Advanced Industrial Countries Research Articles

Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Dengan Inflasi Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Di Negara ASEAN 4

This research aims to analyze the influence of investment and economic growth on labor absorption and the impact of inflation in moderating investment and economic growth on labor absorption. This study uses quantitative methods and panel data in its calculations and includes data on ASEAN, which has the most significant level of industrialization. Using panel data and cross-section for 12 years and time series in 4 ASEAN countries, calculations using multiple linear regression analysis. The findings of this study show that in advanced industrial countries in ASEAN Region 4, economic growth has a positive and significant influence on labor absorption. In contrast, investment has a negative and significant influence on labor absorption. Inflation can also strengthen investment toward labor absorption with positive and important results, but inflation cannot moderate economic growth toward labor absorption with negative and insignificant results.

Fuzzy Evaluation Model for Products with Multifunctional Quality Characteristics: Case Study on Eco-Friendly Yarn

Numerous advanced industrial countries emphasize green environmental protection alongside athletic healthcare. Many world-renowned sports brands are actively developing highly functional, environmentally friendly, and aesthetically pleasing products. For example, in the production of sports shoes, the eco-friendly yarn process is one of the important processes. This process involves multiple crucial larger-the-better quality characteristics closely tied to the functionality of sports shoes. Facing green environmental regulations and external competitors, it is evidently an imperative issue for enterprises to consider how to improve the quality of newly developed products, increase product value, and lower rates of both rework and scrap to accomplish the goals of saving energy and minimizing waste. Aiming to solve this problem, this study proposed a fuzzy evaluation model for products with multifunctional quality characteristics to assist the sporting goods manufacturing industry in evaluating whether all functional quality characteristics of its products meet the required quality level. This study first utilized the larger-the-better Six Sigma quality index concerning environmental protection for evaluation and then proposed product evaluation indicators for the eco-friendly yarn. Since the parameters of these indicators have not yet been determined, sample data need to be used for estimation. Enterprises require rapid response, so that the sample size is relatively small. Sampling error will increase the risk of misjudgment. Therefore, taking suggestions from previous studies, this study constructed the fuzzy evaluation model based on confidence intervals of quality indicators for the eco-friendly yarn. This method incorporated previous experience with data, thereby enhancing assessment accuracy.

The struggle for industrial democracy in Sweden: A sociological macro-meso analysis 1960–2020

Sweden has the reputation of being one of the most progressive countries in the world concerning work-life development and industrial democracy. In this article, an analytical overview of the development in these areas is provided, which includes the antecedents, major events, actor positioning and also the broad-term outcomes. Two major reform movements are described: one aiming to create a radically different work-life where workers control their own work with a power balance between labour and capital, and one a reformist movement aiming to create a degree of co-determination and a more engaging work-life without any major changes in power relations. The case shows that the radical movement was not able to generate radical change and that the reformistic movement achieved only partial success. The outcome over time has been a decreased interest in work-life development where co-determination practices are heavily institutionalized but perhaps do not provide better conditions for workers than in many other advanced industrial countries with a lesser degree of formal co-determination.

Inequalities in Resources for Preschool-Age Children by Parental Education: Evidence from Six Advanced Industrialized Countries

This paper provides new evidence on inequalities in resources for children age 3–4 by parental education using harmonized data from six advanced industrialized countries—United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Japan—that represent different social welfare regime types. We analyze inequalities in two types of resources for young children—family income, and center-based child care—applying two alternative measures of parental education—highest parental education, and maternal education. We hypothesize that inequalities in resources by parental education will be less pronounced in countries where social policies are designed to be more equalizing. The results provide partial support for this hypothesis: the influence of parental education on resources for children does vary by the social policy context, although not in all cases. We also find that the measurement of parental education matters: income disparities are smaller under a maternal-only definition whereas child care disparities are larger. Moreover, the degree of divergence between the two sets of estimates differs across countries. We provide some of the first systematic evidence about how resources for young children vary depending on parents’ education and the extent to which such inequalities are buffered by social policies. We find that while early inequalities are a fact of life in all six countries, the extent of those inequalities varies considerably. Moreover, the results suggest that social policy plays a role in moderating the influence of parental education on resources for children.

Understanding the Inflation and Social Policy Nexus

The cost-of-living crisis that began in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and the attempted Russian invasion of Ukraine has major implications for social policy. In advanced industrial countries, this is the most dramatic cost-of-living crisis since the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s. In this contribution, we explore the inflation and social policy nexus to identify the nature and sources of inflation, its redistributive and policy implications, and the specific nature of the current cost-of-living crisis compared to two other recent crises: the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on advanced industrial countries and drawing on the available scholarship about these topics, we offer the background necessary to understand the challenges facing welfare states in times of dramatically high inflation. As a way to provide broad context to the present themed section, our discussion stresses the economic, social, and political dynamics shaping social policy adaptation to inflationary pressures.

Effect of Foreign Debt on Economic Growth in Indonesia

Economic development is very important for third world countries, including our country Indonesia, in reducing the distance behind the economy and social welfare from advanced industrial countries. Efforts to develop the economy in these countries which are generally initiated by the government are somewhat limited due to the lack of effective economic resources, the most important of which is capital resources, in particular, which often serve as catalysts for development. In order to meet the shortage of capital resources the government and the countries involved tried to bring in foreign capital through various types of loans. In the short term, foreign debt greatly assists the Indonesian government in its efforts to cover the deficit in the state revenue and expenditure budget. Because routine spending and development spending are quite a lot. So that it can accelerate economic growth faster according to the target. However, in the long term, it turns out that the government's foreign debt can cause various economic problems in Indonesia.

Fueling conspiracy beliefs: Political conservatism and the backlash against COVID‐19 containment policies

AbstractAmid the COVID‐19 pandemic, people have witnessed a deluge of conspiracy theories and disinformation. As the coronavirus poses a significant threat to individuals' lives, these conspiracy theories are dangerous, as they erode public trust and undermine government efforts to fight the virus. This paper examines the political determinants of COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs. Particularly, we analyze how government policy responses to the pandemic and individuals' ideological predispositions interact to shape people's tendencies to believe conspiracy theories. Using survey data from 22 advanced industrial countries, we show that political conservatives are more prone to conspiracy beliefs than liberals. More importantly, this tendency is reinforced when the government adopts stringent containment policies. Our results suggest that governments' policy efforts to contain the coronavirus can trigger an unintended backlash from political conservatives. This study has important implications for the behavioral and attitudinal effects of government containment policies that are often overlooked.

China’s technology acquisition for military innovation: spectrum of legality in strategic competition

ABSTRACT The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) acquires foreign technology to upgrade its military capabilities. We describe how PRC-affiliated actors acquire technology according to a legal, extra-legal, and illegal taxonomy based on laws in the United States and highlight each activity using illustrative examples. Policymakers in advanced industrial countries lack comprehensive data and do not have accurate estimates of the size of the problem for activities such as technology licensing, investing in technology companies, or talent programs. For intellectual property theft, the economic estimates are high but assessing the impact on military innovation remains fraught with measurement errors. Devising appropriate policy responses requires a complete inventory of methods used across the spectrum of legality to decide on technology protection priorities and allocate resources accordingly.

A Framework for Income, Inheritance, and Wealth Tax in America amid Increasing Income Inequality when the Richest are Leaving even the Rich Far Behind

A Framework for Income, Inheritance, and Wealth Tax in America amid Increasing Income Inequality when the Richest are Leaving even the Rich Far Behind

Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Sovereign Debt: Observations from a Latin Americanist

The paper posits a powerful mutuality of interests between global multilateralism and independent regionalism in the global South. The more-or-less liberal international order established following the Second World War struggles to retain political and financial support from advanced industrial countries. Since the underlying source of this tension reflects a structural shift in the interstate distribution of power capabilities toward rising global multipolarity, the only viable medium-term solution for peak multilateralism is achieving greater legitimacy among a wider field of countries. Greater innovativeness is a second benefit to central multilateralism of expanded regional access: important international policy challenges are not “seen” until those who experience them have sufficient voice. The counterpart challenge within the global South is the frustration of policy entrepreneurs from small and intermediate powers. Most recognize the need for prior interest-aggregation to exercise influence in peak international organizations where great powers dominate. However, effective regionalism, a perennial and obvious choice for non-great powers, in practice has been difficult, especially in Latin America. Yes, one explanation is vicious partisan squabbling in the neighborhood, but subtle, structural factors also undermine cooperation, as a quick comparison with Europe demonstrates. In this context, “regionalism” is best conceptualized as a mix of formal organizations and regionally-based transnational epistemic communities or activist networks. A case study of Latin America-focused policy entrepreneurship over several decades around the global financial governance of currency and sovereign debt illustrates these observations.

Resilience to cyber-enabled foreign interference: citizen understanding and threat perceptions

ABSTRACT Cyber-enabled foreign interference remains a key threat to many advanced industrial countries. In many cases, the security response has been to build “resilience” – cyber, national and, increasingly, democratic resilience – in line with whole-of-government and whole-of-society strategies. However, many of these securitised responses are “top-down” and elite driven. These resilience agendas do not pay sufficient attention to the views, concerns and threat-perceptions of citizens, potentially undermining their efficacy. In this article, we focus on the Australian case to better understand how citizen cyber skills, threat awareness, and perceptions of institutional capacity can inform democratic resilience to evolving cyber and information risks. We find strong evidence of a clear gap between citizen views and the securitised responses of governments in dealing with cyber-enabled foreign interference. A further issue from the Australian case is that citizens are framed as a passive strategic resource, rather than conceived of as a potentially substantive partner in a “joined-up” response.

산업안전보건법상 도급규제에 대한 비판적 고찰

Industrial accident prevention developed countries such as the UK, Germany, Japan, and the United States do not take the view that poor safety and health management of work, whether directly managed or contracted, is a problem and that the work itself is bad. Therefore, no regulations such as contract prohibition and contract approval stipulated in the All-Revised Occupational Safety and Health Act in Korea are found. In addition, it is commonly found that developed countries for industrial accident prevention impose obligations suitable for the status and role of contractors on the premise that contractors do not have a direct employment relationship with contractor workers.
 Although safety and health regulations for contracts vary slightly depending on advanced industrial accident prevention countries, contractors are generally obligated to manage facilities, machinery and facilities, select qualified contractors, cooperate and coordinate with contractors, guide and supervise contractors, and guarantee sufficient cost and air. Like Korea's fully revised Occupational Safety and Health Act, no legislative example has been found that uniformly stipulates the same obligations as the contractor.
 Clearly establishing roles and responsibilities in industrial safety and health is a basic safety and health principle for the smooth implementation of industrial safety and health measures. This safety and health principle applies not only to the inside of the organization, but also to legal regulations. Even if safety and health regulations for contracts are strengthened outwardly, failure to faithfully reflect these principles in the legislation will only cause a lot of cost and confusion in the industrial field and make it difficult to operate as effective regulations.
 The reason why the Occupational Safety and Health Act has not achieved much in preventing industrial accidents for contractors despite strengthening safety and health regulations for contractors than any other country internationally is due to lack of content that does not conform to law principles and safety principles.
 Therefore, it can be said that it is very urgent to reorganize the legal system for contracting internationally in order to achieve practical protection and accident prevention for contractors.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. However, gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The article summarizes gender discrimination against working women in the workplace. Different articles have revealed that gender discrimination is a persistent problem in the workplace. The theory developed by Engels, Patriarchy-capitalism theory and the Conflict theory by Turner and Musick are the major theories that are used in this analysis. This study used a humanistic approach to textual analysis while researching and writing this essay, compared to a behavioral approach, which would involve studying gender discrimination in workplaces. Content analysis shows that females are discriminated more than males in private organizations. Further, the findings show that females are discriminated more than males in private sector than in public sector. The results show that gender discrimination decreases satisfaction & motivation and commitment & enthusiasm level of employees, and increases the stress level in the employees. The study recommends that organizations should review their recruiting processes and also stand up to gender bias when it happens.

Historical plenum

The completed Joint Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission summed up the victorious fulfillment of the program of the first five-year plan in four years, outlined the main guidelines for the second five-year plan and the 1933 plan, and adopted a number of important resolutions related to resolving the main political tasks of the party at the current stage. This plenum will occupy an important place in the entire history of our Party and Soviet power.The enormous work carried out by the Party over the past four years under the leadership of the Leninist Central Committee, under the leadership of our leader and teacher, Comrade Stalin, in spite of the desperate resistance of the class enemy inside the country, in spite of his allies, the counterrevolutionary Trotskyists and right-wing renegades, in spite of opportunists of all stripes, traitors, degenerates, completely changed the face of our country, gigantic raised its national power and defense capability, promoted the USSR to advanced industrial countries.

Egalitarian inequality: Gender equality and pattern bargaining

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of the collective wage‐setting institution of “pattern bargaining” in maintaining the gendered hierarchies of the labor market and gender pay gap in Norway. The gendered labor market is considered a main cause of the gender pay gap, yet current research and policy has not examined the relation of the gender pay gap to the way sectoral wages are set. Norway is an interesting case because its wage‐setting model and gender equality are highly esteemed globally. However, although the wage‐setting system in Norway creates an overall more egalitarian wage structure than other advanced industrial countries, it has a built‐in gendered inequality that is not part of its current discussion on resolving the gender pay gap. We introduce egalitarian inequality to conceptualize this. The article examines the presentation of the gender pay gap in relation to the gendered labor market, and how the pattern bargaining model is presented as both a solution and a hindrance, and which discourse dominates. We analyze the public discourse on the gender pay gap and the pattern‐bargaining model, and its interrelations, through the lens of policy advisory commissions appointed by the government, the Norwegian Official Commissions. The findings reveal a dual commitment of upholding both pattern bargaining and gender equality but hardly any willingness to adjust the pattern bargaining model to combat the gender pay gap. A clear hierarchy is expressed in which gender equality is subordinate to pattern bargaining.

The impact of skills and training on local development

The impact of skills and training on local development

Infrastructure finance, late development, and China’s reshaping of international credit governance

How is the rise of China affecting international governance? This paper examines the domain of infrastructure finance by focusing on China’s two policy banks, which are the main creditors of China’s overseas infrastructure projects. While the incumbent international credit regimes led by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) distinguish development-oriented aid from commercially oriented export credits, emerging late-developed economies blur this dichotomy by largely funding development projects with state-backed export credits. The way China alters the OECD’s credit governance, this paper argues, demonstrates both the generality of late development and the peculiarity of “Chinese” development. Rather than directly subsidizing firms’ international business with the state’s fiscal revenue, policy banks financialized host country’s state-owned and state-coordinated assets using various market instruments. By doing so, they gave Chinese firms a comparative advantage in the markets of less developed regions, allowing them to undertake projects that firms from advanced industrial countries cannot. This financing mechanism has reshaped the international development regime by transforming the dominant means of credit allocation from state-led aid-giving to market-based exchange, and rewritten the liberal rules of the international export credit regime by financing the developing world in a both statist and liberalist manner. As a result, China has built a paralleled regime in regions insufficiently covered by the existing financial schemes of incumbent credit regimes.

The Protection of Employee Inventions on Private Employment Relationship in Pharmaceutical Industry in Indonesia

The reciprocal relationship between company and employees such as in the pharmaceutical industry then creates a dilemma for solving the problem regarding the employee responsibility to the company, and company recognition for employee invention. This paper will discuss and analyze the problems of employee ownership of inventions in patent law regime in Indonesia, compared with those in developed countries. In Indonesia, the settings of employee inventions are not dealt explicitly in Indonesian patent law such as in the Patent Law of 1986 and the latest, the Patent Law of 2016. The Law set implicitly that employee inventions are inventions that resulted in employment status or inventions generated using the employer’s data and facilities. The results showed that the settings of ownership of employee inventions that clearly rely on the doctrine of hired to invent and shop-rights which was adopted in the advanced industrial countries prove to be conducive to create a supportive climate of innovation and the progress of scientific and technological invention by workers, and by the company. The concept of employee inventions that have not been expressly provided in the Patent Law of 2016 and has not yet adopted the doctrine of hired to invent or shop rights is considered more profitable to employers or companies, than to employees, to have exclusive rights to the patent and exploit freely on the invention produced.

WITHDRAWN: The evaluation strategy of buildings based on the objectives of the UK building research

Abstract Due to the growing public awareness of the environmental impact of construction activities, some specialists have indicated that the biggest challenge facing the construction sector is their ability to meet their commitments and play their development role in the realization of the concepts of global sustainable development, and Others added that environmental management and control of urban projects in the 21st century will be one of the main competitive standards in these sectors. From there, in advanced industrial countries, concepts of new methods emerged, hitherto unknown in the design and implementation of projects, and from these concepts of is “sustainable design”. “Green buildings” and “sustainable buildings”, these concepts all reflect the growing interest in urban areas for economic development issues related to environmental protection, reduction of energy consumption, the best use of natural resources and become more dependent on renewable energy sources”. Renewable Sources of Energy “. The Cambridge Mosque was chosen as a case study. Cambridge Central Mosque is First eco-friendly mosque in Europe and first mosque built in Cambridge which opened to the public on April 24, 2019. An assessment of the level of implementation of BREEM principles in the Cambridge mosque was carried out in accordance with the minimum standards of the system. The assessed evaluation pointed out that there are eight criteria that meet the minimum system standards while six criteria show the building achieved higher standards than the minimum requirements of BREEM principles. This indicates that the building may receive certification and classification within BREEM in the future.

Housing Prices and Government Approval: The Impact of Housing Booms on Left- and Right-Wing Governments in 16 Advanced Industrialized Countries

AbstractIn this article, we argue that rising housing prices increase voter approval of incumbent governments because such a rise increases personal wealth, which leads to greater voter satisfaction. This effect is strongest under right-wing governments because those who benefit from rising prices—homeowners—are more likely to be right-leaning. Non-homeowners, who are more likely to vote for left-leaning parties, will view rising housing prices as a disadvantage and therefore feel the government does not serve them well, which will mitigate the advantage to left-wing governments. We find support for our arguments using both macro-level data (housing prices and government approval ratings in 16 industrialized countries between 1960 and 2017) and micro-level data (housing prices and individuals’ vote choices in the United Kingdom using the British Household Panel Survey). The findings imply that housing booms benefit incumbent governments generally and right-wing ones in particular.