and early in working order. Drawing from social constructivism and path dependence theory, this history helps to conceive internet governance beyond its institutional focus, considering how the work of ordering the necessarily exceeds the parameters of authorities.

Identifying node importance based on information entropy in complex networks

In this paper, we firstly put forward a novel correlation centrality index, which considers the node importance contribution in the whole network adequately to overcome the insufficiencies of the interaction between the adjacent nodes. Then, we propose a multi-attribute node importance decision making method based on entropy, which combines the advantages of degree centrality, efficiency centrality, betweenness centrality and correlation centrality, to make up for the one-sidedness of a single index in node importance evaluation. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy of the correlation centrality index compared with the evaluation matrix method by simulating cascading failures on the Advanced Research Project Agency network; we verify the validity and feasibility of our multi-attribute node importance evaluation method by removing the top six important nodes contrasted to the other methods. We believe that our work will have more practical implications for protecting the key nodes identified in the real world.

Hierarchical network with diversified customer edge access

The Internet today originates from the advanced research project agency network (ARPANET) and evolves constantly during the past years. However, with incremental ‘patches’ on the Internet, the current network architecture faces many problems which are too difficult to solve. In the light of recent interest in re-designing the Internet, the separation of core network and customer edge network, and the separation of identifier and locator receive wide consensus among scientists. We follow this direction and propose a new hierarchical network with diversified customer edge access (HNDCE) in this paper. We use switching addresses, routing addresses and identifiers to implement a true core/edge and locator/identifier split. In the core network, hierarchical switching addresses combined with tree topology makes routing replaced by switching. The Viliant load-balancing (VLB) structure is used here to compensate the topology's reliability and scalability. In the customer edge network, the split of locator and identifier makes it possible to deploy various routing schemes and new services. Hierarchical mapping system is also designed to support this new architecture.

Good morning, Doctor Google

Thomas S. Kuhn perfectly describes the manner in which scientific knowledge is developed.1 Knowledge is not based on accumulation or on effort. It is not entirely reliant on one person or spawned on one specific day. Scientific revolutions occur by a process which involves the intervention of various people, facts and events which, if analyzed in isolation, might appear arbitrary or even insignificant. Attempting to identify the exact date when the paradigm shift occurs is futile. In this attempt to observe the paradigm shift which occurred in relation to the internet, it is necessary to start the discussion by referring back to the workings of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) at the beginning of the 1960 s, during the darkest days of the Cold War. It was based on the transmission of packets of information (Packet switching) via a closed network of independent nodes, without a central hub, so that the information flowing through the network was less vulnerable to the destruction of one node. In 1989, nearly 30 years after ARPANET, Tim Berners-Lee (1955) developed the World Wide Web, an application which permitted the sharing of files over the internet.2 The most important element of BernersLee’s contribution was that it allowed the free use of this design. But many could argue that this intervention did not

Virtual Communities

The Internet, as it exists today, is an outgrowth of the late 1960’s Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. During the 1980’s, the National Science Foundation established a high-speed, high-capacity network called NSFnet connecting many universities and government agencies. Finally, with the creation of the World Wide Web and the development and diffusion of inexpensive, reliable and easy to use public Internet access, electronic information technologies connect an increasingly large portion of the population. As a result, the communities with which we are all familiar, communities based on geographic proximity, have changed. These sorts of changes raise many interesting but difficult questions. This paper focuses on two of those questions. First, what does the increasing use of and reliance on electronically mediated communications portend for our understanding of human communities, and second, what sorts of socio-political concepts and relationships best characterize the new “virtual community”?

Network Intrusion Detection Using a Stochastic Resonance CFAR Technique

A novel constant false alarm rate (CFAR) intrusion detection method based on stochastic resonance (SR) is proposed in this paper. Using the SR technique improves the spectral power (SP) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the network intrusion signal, hence enhancing the detectability of network attacks. The threshold and the detection probability of the proposed SR-CFAR method are derived theoretically. Computer simulations based on standard Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) network intrusion data show that this CFAR method outperforms the linear anomaly intrusion detection methods for various types of intrusions.

An efficient QoS routing algorithm for multi-constrained path selection

An efficient QoS routing algorithm was proposed for multiple constrained path selection. Making use of efficient pruning policy, the algorithm reduces greatly the size of search space and the computing time. Although the proposed algorithm has exponential time complexity in the worst case, it can get the running results quickly in practical application. When the scale of network increases, the algorithm can efficiently control the size of search space by constraint conditions and prior queue. The results of simulation show that successful request ratio (r) of efficient algorithm for multi-constrained optimal path (EAMCOP) is better than that of heuristic algorithm for multi-constrained optimal path (H-MCOP), but average computing time (t) of EAMCOP is far less than that of H-MCOP. And it can be seen that the computing time of EAMCOP is only one fourth of that of H-MCOP in Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANet) topology.

Internet resources for orthopaedic surgeons.

The origin of the Internet is credited to the United States Department of Defense7,26, which developed ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in the 1960s to allow researchers across the country to collaborate reliably with use of linked supercomputers in the event of a nuclear war or another emergency. Stanford University, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the University of Utah, and the University of California at Los Angeles were the first four universities to be connected to ARPANET, by means of telephone lines, in 1969. By 1971, twenty-three institutions were participating. In 1973, the first international connections were made. The first Usenet was founded in 1979, by students at the University of North Carolina and Duke University, as an electronic forum for discussing various topics. The term Internet was coined in 1981. In response to the growing body of relatively unorganized electronic information, the University of Minnesota released Gopher, the first software program for using the Internet, in 1991. Many educational institutions used Gopher to send and retrieve electronic data and communications. Information that was shared with use of Gopher was restricted to text and was presented to the user in a menu format. There were no images or multimedia capabilities. That same year, Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, developed the World Wide Web, which allowed computers to work together to transfer information more readily. He was able to improve communication between computers by standardizing the program language (hypertext markup language [HTML]) that they used and the way that files were created and stored (with use of hypertext transport protocol [HTTP]). The Web allows the use of software, termed Web browsers, to communicate with Web servers, which are the computers that house the information. The important …

Internet: strategic issues for libraries and librarians — a commercial perspective

It is twenty‐five years ago that the primary network, from which Internet has evolved, was created by the US Department of Defence, when it laid down the Advanced Research Project Agency Network: ARPANet.

COMMAND CENTER NETWORK (CCN) —BACKBONE OF FUTURE COMMAND AND CONTROL

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the development of a generalized data communications network which combines high‐speed (10 Mbps) data bus technology with the higher level data exchange protocols such as those developed for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). This serves the dual function of providing communication between multiple users, both computers and humans, as well as facilitating the human user interface to these other systems. The Command Center Network (CCN) provider access to the data resident In existing Navy information systems such 88 Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS), Naval Modular Automated Communication System (NAVMACS), Anti‐Submarine Warfare Module (ASWM) and navigation systems. This facilitates the interconnection of command and control subsystems which manipulate this data to provide a higher level view of the environment to the Task Force Commander, a function which is presently performed by numerous Staff officers, using manual techniques. The CCN is designed with a strong emphasis on modularity. This not only allows for evolutionary growth from a small set of interconnected systems, but also provides for easy adaptation as the requirements of command and control change. It provides a mechanism for transitioning from the current large systems, which are structured in a very complex manner, to a number of smaller, distributed systems with standard interfaces which can be easily added or subtracted to provide the desired command and control capability.

On the Topological Design of Distributed Computer Networks

The problem of data transmission in a network environment involves the design of a communication subnetwork. Recently, significant progress has been made in this technology, and in this article we survey the modeling, analysis, and design of such computercommunication networks. Most of the design methodology presented has been developed with the packet-switched Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in mind, although the principles extend to more general networks. We state the general design problem, decompose it into simpler subproblems, discuss the solutions to these subproblems, and then suggest a heuristic topological design procedure as a solution to the original problem.

Influence on Packet Node Behavior of the Internode Protocol

Basic node-to-node protocol of a packet-switched network based on the multiplexing of the link into N logical channels is first described. The node structure is then described based on a set of queues, an input routine, a main-task routine, and an output routine. Three protocols which are based on different implementations of the transmission of the acknowledgment (ACK) block are then introduced. The first one is the 1972 version of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the second places the ACK block in regular packets, and the third uses only control packets. The simulation program developed to compare these protocols is then described. It studies the behavior of a link between two nodes, which consists of a full-duplex line and of two sets of queues. The rest of the packet-switched network is simulated by a packet generator which feeds the two sides of the link. First, comparison of protocols is done using symmetrical and asymmetrical loading conditions. In this last case, interesting results are obtained in relation to momentary saturation of the N logical channels. The influence of the limitation of buffers allocated to an output line is also discussed. Sensitivity of protocols to reverse traffic characteristics is then studied and, based on the results, choice of a protocol is discussed. Based on the dynamic behavior of the queue, some questions are raised in connection with adaptive-routing algorithms.

Effects of a Priority Discipline in Routing for Packet-Switched Networks

This paper addresses itself to some comparisons of adaptive routing algorithms in store-and-forward Communication nets. The intent here is to demonstrate how some relatively simple add-ons to already existing adaptive algorithms can decrease the average message delay and increase message throughput in the network. The overview of many existing routing algorithms is intended to point out that, although an algorithm may be adaptive, it is not necessarily good in terms of the performance measures addressed in this paper. The basic objective of this study is to assess the effects of endogenous priority assignment to messages that have reached some specified aging threshold while in the network and to note the effects of Such priority assignment on network performance. The performance measures are average message delay, throughput, and number of messages undelivered. The routing techniques are demonstrated via simulation on an 8node highly connected network and a 19-node Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network. The routing algorithms are applied with and without network element destruction on the selected networks.

The Control of Congestion in Packet-Switching Networks

Any communication network has a finite traffic capacity and if it is offered traffic beyond the limit it must reject some of it. The data-communication network studied here is one employing packet switching, like the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) network. It handles blocks of data, called packets, and longer messages are subdivided, rather in the same way that store in a computer is allocated in pages. A method of controlling congestion is proposed in which there is a finite number of packet carriers in the whole network. When a packet of data is delivered to its destination node the packet is available for reuse. The empties move randomly round the network and new data must capture an empty packet carrier before being launched into the network. Various elaborations are described that avoid delay in normal conditions. This so-called isarithmic method of congestion control supplements and does not replace end-to-end flow control.

Bulk storage applications in the illiac IV system

In the next year several fourth generation machines with performance in the 100 million instructions per second range will become available. The Illiac IV is one of these machines. With the advent of these machines it will become practical to include an extra dimension, or to greatly increase the resolution of many mesh calculations. Problems which are currently constrained to two spatial dimensions can be expanded to three dimensions, and problems which are currently limited to one spatial dimension can be expanded to include two. This expansion in dimensionality and refinement in resolution implies an increase of approximately two orders of magnitude in the size of the problem's data base. The Unicon 690 mass-memory system will have two distinct uses in the Illiac IV system. The primary use of the Unicon 690 will be to act as a replacement for the conventional restart-output tapes which are generated in the course of large mesh calculations. The Unicon 690 will also act as a storage resource for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network. The ARPA net is a collection of some twenty computers, interconnected by a 50 000 bit/s network of telephone lines and interface message processors. To facilitate the use as a resource on the ARPA net, a conventional computer will be interfaced to the 690 to act as a file manager. Performance parameters of the Unicon 690 are certainly not optimal for this requirement. As is generally the case, higher transfer and lower access time are desirable.