Advances In Printing Research Articles

Vesalius and His Manikin: An Enduring Influence on Modern Anatomic Teaching.

Anatomic teaching has long informed surgical knowledge, experience, and skills. One tool for teaching that emerged during the Renaissance was the fugitive anatomic sheet, which used flap layers to reveal different levels of anatomy. In 1538, Vogtherr introduced the first fugitive sheets, which included illustrations of male and female figures with a torso paper flap that, when lifted, revealed the internal organs in a cartoonish style. The popularity of these anatomic fugitive sheets spurred an increase in small print-and-sale workshops. In 1543, Vesalius included fugitive anatomic sheets in his books Fabrica and Epitome, containing large paper flapped models that could be created by cutting out and gluing images of human internal anatomy onto a base layer. Students could tack these manikins up to a nearby wall during dissection. Significant collaboration between Vesalius and his publisher occurred to coordinate the integration of large foldable sheets featuring the cutout models into his works. Vesalius's groundbreaking discoveries, his use of the most advanced printing techniques, and his innovative teaching style are fundamental aspects of the legacy of medical education. This article shows these remarkable fugitive anatomic sheets from the original publications of Fabrica and Epitome together for the first time. It explores the innovative concepts and applications of Vesalius's unique printings.

Inside out: Exploring edible biocatalytic biosensors for health monitoring

Edible biosensors can measure a wide range of physiological and biochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, gases, gastrointestinal biomarkers, enzymes, hormones, glucose, and drug levels, providing real-time data. Edible biocatalytic biosensors represent a new frontier within healthcare technology available for remote medical diagnosis. The main challenges to develop edible biosensors are: i) finding edible materials (i.e. redox mediators, conductive materials, binders and biorecognition elements such as enzymes) complying with Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Medicines Agency (EMEA) regulations; ii) developing bioelectronics able to operate in extreme working conditions such as low pH (∼pH 1.5 gastric fluids etc.), body temperature (between 37 °C and 40 °C) and highly viscous bodily fluids that may cause surface biofouling issues. Nowadays, advanced printing techniques can revolutionize the design and manufacturing of edible biocatalytic biosensors.This review outlines recent research on biomaterials suitable for creating edible biocatalytic biosensors, focusing on their electrochemical properties such as electrical conductivity and redox potential. It also examines biomaterials as substrates for printing and discusses various printing methods, highlighting challenges and perspectives for edible biocatalytic biosensors.

Embedded three-dimensional printing of thick pea-protein-enriched constructs for large, customized structured cell-based meat production

Recent 3D-printing research showed the potential of using plant-protein-enriched inks to fabricate cultivated meat (CM) via agar-based support baths. However, for fabricating large, customized, structured, thick cellular constructs and further cultivation, improved 3D-printing capabilities and diffusion limit circumvention are warranted. The presented study harnesses advanced printing and thick tissue engineering concepts for such purpose. By improving bath composition and altering printing design and execution, large-scale, marbled, 0.5-cm-thick rib-eye shaped constructs were obtained. The constructs featured stable fibrous architectures comparable to those of structured-meat products. Customized multi-cellular constructs with distinct regions were produced as well. Furthermore, sustainable 1-cm-thick cellular constructs were carefully designed and produced, which successfully maintained cell viability and activity for 3 weeks, through the combined effects of void-incorporation and dynamic culturing. As large, geometrically complex construct fabrication suitable for long-term cellular cultivation was demonstrated, these findings hold great promise for advancing structured CM research.

Creation of a prototype simulator object for quality control of bone segmentation algorithms for use in tomographic post-processing software

Considering the growing influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medicine, especially in radiology, and the advances in computational power and theoretical understanding of AI algorithms (MESKÓ; GÖRÖG, 2020), concerns about the reliability of these methods arise. This study developed a prototype simulator object for quality control of bone segmentation algorithms in computed tomography. To achieve this objective, a 3D simulator object was created using advanced printing techniques, with materials that faithfully replicate the density and hardness of human bones, such as RadioMatrix. The results indicated that bone segmentation in post-processing software is strongly influenced by tissue density and that currently available AI models lack explainability (EXAI). The analysis revealed the need for algorithms that consider not only density but also the specific shapes and characteristics of bones. It is concluded that the developed prototype is effective in the evaluation and quality control of bone segmentation algorithms, promoting greater safety in clinical application and better explainability of bone segmentation algorithms in post-processing software for computed tomography.

Development of a five-axis printer for the fabrication of hybrid 3D scaffolds: From soft to hard phases and planar to curved surfaces

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of hybrid scaffolds with material gradients, combining soft and hard phases, is an appealing frontier in additive manufacturing. However, most 3D printers are limited to either three-axis or mono-material capabilities, rendering them unsuitable for fabricating hybrid scaffolds. Additionally, printing on curved surfaces requires advanced printing capabilities. Our work aims to advance additive manufacturing by developing a hybrid piezoelectric inkjet-extrusion printer equipped with five-axis functionalities. The printer could be used to fabricate customized hybrid scaffolds, surpassing conventional mono-material or linear three-axis printing strategies. The soft phase comprises a low-viscosity photocurable resin and a high-viscosity peptide hydrogel, while the hard phase comprises 3D-printed polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite parts. To validate the system, we fabricated three hybrid scaffolding use cases, characterized by multi-material porous structures fabricated on planar, single-curved, and free-form surfaces. The scaffolds were subsequently analyzed using digital microscopy to assess their accuracy, particularly the feature sizes of pores and struts (i.e., 0.8–3.6 mm). In the first part of the study, we demonstrated the versatility of inkjet and extrusion printing by hybrid printing an interconnected network in the soft phase on top of a planar ceramic hard phase. A pore width and height deviation of 6% was achieved compared to the intended design. In the second part of the study, we evaluated the 3D inkjet printing of a multi-material porous scaffold on a single-curved surface for osteochondral defects. The circumferential pore width and radial pore height deviated by 0.8% and 2%, respectively. Finally, we inkjet-printed a mesh structure on a free-form surface, which acted as a membrane for palatal implants. In this case, the pore width deviations were -16% in the printing direction and 2% perpendicular to the printing direction.

Durability of green rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites reinforced with micro attapulgite and micro steel fibers: Printability and environmental perspective

The increasing amount of tires manufactured annually worldwide has made waste tire management a major environmental concern. The goal of this work is to investigate the potential applications of waste tire aggregates (WTA) in a novel class of affordable, recycled composite materials. This study assesses the material behavior of rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites (3DLC) reinforced with raw micro attapulgite (ATP) and micro steel fibers (MSF) using WTA as a 100 % replacement for fine aggregate manufactured through 3D printing. The paper takes advantage of 3D concrete printing's advantages and addresses the environmental issues associated with waste tires. The extrudability and buildability properties of 3DLC are determined in the fresh state. Physical and thermal properties of 3DLC were determined. Mechanical properties of 3DLC including compressive, flexural, shear strength and flexural toughness were assessed. 3D printed samples were exposed to high temperature and sulfate (MgSO4), and their durability properties were determined. The microstructures of the mixes was analyzed. The CO2 emissions and costs of the blends were also assessed. The outcomes revealed that, the 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF showed the greatest compressive strength performance, with increases of 17.82 and 29.51 % at 28 and 90 days, respectively relative to the mixture without ATP. Regardless of MSF level, at 28 and 90 days, all mixes with 10%ATP content showed the largest flexural strengths. The 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF had the highest measured thermal conductivity. The blends with 20 % ATP and 0 % MSF showed the lowest thermal conductivity. The mixture containing 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF demonstrated the greatest high temperature performance, demonstrating strength enhancement of 21.85, 6.72 and 3.36 % at 200,400 and 600°C respectively. Replacing cement with 10 and 20%ATP greatly increased the sulfate resistance of 3DLC mixtures and the mixture with 20%ATP and 2%MSF exhibited the best sulfate performance. The lowest CO2 emission and cost were determined for the mixture containing 20%ATP and 0%MSF (A20S0).

Advancements in Food Printing Technologies and Their Potential Culinary Applications: A Contemporary Exploration

Food printing is a cutting-edge manufacturing technique that uses advanced printing methods such as binder jetting, extrusion-based printing, and inkjet printing to build an object layer by layer to achieve the required shape of food items such as chocolate and cheese. 3DFP (3-dimensional food printing) has the potential to combine delicate and easily degradable bioactive compounds and other functional elements into functional 3DFP food products, contributing greatly to the development of nutritious food. Many nations make different types of 3D food printers nowadays, creating specialty meals like space food, restaurants, elderly food, and floating food. Numerous benefits of 3DFP include the development of individualized food items with regard to taste and nutrition, the decentralisation of food production, the decrease of food waste, and commercial innovation. Based on the benefits of customizing current food to one’s taste and use, three-dimensional food printing technology can be applied to a variety of food categories. One of the reasons for the increase in research into this technology is the ability to produce modified products that are tailored to suit the taste preferences and specific nutritional demands of consumers. In this review, the industrial situation of 3DFP technology was examined along with recommendations for expanding the market for 3D-printed food in the new typical age.

After 3D Printing, What's Next: Discovering Scientific Trends of 4D Printing

he field of additive manufacturing has seen the rise of 3D Printing and 4D Printing as noteworthy subjects of research. This study highlights the advancements in advanced Printing techniques. To identify, evaluate, and analyze the existing literature on this subject, the research followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, focusing on documents indexed in the Elsevier Scopus database. Through bibliometric analysis (BA), including co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and citations, the research landscape and scientific progress in this area were examined. The analysis revealed that a total of 1,638 documents have been published and indexed on this topic since its inception. The search was conducted on February 17, 2023, at 2:30 AM +8 GMT. The results indicated that articles are the primary form of publication, with a strong emphasis on Materials Science, Engineering, and Chemistry as the favored thematic subjects in the published works. Among the various sources of publications, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, published by ACS Publications, emerged as the most influential. On the research leadership front, Gladman A. Sydney, affiliated with Harvard University, was identified as the most influential lead researcher in this domain. Further examination revealed that prolific authors in this field are primarily associated with institutions in China, the United States, India, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. In conclusion, the findings highlight that the trend of 4D Printing within the scientific community is still in a phase of ongoing development.

Autonomous Output‐Oriented Aerosol Jet Printing Enabled by Hybrid Machine Learning

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly revolutionizing modern manufacturing with recent progress in advanced printing methods and improved properties of printed materials. However, traditional AM methods are limited by their input‐oriented nature, which demands tedious trial‐and‐error tuning of printing parameters to achieve desired output properties. Here, an output‐oriented artificial intelligence‐integrated AM (AIAM) method is reported that enables an user to specify desired output properties while the printer autonomously discovers the optimal input printing parameters by integrating hybrid machine learning models and in situ measurements. Based on a predictive mapping between the input printing parameters and the output properties of interests established with <20 experiments designed by active learning, inverse design tasks are performed to intelligently generate the printing parameter settings that lead to desired outcomes using reinforcement learning. This method is demonstrated by autonomous aerosol jet printing (AJP) of conductive polymer films and achieving user‐defined electrical resistances with an ultralow error of 3.7%. The AIAM method, with its output‐oriented nature, holds the potential to significantly improve the autonomy, predictability, efficiency, and accessibility of the AM processes, which will unlock new possibilities in the autonomous and intelligent printing of a broad range of functional materials and devices.

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of 3D‐Printed Highly Conductive Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polylactic Acid Composite

A conductive network of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) overlaying on a lightweight polymeric scaffold can offer notable electrical properties while maintaining the same mechanical properties as a similar feature without rGO layer. However, conventional methods are unable to produce customized architecture with controllable electronic and mechanical properties. Herein, a simple methodology for preparing objects of complex geometries by 3D printing that possesses the capability to exhibit a diverse spectrum of conductivity levels depending upon the dip‐coating process is reported. The versatile two‐step process is beneficial to create highly conductive objects as low as 100 Ω sq−1 and lightweight rGO networks. Alternative to inkjet printing and direct fluid dispensing methods, the fabrication method for 3D rGO networks provides the opportunity to combine material selection and advanced printing techniques, thus achieving desired performance criteria at a low cost. Simple fabrication techniques for robust 3D rGO networks hold promise for designing objects with unique properties, offering both high resistance to external mechanical force and uniform internal electronic properties.

Developing a new sustainable eco-adsorbent film from flexographic printing plate waste to remove cationic organic and inorganic pollutants.

Although climate change poses a threat to the future of the world, we still have time to adapt and lessen its effects. However, the incineration of polymeric waste materials has increased the release of carbon-containing gases called greenhouse gases (GHGs) and tiny particles called 'black carbon', leading to global warming, which is the cause of the worst environmental crisis in history. Flexography is an advanced printing technique and is widely used in the packaging industry as well as in the printing of various functional films and coatings. In general, the polymeric waste produced from this industry poses a grave environmentally sustainable problem; thus, due to the fact that this waste's primary component is carbon, it has attracted our attention towards converting it into carbon-based value-added products such as graphene, which can be used in water treatment processes. The prepared material was tested as a potential coated film in a batch adsorption system for the removal of lead (Pb) and methylene blue (MB) after being supported on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film. Furthermore, contact time, solution pH, and starting pollutant concentrations were studied and used in the response surface methodology (RSM) model for optimization. The adsorption kinetics were more clearly depicted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. To meet the objectives of waste management and water treatment, waste-derived materials can be used in wastewater treatment, based on the "wastes-treat-wastes" approach.

Transcribing the Sacred in the Printing Era: A Study of Handwritten Buddhist Canon during the Northern Song Dynasty

In an era marked by the advent of advanced printing technology during the Northern Song period, the tradition of transcribing the Buddhist canon endured rather than promptly fading away. This persistence is particularly noteworthy in the 10th to early 12th centuries when handwritten copies of the canon coexisted with the emerging prevalence of block-printed versions. Notably, the monasteries in the Jiangnan 江南 region remained prolific producers of handwritten copies. This article adopts a socio-political perspective to elucidate the coexistence of handwritten and block-printed copies. It delves into the dynamics of canon replication within a specific temporal and geographical context, unveiling a broader tableau of handwritten copies in the printing era. This exploration necessitates an examination of the intricate interplay between the state, the canon, and Jiangnan society. This study contends that the state’s printing policies before the Xining 熙寧 period (1068–1077), which rigorously regulated the production and dissemination of canonical texts, constituted a pivotal factor in sustaining the tradition of handwritten copies. Furthermore, it identifies a sustained societal demand for possessing the canon for constructing the zhuanlun zang 轉輪藏 (revolving wheel storage cabinet), which was most pronounced in the Jiangnan region. This persistent societal need fortified the enthusiasm for transcribing the canon within Jiangnan monastic communities.

Elemental Analysis of Printing Ink with the Application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)- A Review

Forgery cases involving printed documents have recently increased due to advanced printing technologies. As a result, various analytical instruments are currently applied in forensic document examination to analyse printing ink. Analyses of printing ink are primarily focused on the ink’s chemical components, namely colourants, vehicles, and additives. Previous studies on ink analysis show an increasing trend in the use of spectroscopy methods including the application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). This instrument is favoured by document examiners in analysing printing ink due to its versatility, simple preparation, multi-elemental detection, minimal destruction, and precise readings. The examination of printing ink using LIBS is reviewed in this publication in addition to findings from previous research. The strengths and drawbacks of this technique, as well as contemporary approaches, are also explored in this article.

Advanced Printing Transfer of Assembled Silver Nanowire Network into Elastomer for Constructing Stretchable Conductors

Excellent electrical performance of assemblies of 1D silver nanowires (AgNWs) has been demonstrated in the past years. Up to now, however, there are limited approaches to realize simultaneously deterministic assembly with dense arrangement of AgNWs and desired functional layouts. Herein, an assembly strategy from compressed air‐modulated alignment of AgNWs to heterogeneous integration of stretchable sensing devices through printing transfer is proposed. In this process, a convective flow induced by compressed air brings the AgNWs to the air–droplet interface, where the AgNWs are assembled with excellent alignment and packing due to the surface flow, van der Waals, and capillary interactions. Compared with those random AgNWs networks, the oriented, densely packed AgNWs exhibit a lower and uniform electrical sheet resistance. To incorporate the AgNWs to an elastomer substrate, direct ink writing is employed to transfer the assembled AgNW network to the printed silicone elastomer with desirable patterns. Excellent electrical property is demonstrated including a wide electrical response range from 10% to 120% strain, and high electrical repeatability. An antibacterial property is confirmed, notifying additional benefit as wearable sensors. The printing transfer of preassembled AgNW networks to the printed elastomer patterns provides a facile strategy to construct stretchable electronic devices.

Minority press and control in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey: the example of the Armenian press

In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on paper with symbols has evolved gradually. Modern printing techniques evolved from early printing techniques and materials. Subjects of the Ottoman Empire closely followed advances in Europe, and the printing press was introduced there. Armenians significantly advanced printing and publishing in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. They established printing facilities and published books, periodicals, newspapers, and other things. While carrying out these activities, they sometimes received awards, but they had problems in some periods. Due to some of the contents in the materials they published, they were punished such as closing the newspapers and magazines, having the books confiscated, or not being brought into the country. The Turkish government has also closely followed materials published abroad. While examining the minority press in the Ottoman and Turkish Republics, this article focuses on the Armenian press.

Printed Electronics Based on 2D Material Inks: Preparation, Properties, and Applications toward Memristors.

Printed electronics, which fabricate electrical components and circuits on various substrates by leveraging functional inks and advanced printing technologies, have recently attracted tremendous attention due to their capability of large-scale, high-speed, and cost-effective manufacturing and also their great potential in flexible and wearable devices. To further achieve multifunctional, practical, and commercial applications, various printing technologies toward smarter pattern-design, higher resolution, greater production flexibility, and novel ink formulations toward multi-functionalities and high quality have been insensitively investigated. 2D materials, possessing atomically thin thickness, unique properties and excellent solution-processable ability, hold great potential for high-quality inks. Besides, the great variety of 2D materials ranging from metals, semiconductors to insulators offers great freedom to formulate versatile inks to construct various printed electronics. Here, a detailed review of the progress on 2D material inks formulation and its printed applications has been provided, specifically with an emphasis on emerging printed memristors. Finally, the challenges facing the field and prospects of 2D material inks and printed electronics are discussed.

Low-Cost Printed Point-of-Care Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Cortisol

Screen printing system has been used as one of the important technologies for developing ready to use portable biosensor devices. Screen printing allows the batch production of sensors on flexible substrates, textile materials and other wearable accessories. Owing to an exceptional performance such as flexibility, low cost, simple fabrication, and ability to translated into industrial scale production, screen printing technique advances the marketing potential of the electrochemical sensors. Unlike the advanced printing techniques, the screen-printing technique is less dependent on surface charge, particle size and the viscosity of the printing ink. In this work, we have attempted to develop a flexible electrochemical sensor for detecting cortisol levels using screen printing technique. Batches of three electrode sensor systems were designed and printed in uniform dimensions (2 cm x 2 cm). The mask for sensor design is fabricated using a transparent polyester sheet with an aid of XY cutter/plotter. Graphene ink was used to create working and counter electrodes, while the Ag/AgCl ink was used to create the reference electrode. A homemade silver ink stabilized with hydrogel network was used to create conductive tracks. A reagent-free detection of cortisol was demonstrated using a redox probe (methylene blue) tagged cortisol specific aptamer immobilized onto the working electrode. The variability between the sensor batches is also investigated. The functionality of the printed sensor was demonstrated for monitoring cortisol levels in human saliva samples. The printed sensing platform can also be integrated with wearable textile platform for monitoring cortisol levels in sweat.

Hydrogel‐biochar composites for removal of methylene blue: Adsorption performance, characterization, and adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics analysis

AbstractLow‐concentration organic dye wastewater severely threatens the growth and reproduction of animals and plants, as well as the survival and development of human beings and the environment. Although versatile hydrogel composites have been prepared owing to their excellent adsorption performance, the high‐removal efficiency and fast adsorption rate are still two crucial problems related to practical applications. Herein, xanthan gum‐g‐poly (acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide)/biochar composite hydrogels with high‐removal efficiency and fast adsorption rate of methylene blue (MB) are synthesized using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a pore‐foaming agent. The composite hydrogels exhibit rough and porous three‐dimensional structures, which can make the internal active adsorption sites to be fully exposed and facilitate the MB diffusion process. MB's removal efficiency can reach 96.64% within 30 minutes, which is almost the first time that a biochar‐contained hydrogel could show superior removal efficiency of more than 95% in such a short adsorption time. The factors affecting the adsorption performance are studied comprehensively. Langmuir and pseudo‐second‐order models fit the adsorption process well. Moreover, the MB removal rate still exceeds 80% after eight cycles, which is also a vital indicator for practical treatment. Adsorption mechanism analysis shows that the synergistic effect among biochar, xanthan gum, and polymer chains and the porous structure improve the adsorption performance of the composite hydrogels. The proposed hydrogel‐biochar composites with high‐removal efficiency and adsorption rate are highly promising as an alternative adsorbent for advanced printing and dyeing wastewater treatment.

Cryoprinting of nanoparticle-enhanced injectable hydrogel with shape-memory properties

Cryogels with interconnected macropores for cell seeding and shape-memory properties for non-invasion injection have shown great potential in tissue engineering. However, traditional manufacturing methods of cryogels are time-consuming and labor-intensive, which has limitations in rapidly fabricating customized cryogels. In this work, we developed a cryoprinting platform that combined 3D printing and cryogelation technologies to fabricate nanoparticle-enhanced injectable and shape-memory cryogels. After cryoprinting, the silk fibroin-based cryogels could be printed to a variety of shapes and sizes and allow rapid volumetric recovery after injection through a needle. These cryogels encapsulating laponite nanoparticles provided enhanced proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation of the seeded bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In addition, the integration of implanted hydrogels with host tissues and the cell invasion within the hydrogel was found with no obvious inflammatory response after subcutaneous injection. These findings showed that the printed nanoparticle-enhanced cryogels could promote the seeded stem cells to actively participate in bone regeneration. In short, this work not only offered a feasible and effective platform to print customized cryogels, but also provided an injectable cryogel for bone tissue engineering via this advanced printing platform.

Automated detection and classification of counterfeit banknotes using quantitative features captured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Counterfeiting of banknotes is still a severe crime problem in many countries. One of the most significant issue for solving the crime is to classify the counterfeit types and identify the sources. Most of the current methods to classify counterfeit banknotes rely on manual examination that is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, these methods only detect surface features which can be easily imitated through advanced printing technology. In this study, an automated method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and machine-learning algorithms was proposed to classify different types of banknotes based on the internal features. A spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) system was employed for sub-surface imaging and quantitative assessment of banknotes. A total of 29 Chinese 100-Yuan banknotes were collected, in which 4 of them were real and 25 of them were counterfeiting by three different printing processes. Each banknote was imaged 10 times in 3 distinct regions, which resulted in a dataset of 290 samples. Each sample was characterized by extracting 2 A-scan (OCT signal intensity along depth) based features and 14B-scan (cross-sectional OCT images) based features. Several machine-learning models, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and random forest (RF), were built and optimized as the classifiers that were trained using 203 samples and applied to predict 87 testing samples. The best performance was achieved by SVM classifier in which the sensitivity of 96.55% and specificity of 98.85% were obtained in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit banknotes, and the sensitivity of 94.67% and specificity of 98.22% were obtained in predicting the types of counterfeit banknotes. These classifiers were also evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where A-scan and B-scan derived features from OCT images have been used for the detection and classification of different types of counterfeit banknotes.