Advanced Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Research Articles

Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy for patients with EGFR-mutated non-squamous cell lung cancer for disease progression after EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations face poor outcomes after progression on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy in these patients remains uncertain. We searched for studies published between randomized controlled trials of ICIs in combination therapies in advanced NSCLC patients post EGFR TKI progression. Data on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and objective response rate (ORR) were extracted and analyzed. Six studies with a total of 2,225 patients were analyzed. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for PFS was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.55 - 0.65; P < 0.0001), indicating a significant improvement in PFS with ICIs. Subgroup analysis suggested that patients with prior exposure to third-generation TKIs showed a more pronounced benefit (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49 - 0.76; P < 0.0001). However, no benefit was found in patients without prior exposure. The efficacy of the experimental interventions was also shown on the pooled estimates of OS (HR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77 - 0.0.99; P value = 0.04) and ORR (OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.32 - 2.76; P <0.0001). ICIs may significantly benefit PFS among patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC who have progressed on TKI treatment. Future research should continue stratifying patients based on prior treatment exposure to optimize therapeutic strategies.

Plinabulin plus docetaxel versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after disease progression on platinum-based regimen (DUBLIN-3): a phase 3, international, multicentre, single-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial.

There is an unmet need for second-line and third-line treatments that are effective and tolerable for advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with no driver mutations. In this phase 3, international, multicentre, single-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial, we enrolled patients from 58 medical centres in Australia, China, and the USA. Eligible patients were adults with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type NSCLC who had progressed after first-line platinum-based therapy. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using an independent stratified randomisation schedule with a block size of four to receive intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and either plinabulin (30 mg/m2) or placebo on days 1 and 8 in 21-day cycles until progression, unacceptable toxic effects, withdrawal, or death. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Safety was analysed in all patients who had received at least one dose of study drug or placebo. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02504489) and is now closed. Between Nov 30, 2015, and Jan 6, 2021, 919 patients were screened for inclusion. 360 patients were excluded, and 559 were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either docetaxel and plinabulin (n=278) or docetaxel and placebo (n=281). 406 (73%) of 559 patients were male, 153 (27%) were female, and 488 (87%) were Asian. Median OS was 10·5 months (95% CI 9·34-11·87) in the plinabulin group compared with 9·4 months (8·38-10·68) in the control group (stratified HR 0·82, 95% CI 0·68-0·99; p=0·0399). Mean OS was 15·08 months (13·42-16·74) in the plinabulin group compared with 12·77 months (11·45-14·10) in the placebo group using restricted mean survival time analysis (difference 2·31 months, 95% CI 0·18-4·44; p=0·0332). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 273 (>99%) of 274 patients in the plinabulin group and 276 (99%) of 278 patients in the control group. Grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal disorders occurred more frequently in the plinabulin group than in the placebo group, with the most frequent being diarrhoea (24 [9%] of 274 patients vs three [1%] of 278) and vomiting (six [2%] vs one [<1%]), as did transient grade 3 hypertension (50 [18%] vs eight [3%]). Treatment-emergent death was reported in 12 patients (4%) in the plinabulin group and ten patients (4%) in the placebo group. Plinabulin plus docetaxel significantly improved OS as second-line and third-line treatment in patients with advanced or metastatic EGFR wild-type NSCLC and could be considered as a new treatment option in this population. BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals.

Current clinical practice and physicians’ insights on Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer habouring epidermal growth factor receptor 20 insertion mutation

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate physicians’ perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment decisions for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion (exon20ins) mutations in a real-world setting in China using an online questionnaire.MethodsThis study was performed via the CAPTRA-Lung collaboration between December 9, 2022 and March 6, 2023. The questionnaire was distributed digitally to physicians around China and was comprised of three sections: basic characteristics of surveyed physicians, diagnosis and treatment status of NSCLC patients with the EGFR exon20ins-mutation, and physicians’ perspectives on treatment options. Physicians who treat more than 10 patients with advanced NSCLC every month and who have treated patients with advanced EGFR exon20ins-mutant NSCLC in the past six months were involved in this study.ResultsA total of 53,729 questionnaires were distributed and 390 valid ones were collected. The EGFR mutation test was performed in 80.9% and 59.9% of patients receiving first-line or second-line therapy and beyond (hereinafter “second-line”)therapy, respectively. In terms of treatment options, chemotherapy plus antiangiogenic therapy was the most common treatment option (30.0% of patients in first-line settings; 25.0% of patients in second-line settings), and a certain proportion of patients received novel EGFR exon20ins-targeted agents (including tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs] and bispecific antibodies) in first- or second-line settings, which accounted for 11.9% and 15.7% of all treated patients, respectively. Additionally, physicians reported the highest satisfaction score for the efficacy and safety of targeted agents. Most physicians believed that EGFR exon20ins-targeted TKIs represented the most promising treatment option (80.2% in first-line treatment and 73.3% in second-line treatment). Among several novel agents under study, sunvozertinib has received the highest recognition for efficacy and safety.ConclusionsThis study investigated the current diagnosis and treatment status and physicians’ perspective, of patients with EGFR exon20ins-mutant NSCLC. The results highlight significant unmet clinical needs in this subgroup of patients. EGFR exon20ins-targeted TKIs were recognized as the most promising treatment regimen and may benefit more patients considering their awareness and acceptance of targeted therapy.

Erlotinib or Gefitinib for Treating Advanced Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation-Positive Lung Cancer in Aotearoa New Zealand: Protocol for a National Whole-of-Patient-Population Retrospective Cohort Study and Results of a Validation Substudy.

Starting in 2010, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib were introduced into routine use in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) for treating advanced lung cancer, but their impact in this setting is unknown. The study described in this protocol aims to understand the effectiveness and safety of these new personalized lung cancer treatments and the contributions made by concomitant medicines and other factors to adverse outcomes in the general NZ patient population. A substudy aimed to validate national electronic health databases as the data source and the methods for determining patient eligibility and identifying outcomes and variables. This study will include all NZ patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer who were first dispensed erlotinib or gefitinib before October 1, 2020, and followed until death or for at least 1 year. Routinely collected health administrative and clinical data will be collated from national electronic cancer registration, hospital discharge, mortality registration, and pharmaceutical dispensing databases by deterministic data linkage using National Health Index numbers. The primary effectiveness and safety outcomes will be time to treatment discontinuation and serious adverse events, respectively. The primary variable will be high-risk concomitant medicines use with erlotinib or gefitinib. For the validation substudy (n=100), data from clinical records were compared to those from national electronic health databases and analyzed by agreement analysis for categorical data and by paired 2-tailed t tests for numerical data. In the validation substudy, national electronic health databases and clinical records agreed in determining patient eligibility and for identifying serious adverse events, high-risk concomitant medicines use, and other categorical data with overall agreement and κ statistic of >90% and >0.8000, respectively; for example, for the determination of patient eligibility, the comparison of proxy and standard eligibility criteria applied to national electronic health databases and clinical records, respectively, showed overall agreement and κ statistic of 96% and 0.8936, respectively. Dates for estimating time to treatment discontinuation and other numerical variables and outcomes showed small differences, mostly with nonsignificant P values and 95% CIs overlapping with zero difference; for example, for the dates of the first dispensing of erlotinib or gefitinib, national electronic health databases and clinical records differed on average by approximately 4 days with a nonsignificant P value of .33 and 95% CIs overlapping with zero difference. As of May 2024, the main study is ongoing. A protocol is presented for a national whole-of-patient-population retrospective cohort study designed to describe the safety and effectiveness of erlotinib and gefitinib during their first decade of routine use in NZ for treating EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer. The validation substudy demonstrated the feasibility and validity of using national electronic health databases and the methods for determining patient eligibility and identifying the study outcomes and variables proposed in the study protocol. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615000998549; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368928. DERR1-10.2196/51381.

Comparative effectiveness of lazertinib in patients with EGFR T790M-positive non-small-cell lung cancer using a real-world external control

Lazertinib is a recently developed third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for patients with advanced EGFR T790M-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. We evaluated the effectiveness of lazertinib compared with osimertinib using an external control. We obtained individual patient data for the lazertinib arm from the LASER201 trial and the osimertinib arm from registry data at the Samsung Medical Center. In total, 75 and 110 patients were included in the lazertinib and osimertinib groups, respectively. After propensity score matching, each group had 60 patients and all baseline characteristics were balanced. The median follow-up duration was 22.0 and 29.6 months in the lazertinib and osimertinib group, respectively. The objective response rate (ORR) were 76.7% and 86.7% for lazertinib and osimertinib, respectively (p = 0.08). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.5–19.1) and 14.4 months (95% CI 11.8–18.1) for the lazertinib and osimertinib group, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 0.97; 95% CI 0.64–1.45, p = 0.86). The median overall survival with lazertinib was not reached and that with osimertinib was 29.8 months (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.25–0.77, p = 0.005). Our study suggests that lazertinib has an ORR and PFS comparable to those of osimertinib and has the potential for superior survival benefits.

Patient-reported outcomes for the phase 3 FURLONG study of furmonertinib versus gefitinib as first-line therapy for Chinese patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer

Furmonertinib showed superior efficacy compared with gefitinib as first-line therapy in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the FURLONG study. Here we present prespecified secondary endpoints of patient-reported outcomes (PRO). In this multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised phase 3 study, patients were 1:1 randomly assigned to receive furmonertinib 80mg once daily or gefitinib 250mg once daily. PROs assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Core 30 and Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Lung Cancer 13 were analysed using a mixed model for repeated measures and time-to-event analyses. A difference in score of 10 points or more was deemed clinically relevant. Three hundred and fifty-seven patients (furmonertinib group, n=178; gefitinib group, n=179) received at least one dose of the study drug, all of whom completed at least one PRO assessment. Statistically significant difference of overall score changes from baseline favoured furmonertinib in physical functioning (between-group difference 2.14 [95% CI 0.25-4.04], p=0.027), nausea/vomiting (-1.56 [95% CI-2.62 to-0.49], p=0.004), appetite loss (-2.24 [95% CI-4.26 to-0.23], p=0.029), diarrhoea (-3.36 [95% CI-5.19 to-1.54], p < 0.001), alopecia (-2.62 [95% CI-4.54 to-0.71], p=0.007), and pain in other parts (-4.55 [95% CI-7.37 to-1.74], p=0.002), but not reached clinical relevance. Time to deterioration in physical functioning (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.42-0.94], p=0.021), cognitive functioning (0.73 [95% CI 0.54-0.98], p=0.034), nausea/vomiting (0.64 [95% CI 0.41-0.99], p=0.042), appetite loss (0.63 [95% CI 0.43-0.92], p=0.016), diarrhoea (0.63 [95% CI 0.46-0.85], p=0.002), dyspnoea (0.72 [95% CI 0.53-0.98], p=0.034), cough (0.67 [95% CI 0.44-1.00], p=0.049), dysphagia (0.54 [95% CI 0.35-0.83], p=0.004), and alopecia (0.62 [95% CI 0.42-0.90], p=0.012) was longer with furmonertinib versus gefitinib. In patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC, furmonertinib showed improved scores and delayed deterioration in several functioning and symptoms compared to gefitinib. Shanghai Allist Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd and the National Science and Technology Major Project for Key New Drug Development (2017ZX09304015).

Effect of strong programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expressions on clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

e20500 Background: Third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard treatment for advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma. In first/second generation EGFR-TKIs, strong programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression contributes to primary resistance, significantly affecting patient prognosis. Despite this, the relationship between PD-L1 expression levels and third-generation TKIs remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed patients with advanced NSCLC who received third-generation EGFR-TKIs as first-line systemic therapy at the Shandong Cancer Hospital between March 2019 and June 2022. The EGFR status of the patients was assessed using amplification refractory mutation system fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the PD-L1 expression level was evaluated using Dako 22 C3 immunohistochemical staining. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival analysis. The log-rank test was used to compare differences in survival curves between the two groups. Results: Overall, 150 patients were included in this study. PD-L1 expression was negative (PD-L1 tumor proportion score &lt; 1%) in 89 cases, weak (1–49%) in 42 cases, and strong (≥50%) in 19 cases. The median follow-up period for the entire cohort was 22.12 months (median progression-free survival [mPFS]: 24.33 months); the median overall survival was not reached. mPFS for patients with negative, weak, and strong PD-L1 expressions was 23.60, 26.12, and 16.60 months, respectively. The mPFS for strong PD-L1 expression was significantly shorter than that for with weak PD-L1 expression but was not associated with negativity, particularly in the 19DEL and 21L858R subgroups. PFS was significantly shorter in patients with strong PD-L1 expression in both subgroups (19DEL and 21L858R) than in those with weak PD-L1 expression. Conclusions: Strong PD-L1 expression in tumor cells influenced the clinical outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with third-generation EGFR-TKIs. Stronger PD-L1 expression in TKI-treated patients with advanced first-line EGFR-mutated NSCLC was associated with worse PFS.

Phase 1 study of BDTX-1535, an oral 4th generation covalent EGFR inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: Preliminary dose escalation results.

2068 Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) gene is the most frequently altered oncogenic driver in glioblastoma (GBM). In-frame deletion alterations (e.g., EGFRvIII) and missense mutations co-occur in the setting of EGFR gene amplification and are characterized as a hallmark of disease pathogenesis in GBM. BDTX-1535 is an oral, highly potent, brain penetrant, selective, irreversible 4th generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets EGFR alterations in GBM and NSCLC. Preliminary results of the Phase 1 dose escalation study (NCT05256290) of patients with recurrent GBM (rGBM) are presented here. Methods: BDTX-1535-101 is a first-in-human study that enrolled patients with either rGBM harboring EGFR alterations following standard of care or patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutated NSCLC that progressed on prior EGFR TKIs. Using an adaptive Bayesian optimal interval design in the Phase 1 part, patients were enrolled at increasing dose cohorts and were treated daily for 21-day cycles until treatment discontinuation. The primary objective was to determine the BDTX-1535 recommended Phase 2 dose based on the overall safety, PK, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity. Results: Twenty-seven patients with rGBM were enrolled in the Phase 1 cohort that consisted of 54 patients in total including 27 patients with NSCLC. Patients were treated across seven dose levels (15mg – 400mg QD). The mean age of patients with rGBM was 58.7 years (range 41-85) with 96% of patients with previous temozolomide (TMZ) treatment and a median of 2 lines of prior therapy (range 1-4). The most common all-grade treatment-related AEs across all cohorts were rash (78%), diarrhea (41%), fatigue (15%), stomatitis (11%), decreased appetite (11%), nausea (11%) and paronychia (11%). Gr 3 TRAEs ≥ 10% included rash (19%) reported at 300 or 400 mg QD doses. Plasma exposure of BDTX-1535 increased dose proportionally and had a half-life of ~15h, supporting once daily dosing. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is 300 mg QD. Among 19 evaluable patients for response based on RANO criteria, 1 confirmed partial response was observed and 8 patients achieved stable disease. Five patients remained on BDTX-1535 with stable disease for an extended period (&gt;5 months) who previously performed poorly on TMZ with short treatment duration, and 1 patient continues on BDTX-1535 after 16 months of treatment. Conclusions: BDTX-1535 was well-tolerated up to 300mg daily, which is the MTD, and promising preliminary clinical activity was observed in patients with rGBM after relapse on standard of care treatment. Given the inability to reconfirm EGFR status at the time of treatment with BDTX-1535 in this Phase 1 trial, further exploration of BDTX-1535 in a “window of opportunity” study is ongoing (NCT06072586). Clinical trial information: NCT05256290 .

IGF-1R, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and occludin gene expression and resistance to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in patients with lung adenocarcinoma in Serbia.

8524 Background: Mutations in epidermal growth factor-receptor ( EGFR) are found in approximately 10% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma in Serbia. EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors ( EGFR-TKIs) is a safe and effective targeted therapy. However, most patients develop resistance. Acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI is defined as disease progression after achieving response or stable disease and there is a possible molecular association with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), particularly N-cadherin, E-cadherin, occludin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). We assessed the gene expression levels of IGF-1R, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and occludin as predictive factors of resistance to EGFR-TKIs and survival outcomes in patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma in Serbia. Methods: 101 patients with stage IIIB/IV EGFR mutation positive lung adenocarcinoma treated with EGFR-TKIs were included in the study. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine mutations in EGFR, and expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, occludin and IGF-1R. Kaplan-Meier method was employed to estimate overall-survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), with significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Median age of patients was 61.7 (39 - 81) years, 65.3% were females and 91% were diagnosed with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR mutations were more frequently detected in females (p &lt;0.001). Median overall survival (OS) was 21 months (15.2–26.7 CI 95%) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 10 months (7.4-12.5 CI 95%). Patients whose tumors had lower levels of IGF-1R, and N-cadherin expression had statistically significantly longer PFS (p &lt;0.001). Patients with lower levels of IGF-1R and higher levels of E-cadherin gene expression were more likely to have a complete or partial response to therapy (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant association between elevated IGF-1R expression and the occurrence of EGFR-TKI resistance in patients (p &lt;0.001). There was a statistically significant association between increased N-cadherin expression and reduced E-cadherin expression with EGFR-TKI resistance in patients. Conclusions: The hallmark of EMT is the upregulation of N-cadherin followed by the downregulation of E-cadherin. In this group of patients, higher levels of IGF-1R and N-cadherin gene expression were associated with shorter PFS and resistance to EGFR TKI, compared to higher levels of expression of E-cadherin, which may indicate potential value of expression of these genes in predicting acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. Therefore, more research is needed to prove the potential predictive value of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and IFG-1R in acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI and developing novel therapeutic options with anti-EMT properties that can overcome this problem.

The ASCENT Trial: a phase 2 study of induction and consolidation afatinib and chemoradiation with or without surgery in stage III EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

The role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in early-stage and metastatic oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is established, but it remains unknown how best to integrate TKIs with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) in locally advanced disease. The phase 2 ASCENT trial assessed the efficacy and safety of afatinib and cCRT with or without surgery in locally advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant NSCLC. Adults ≥18 years with histologically confirmed stage III (AJCC 7th edition) NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations were enrolled at Mass General and Dana-Farber/Brigham Cancer Centers, Boston, Massachusetts. Patients received induction afatinib 40 mg daily for 2 months, then cisplatin 75 mg/m2 and pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 IV every 3 weeks during RT (definitive or neoadjuvant dosing). Patients with resectable disease underwent surgery. All patients were offered consolidation afatinib for 2 years. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR) to induction TKI. Secondary endpoints were safety, conversion to operability, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Analyses were performed on the intention-to-treat population. Nineteen patients (median age 56 years; 74% female) were enrolled. ORR to induction afatinib was 63%. Seventeen patients received cCRT; 2/9 previously unresectable became resectable. Ten underwent surgery; 6 had a major or complete pathological response. Thirteen received consolidation afatinib. With a median follow-up of 5.0 years, median PFS and OS were 2.6 (95% CI, 1.4-3.1) and 5.8 years (2.9-NR), respectively. Sixteen recurred or died; 6 recurrences were isolated to CNS. The median time to progression after stopping consolidation TKI was 2.9 months (95% CI, 1.1-7.2). Four developed grade 2 pneumonitis. There were no treatment-related deaths. We explored the efficacy of combining TKI with cCRT in oncogene-driven NSCLC. Induction TKI did not compromise subsequent receipt of multimodality therapy. PFS was promising, but the prevalence of CNS-only recurrences and rapid progression after TKI discontinuation speak to unmet needs in measuring and eradicating micrometastatic disease.

Prognostic value of skeletal muscle measured by CT at the T4 level in advanced EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with ecotinib

Objective: To investigate the prognostic value of skeletal muscle measured by CT at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) in advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with ecotinib. Methods: The study retrospectively reviewed clinical and pathological characteristics of 176 patients with advanced EGFR-positive NSCLC who received ecotinib and underwent chest CT scans at Wuhan Union Hospital between January 2017 and October 2020. Among them, 70 were male and 106 were female, with ages ranging from 27 to 80 (58.6±10.6) years. As of August 21, 2021, the median follow-up duration was 19.2 months (95%CI: 15.3 to 23.7 months). The optimal cut-off value of skeletal muscle density (T4-SMD) on CT images at the T4 level were determined using X-tile software. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to plot progression-free survival curves. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to analyze factors influencing 1-year progression-free survival (PFS), and a nomogram prognostic model was constructed accordingly. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were utilized to evaluate the predictive value of the nomogram. Results: The T4-SMD [M (Q1,Q3)] of 176 patients was 42.56 (37.05, 45.93) HU. Patients were divided into low T4-SMD group (n=122) and high T4-SMD group (n=54) based on the cut-off value (The values for males and females were 49.44 and 41.41 HU, respectively) of T4-SMD. The median PFS time and 1-year PFS rate in the low T4-SMD group were significantly lower than those in the high T4-SMD group [10.4 (95%CI: 9.3-11.8) vs 13.7 (95%CI: 11.1-18.5) months, 36.1% vs 59.3%, respectively, P=0.034]. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (HR=3.308, 95%CI: 1.183-9.247, P=0.023), lactate dehydrogenase level (HR=1.852, 95%CI: 1.037-3.307, P=0.037), systemic immune-inflammation index (HR=1.772, 95%CI: 1.019-3.080, P=0.043), and T4-SMD (HR=0.563, 95%CI: 0.325-0.974, P=0.040) were prognostic factors for 1-year PFS in advanced EGFR-positive NSCLC patients treated with ecotinib. A nomogram for predicting 1-year PFS of advanced EGFR-positive NSCLC patients treated with ecotinib was constructed based on the four indicators selected by multivariate Cox regression analysis. The area under the ROC curve of the nomogram was 0.775 (95%CI: 0.676-0.874). The calibration curve showed good consistency between the predicted and actual 1-year PFS. DCA demonstrated good clinical prediction effectiveness of the nomogram. Conclusion: Low T4-SMD is a prognostic risk factor for patients with advanced EGFR-positive NSCLC receiving icotinib therapy.

Infusion-Related Reaction Management With Amivantamab for EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutation NSCLC: A Practical Guide for Advanced Practitioners

Many targeted therapies to treat genetic mutations in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been developed. Amivantamab (Rybrevant), a bispecific antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2021 for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC EGFR exon 20 insertions, whose disease progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Amivantamab is administered intravenously weekly for 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks starting at Week 5, as 1,050 mg (body weight [BW] &lt; 80 kg) or 1,400 mg (BW ≥ 80 kg), with the first dose split over 2 days. Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) are common with amivantamab and may present as chills, dyspnea, nausea, chest discomfort, and vomiting. To aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of IRRs, we evaluated infusion duration, IRR timing, and IRR severity in this post hoc analysis of patients who received amivantamab in CHRYSALIS. Infusion duration decreased over time, with a median infusion time at Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1) of 4.70 hours (1,050 mg) and 5.08 hours (1,400 mg), decreasing to 2.20 and 2.25 hours, respectively, by C1D22. Of the 273 IRRs, 98% occurred on C1D1 or C1D2, with median onset and time to resolution of 60 minutes. Most IRRs occurred during the infusion, were low grade, and were manageable with intervention strategies or treatment modifications. Advanced practitioners are critical in preventing, diagnosing, and managing IRRs, including educating patients and families, accurately administering infusions, prescribing premedications, and closely monitoring for IRRs.

Real-World Data on Subsequent Therapy for First-Line Osimertinib-Induced Pneumonitis: Safety of EGFR-TKI Rechallenge (Osi-risk StudyTORG-TG2101).

Although osimertinib is a promising therapeutic agent for advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung cancer, the incidence of pneumonitis is particularly high among Japanese patients receiving the drug. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of subsequent anticancer treatments, including EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) rechallenge, which are to be administered after pneumonitis recovery, remain unclear. This study investigated the safety of EGFR-TKI rechallenge in patients who experienced first-line osimertinib-induced pneumonitis, with a primary focus on recurrent pneumonitis. We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer who developed initial pneumonitis following first-line osimertinib treatment across 34 institutions in Japan between August 2018 and September 2020. Among the 124 patients included, 68 (54.8%) patients underwent EGFR-TKI rechallenge. The recurrence rate of pneumonitis following EGFR-TKI rechallenge was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17-39) at 12 months. The cumulative incidence of recurrent pneumonitis was significantly higher in the osimertinib group than in the first- and second-generation EGFR-TKI (conventional EGFR-TKI) groups (hazard ratio [HR] 3.1; 95% CI 1.3-7.5; p=0.013). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between EGFR-TKI type (osimertinib or conventional EGFR-TKI) and pneumonitis recurrence, regardless of severity or status of initial pneumonitis (HR 3.29; 95% CI 1.12-9.68; p=0.03). Osimertinib rechallenge after initial pneumonitis was associated with significantly higher recurrence rates than conventional EGFR-TKI rechallenge.

Correlation of distribution characteristics and dynamic changes of gut microbiota with the efficacy of immunotherapy in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer

BackgroundThe effects of gut microbiota and metabolites on the responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been studied. However, their effects on EGFR-mutated (EGFR +) NSCLC remain unknown.MethodsWe prospectively recorded the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with advanced EGFR + NSCLC and assessed potential associations between the use of antibiotics or probiotics and immunotherapy efficacy. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, early on-treatment, response and progression status and were subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to assess the effects of gut microbiota and metabolites on immunotherapy efficacy.ResultsThe clinical data of 74 advanced EGFR + NSCLC patients were complete and 18 patients’ fecal samples were dynamically collected. Patients that used antibiotics had shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (mPFS, 4.8 vs. 6.7 months; P = 0.037); probiotics had no impact on PFS. Two dynamic types of gut microbiota during immunotherapy were identified: one type showed the lowest relative abundance at the response time point, whereas the other type showed the highest abundance at the response time point. Metabolomics revealed significant differences in metabolites distribution between responders and non-responders. Deoxycholic acid, glycerol, and quinolinic acid were enriched in responders, whereas L-citrulline was enriched in non-responders. There was a significant correlation between gut microbiota and metabolites.ConclusionsThe use of antibiotics weakens immunotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced EGFR + NSCLC. The distribution characteristics and dynamic changes of gut microbiota and metabolites may indicate the efficacy of immunotherapy in advanced EGFR + NSCLC.

Early dose reduction of osimertinib in advanced EGFR -mutated non-small cell lung cancer.

Osimertinib has become the standard of care for epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR )-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In order to prevent or treat toxicity, the osimertinib dose may be reduced. However, data regarding the impact of dose reduction during treatment are limited. We aimed to compare the efficacy of osimertinib early dose reduction during the first 3 months of treatment with late dose reduction in EGFR -mutated advanced NSCLC. This retrospective study included patients with EGFR -mutated advanced NSCLC who received osimertinib. We constituted two groups: 'early dose reduction' (early) with patients receiving a reduced dose of osimertinib from 80 to 40 mg within the 3 months of osimertinib initiation and 'late dose reduction' (late) with patients receiving a reduced dose after 3 months of full-dose treatment. Thirty-five patients were included, with 17 and 18 patients in the early and late groups, respectively, and a higher median age in the early group (76 vs. 67 years). The real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) at 1 year was 70.5% in the early group and 88.9% in the late group ( P = 0.31). Median rwPFS was 32.7 and 24.6 months ( P = 0.98), and the median overall survival was 46.9 versus not reached in early and late groups, respectively ( P = 0.17). Central nervous system rwPFS was not different between the early and late groups: 29.8 and 35.8 months, respectively ( P = 0.39). We showed that a reduced dose of osimertinib within the first 3 months of treatment, compared to a later reduced dose, could influence treatment response or patient survival.

Mobocertinib: Mechanism of action, clinical, and translational science.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion (ex20ins) mutations represent ~6%-12% of all EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. First-, second-, and third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have limited clinical activity against EGFR ex20ins mutations. Mobocertinib is a first-in-class oral EGFR TKI that selectively targets in-frame EGFR ex20ins mutations in NSCLC; accelerated approval in the United States was granted for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with EGFR ex20ins mutations whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Accelerated approval was based on the results from the three-part, open-label, multicenter, pivotal phase I/II nonrandomized clinical trial (NCT02716116) that enrolled 114 patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR ex20ins mutation-positive NSCLC who were previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and received mobocertinib at the recommended dosage of 160 mg once daily. At the November 1, 2021, data cutoff date, the confirmed objective response rate per independent review committee (IRC) was 28%, median duration of response was 15.8 months, median progression-free survival per IRC was 7.3 months, and median overall survival was 20.2 months. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were gastrointestinal- and skin-related. The phase III EXCLAIM-2 study evaluated mobocertinib versus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for locally advanced or metastatic EGFR ex20ins-positive NSCLC; however, the primary end point was not met, resulting in initiating voluntary withdrawal of mobocertinib worldwide. This mini-review article summarizes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, key clinical trials, and clinical efficacy and safety data for mobocertinib.

A real-world cohort study of first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Vietnam

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of first-line afatinib treatment in a real-world setting in Vietnam.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted across nine hospitals in Vietnam. Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received afatinib as first-line therapy between April 2018 and June 2022 were included, and patient medical records were reviewed. Key outcomes were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and tolerability.ResultsA total of 343 patients on first-line afatinib were eligible for the study. EGFR exon 19 deletion (Del19) alone was detected in 46.9% of patients, L858R mutation alone in 26.3%, and other uncommon EGFR mutations, including compound mutations, in 26.8%. Patients with brain metastases at baseline were 25.4%. Patients who received 40 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg as starting doses of afatinib were 58.6%, 39.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. The ORR was 78.1% in the overall population, 82.6% in the Del19 mutation subgroup, 73.3% in the L858R mutation subgroup, and 75.0% in the uncommon mutation subgroup (p > 0.05). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the ORR increased when the starting dose was 40 mg compared to starting doses below 40 mg (83.9% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.034). The median TTF (mTTF) was 16.7 months (CI 95%: 14.8–18.5) in all patients, with a median follow-up time of 26.2 months. The mTTF was longer in patients in the common EGFR mutation subgroup (Del19/L858R) than in those in the uncommon mutation subgroup (17.5 vs. 13.8 months, p = 0.045) and in those without versus with brain metastases at baseline (17.5 vs. 15.1 months, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in the mTTF between subgroups based on the starting dose of 40 mg and < 40 mg (16.7 vs. 16.9 months, p > 0.05). The most common treatment-related adverse events (any grade/grade ≥ 3) were diarrhea (55.4%/3.5%), rash (51.9%/3.2%), paronychia (35.3%/5.0%), and stomatitis (22.2%/1.2%).ConclusionsAfatinib demonstrated clinical effectiveness and good tolerability in Vietnamese EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. In our real-world setting, administering a starting dose below 40 mg might result in a reduction in ORR; however, it might not have a significant impact on TTF.

Recent Developments in Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-based Nanotherapeutics for EGFR-resistant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

The advent of drug resistance in response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeted therapy represents a serious challenge in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These acquired resistance mutations, attributed to several advanced EGFR mutations and, necessitated the development of new-generation TKIs. Nanomedicine approaches provide a plausible way to address these problems by providing targeted delivery and sustained release, which have demonstrated success in preclinical trials. This review article provides a summary of nano-formulations designed for EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC, highlighting their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models. These findings reveal insights into the design of nanoparticles and multifunctional nanosystems, offering a potential avenue for efficacious treatment of EGFR-TKIresistant NSCLC.

Primary tumor consolidative therapy improves the outcomes of patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma treated with first-line osimertinib.

Patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) inevitably experience drug resistance following treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We aimed to analyze the effect of primary tumor consolidative therapy (PTCT) on patients treated with first-line osimertinib. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients with advanced stage III or stage IV LAD with EGFR-sensitizing mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation) with disease control after first-line osimertinib. A curative dose of primary tumor radiotherapy or primary tumor resection was classified as PTCT. We compared the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with and without PTCT. This study included 106 patients with a median age of 61.0 years, and of those, 42% were male and 73.6% were never-smokers. Exon 19 deletion was observed in 67.9%, 30.2% had a programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score <1%, 33.0% had brain metastasis, and 40.6% had oligometastasis. In all, 53 (50%) patients underwent PTCT. Patients who underwent PTCT demonstrated significantly better PFS [30.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 24.1-36.4) versus 18.2 (95% CI, 16.1-20.2) months; p = 0.005] and OS [not reached versus 36.7 (95% CI, 32.5-40.9) months; p = 0.005] than patients who did not. A multivariate analysis showed that PTCT was an independent factor associated with better PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10-0.49; p < 0.001] and OS [HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.82; p = 0.032]. The PFS benefits of PTCT were consistent across subgroups, and the HR tended to be lower in patients aged <65 years, males, smokers, stage IVB disease, L858R, PD-L1 expression ⩾1%, non-oligometastasis, and brain metastasis. Of the patients with advanced EGFR-mutant LAD, those who underwent PTCT had a significantly better survival outcome than those who did not. The survival benefits were consistent across different subgroups.

Liquid biopsy in clinical outcomes and detection of T790M mutation in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after progression to EGFR-TKI.

Liquid biopsy (LB) is used to detect epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been demonstrated to have prognostic and predictive value. To associate the rates of EGFR and T790M mutations detected by LB during disease progression after first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs with clinical characteristics and survival outcomes. From January 2018 to December 2021, 295 patients with advanced EGFR mutant (EGFRm) NSCLC treated with first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs were retrospectively analyzed. LB was collected at the time of progression. The frequency of EGFRT790M mutations, overall survival (OS), and the clinical characteristics associated with LB positivity were determined. The prevalence of EGFRT790M mutation detected using LB was 44%. In patients with negative vs. positive LB, the median OS was 45.0 months vs. 25.0 months (p= 0.0001), respectively. Patients with a T790M mutation receiving osimertinib had a median OS of 44 months (95% CI [33.05-54.99]). Clinical characteristics associated with positive LB at progression extra-thoracic involvement, > 3 metastatic sites, and bone metastases. Our findings showed that LB positivity was associated with worse survival outcomes and specific clinical characteristics. This study also confirmed the feasibility and detection rate of T790M mutation in a Latin American population.