Advanced Encryption Standard Encryption Research Articles

Secured and Privacy in Exam Cell Management System Using Blockchain Mechanism with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm

This study proposes a novel approach to enhance the security and privacy of Exam Cell Management Systems (ECMS) by integrating blockchain technology with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Traditional systems face challenges such as data breaches and unauthorized access, necessitating innovative solutions. Our proposed system utilizes blockchain's decentralized and immutable nature to securely record and verify examination-related transactions. Each transaction is encrypted using AES before being added to the blockchain, ensuring confidentiality and tamper-proofing. The decentralized nature of blockchain enhances transparency and accountability, while AES encryption provides robust data protection. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in data security, privacy, and integrity compared to traditional systems. This approach offers a promising solution for educational institutions to mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access, thereby ensuring the integrity and trustworthiness of the examination process.

Authentication in Peer-to-Peer Cloud using AES and SRP

The system focuses on proposing a robust authentication framework based on these Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol to enhance the security of data exchange in Peer-to- Peer (P2P) cloud environments. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm provides encryption and the SRP protocol leverages cryptographic primitives to establish mutual authentication between cloud servers and users, ensures that data, remains protected against any vulnerabilities. The system encompasses various stages, including user registration, key establishment, and secure data transmission. After user registration, the SRP protocol employs a zero-knowledge proof mechanism to maintain the security of data available on cloud servers, mitigating the risks associated with password leaks and unauthorized access. Furthermore, the protocol facilitates secure key exchange to establish a confidential communication channel between peers, enabling encrypted data transmission. The system integrates SRP protocol and AES encryption, fortifying data security in P2P cloud environments through robust authentication, ensuring a comprehensive defence against potential vulnerabilities.

Repository and Retrieval of Data using AES Security in Cloud Computing Environment

Abstract: The use of the internet is continuously expanding. People exchange vast amount of digital data every day. Some information is critical and must be protected from unauthorised access. Encryption methods are critical for preventing unauthorised access to original data. To encrypt data, a variety of algorithms can be utilised. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, which is extensively supported and used, is one of the most efficient algorithms available. The goal of this work is to demonstrate how to create secure file transfer using AES encryption and decryption techniques in a cloud environment. Hackers can intercept files as they are being sent from the source to the destination. If files are not wrapped, they can be easily exploited. Thus, AES algorithm is used to safeguard file transfer networks. If AES is employed in file sharing systems, it is claimed to dissuade thieves from attempting to steal data when sending files. According to the study's findings, AES offers more protection during data encryption and decryption during file transfers without interruption from hackers attempting to steal data intentionally.

Web Based Security System Academic Exam Questions Using Advanced Encryption Standard

One way to measure the success of the academic process and achievement of student competence, is giving exams, from the smallest level namely daily tests, semester exams, to the highest level, namely the national exam. In an effort to maintain the security of exam question data, there is a data security method known as cryptography. In this research, a security system was designed that serves to protect exam questions so that data cannot be read by student before its time by using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The AES algorithm is a type of symmetric algorithm where the encryption and decryption processes have the same key for the encryption and decryption processes. In the system that will be designed, the Caesar Cipher algorithm is used to form an additional key (seed) that is kept secret from the public. The results of this study indicate that AES encryption method can give results maximum so that the AES method can applied to virtual data storage system to protect the transmitted data.

A Study of Sample Preprocessing Method for Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) Attack

To protect data, smartphones, PCs, networks, and other computer devices utilize block encryption algorithms, among which Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a representative encryption algorithm. AES is evaluated to be the safest one of the encryption algorithms at present and is universally applied. However, the AES encryption algorithm began to be threatened by Side-Channel Attack (SCA) since 1996. Many studies have been done and many more will probably be conducted, but so far, the results are showing some significant correlation between a variety of leaked information and success rate in side-channel attacks. Many different side-channel attacks are using a variety of leaked information (e.g., power consumption, electromagnetic waves, fault-injection results), among which Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) is the technique of analyzing power consumption with the Pearson correlation coefficient and it can be presenting a high success rate of attacking most hardware devices. If the correlation power analysis is applied and measured by an oscilloscope, it is possible to obtain secret keys of the low-power computer-based equipment, such as IoT or wearable devices. Also, recently, deep learning-based analytic studies on side-channel attacks are actively conducted, therefore, the need for research on attack methods and defense techniques becomes more urgent. In this paper, we upload AES’s AddRoundKey function to Arduino UNO, which has the capability that can be used for IoT, measure power consumption with an oscilloscope for all keys, check the correlation power analysis success rate, and confirm the need for defense techniques. For the experiment, based on the AddRoundKey function of AES, 256 secret keys were measured with a 1GS/S oscilloscope. At this time, these secret keys were bundled in tens per case, and therefore a total of ten cases were measured. In the comparison of power consumption, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and guess the key, correlations with secret keys were inferred. According to the simple comparison of power consumption and the Pearson correlation coefficient, the accuracy rate was about 65%. In this case, when the Pearson correlation coefficient was compared for the position of the power consumption waveform, the accuracy rate was about 80%. Additionally, with the use of the point that the positions of guess keys were mostly constant, it was possible to achieve the success rate of about 93.75%.

A Security Framework for Mobile Application Systems: Case of Android Applications.

Smartphones have become a major part of human’s life. And also it has been seen that new mobile applications are built day by day. Currently mobile applications are playing major role in many areas such as banking, social networking, financial apps, entertainment and many more. With this increasing number of applications, security is an important issue. The growth of android market has increased security risk and thus focus should be given to the security. Security is the biggest issue in the field of mobile technology. Therefore, mobile applications need to be assessed and ensure that secure coding practices have been followed during development. Mobile application security breach can lead to fraudulent transactions through mobile applications, confidentiality and revenue loss through communications services misuse. Data that is shared on an unsecured channel is vulnerable to attacks and to stop unauthorized access to this data, there is need to encrypt the data before it is sent to the server. In this research work, different cryptographic algorithms for encrypting data and secure data sharing in mobile applications across communications channels were examined. Simulation methodology was used to investigate a suitable cryptographic algorithm and to design a security framework for mobile applications to solve mobile application security problems. The proposed framework employs the use of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encrypting meter readings data being exchanged between a smart phone and the server. The results obtained from the simulation of the security framework, showed that the four fields namely: Account number, image path, meter number and phone number on which AES encryption was applied were in an unreadable format (ciphertext), implying that the fields have been successfully encrypted. This solution allows application users to transfer (upload readings) data between a smart phone and database server in a secure manner without facing the problem of data attack. Data being uploaded to the server is encrypted before it is transferred and decrypted once it reaches the server side. This solution addresses android application security in the application and network communications layers and data transmission. The research paper ensures information security is guaranteed between an organisation and its customers.

Smart grid security with AES hardware chip

Smart grid is the upgradation of the existing grid in terms of cost, communication infrastructure, internet of things and reliable technologies. In ambitious flagship programme of digital India-project an initiative of India, the potential fields of the missions are identified in the area are smart energy, smart grids, smart homes and smart cities. More than 100 smart cities are planned for information and communication technology driven solutions with big data analytics in India. The exponential growth in smart grids has given certain security risks, cyber threats and protection of stored data as Nation security. Smart Grids, comprising of several communication, monitoring intelligent, metering and electrical equipment used in power grid, have a greater exposure to grid security and cyber-attacks which are potentially disrupt distribution in a city. The paper discusses the electrical grid, challenges in smart grid and the use of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm enable with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware in smart grids. The AES encryption and decryption chip is designed in Xilinx ISE 14.2 software, synthesized on SPARTAN-3E FPGA and verified with some test cases to ensure that AES can be employed in smart grid security and communication infrastructure.

Improvement of Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm With Shift Row and S.Box Modification Mapping in Mix Column

Cyber Security has become rising issue in recent years where encryption is one of solution and has an important role in data protection. Encryption algorithms that widely used in information security are asymmetric and symmetric. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of symmetric encryption that most used often and the most secure encryption today. However, AES encryption has slow computation. Our experiment show that both of algorithms combination needs 3.045 milliseconds for 1024 bytes of data and increase 3-4 milliseconds for 2048 bytes of data and so on. This paper proposes a novelty method to improve AES algorithm with Shift Row and S.Box modification for Mix Column transformation. The result show that our optimization has reduced 3 milliseconds and continue to increase as the number of bytes increases. Percentage average of the optimization is 86.143%.

An Effective Encryption Algorithm for Multi-Keyword Based Top-K Retrieval on Cloud Data

Cloud computing is an budding information technology of data storage, of local networks as well as software and has its advantages of scalability, reliability, high performance and comparatively low cost feasible solution contrast to committed infrastructures. In this paper, an effective encryption algorithm is proposed with the employment of advanced encryption standard (AES) encryption. Here, we modify the shift operation which highly eliminates data privacy leakage. Here, initially the data owner encrypts the searchable index with enhanced AES encryption. The storage would in the form of vector space. Subsequently, the data user will decrypt the scores and select out the top-K highest scoring files identifiers to request to the cloud server. The technique is implemented using JAVA and evaluated using standard metrics.

Security Architecture for the Cloud Integrated Internet of Things

Objectives: To design efficient hybrid architecture for data security is applied for securing communication link between two user/senders by considering symmetric key algorithm and asymmetric key algorithm. Methods/ Analysis: A highly efficient architectures for data security is applied for securing communication link between two user/senders in cloud integrated Internet of Things (IoT). Data is encrypted with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) concept is used for securing the secret key between user/ sender and system/receiver. In this architecture authentication is provided by Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman algorithm between user/sender and system/receiver. The efficient hybrid architecture is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and is scripted in verilog Hardware Description language (HDL).Findings: According to the IoT concept, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) meet new challenges related to large volume of data. The physical things in an IoT are generally identified by WSN or RFID before connecting with each other. Once identified, they can interchange data between them. Cloud computing provides virtual infrastructure for storing, analyzing, and virtualization large data in client delivery. Data transferring like storing and retrieving from cloud by different user/senders should be secure from Men in the Middle (MIM) attack of information. The outcomes obtained shows that the efficient cryptosystem with encryption and decryption has a minimum period of 18.060ns with the maximum achievable frequency of 55.371MHz on Xilinx Virtex-5 (XC5VLX50T-1FF1136).Novelty/ Improvement: In this paper ECC algorithm is for providing security communication between user/senders and system/receiver. ECC encryption is used for encrypting the request of user/senders connected to the receiver. The file in the system/receiver is accessed by the user/sender and the file is encrypted by system/receiver using user/ sender’s public key. When uploading the files system/receiver encrypts the file using AES encryption algorithm or while downloading the file from data storage the system/receiver decrypts the data or file using AES algorithm.

Extended Hamming SEC-DAED-TAED based Fault Detection Technique for AES Encryption and Decryption

Objectives: This paper proposes efficient extended hamming codes to find & rectify a single error (SEC) as well as find large number of double & triple adjacent errors (DAED) or (TAED). Methods: (n, k) hamming codes are utilized to implement the proposed system. The codeword of (n, k) hamming codes have ‘n’ bit. From these ‘n’ bit error combinations are found by using MATLAB design tool. From detected error combinations, the order of code bits is changed according to bit replacement algorithm. Calculated codewords are shuffled in order to obtain high probability of detection in double & triple errors. Findings: Calculated Hamming SEC-DAED-TAED codes (Bit-reordered codeword) gives 45% of probability of detection improvements in double adjacent error detection and 33% of probability of detection improvements in triple adjacent error detections when compared to normal order based hamming SEC-DAED-TAED codes. 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption standard is considered as one of the applications of developed hamming code. Applications: Mobile banking, Internet banking, space and terrestrial communications are considered as the important applications of proposed hamming codes based AES encryption.

Design and Implementation of Enhanced Affine and Inverse Affine Transformation Based Composite S-box for AES Encryption and Decryption

The Substitution Box (S-Box) and Inverse MixColumn (Inv MixColumn) forms core building blocks in Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based Security Algorithm. This study presents full custom design of Composite S-Box by reducing the composite field arithmetic of Multiplication Inverse (MI) and Affine/Inverse Affine Transformation. Design of proposed new MI and Affine/Inverse Affine Transformation techniques are integrated in Composite S-Box of both AES Encryption and Decryption. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) System design environment is considered in this research work to measure the performance improvement. High Speed, less area utilization and Lower power consumptions are the important parameter in VLSI System design environment. Hence, the main goal of this research work is to reduce the hardware complexity, Power and Delay consumption of AES Encryption and Decryption process. The principle of reducing the redundant functions is used in both MI and Affine/Inverse Affine Transformation of Proposed Composite S-Box design for reducing the hardware complexity and power consumption. Proposed new Composite S-Box design offers 6.52% reduction of Slices, 5.68% reduction of Look up Tables (LUTs), 2.24% reduction of delay and 6.15% reduction of Power consumption than traditional Composite S-Box design. Further Proposed new composite S-Box design is integrated into both AES encryption and AES decryption process to improve the performance evaluation of AES algorithm.

Attack on the advanced encryption standard cipher chip based on the correspondence between Hamming weight and the number of emitted photons

The security of information transmission is of paramount importance in all sectors of society, whether civilian or defence related. In ancient times the encryption of secret messages was mainly realized by physical or chemical means, but this was later supplemented by mathematical techniques. In parallel, the breaking of enemy codes has also been a subject of intense study. To date, the only known absolutely secure means of encryption is through quantum cryptography, However, this still has to be implemented by equipment that is vulnerable to various physical attacks, so it is important to study these methods of attack, both for legitimate users and for the surveillance of criminal activities. Today, nearly all transactions have to be realized through the computer and much effort has been devoted to cracking the software. However, little attention has been paid to the hardware, and it has only recently been realized that computer chips themselves can leak sensitive information, from which a code may even be deciphered. By studying the photonic emission and the data dependency of a cryptographic chip during operation, the correspondence between the Hamming weight of the operand and the number of photons emitted may be established, based on which a simple and effective method is proposed to crack the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher chip. An experimental platform has been set up for measuring and analyzing the leaked photonic emission using time-correlated single-photon counting. An AT89C52 microcontroller implementing the operation of the AES cipher algorithm is used as a cipher chip. The emitted photons are collected when the first AddRoundKey and SubBytes of the AES encryption arithmetic are executed, and their respective numbers are found to have a linear relationship with the operand Hamming weight. The sources of noise affecting the photon emission trace have been analyzed, so that the measurement error and uncertainty can be reduced effectively. With the help of our Hamming weight simulation model, by selecting one or several groups of plain text and comparing the corresponding relationship between the Hamming weight of the intermediate values and the number of photons emitted by the cipher chip, the key of the AES encryption algorithm has been successfully recovered and cracked. This confirms the effectiveness of this method of attack, which can therefore pose a severe threat to the security of the AES cipher chip. For the next step in the future, our method will be optimized to narrow the search range, and also combined with other photonic emission analysis attacks (such as simple photonic emission analysis and differential photonic emission analysis) to improve the efficiency. A comparison and evaluation of the various methods will be made. At the same time, our current experimental configuration will be improved to obtain a better collection efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio.

Enhanced MixColumn Design for AES Encryption

The main aim of the current research work is to reduce the complexity path of AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) Encryption. Architecture of MixColumn transformation has been optimized in this research work. Traditional methods of MixColumn transformation methods has been realized and re-designed by reducing the redundant logical functions. Verilog Hardware Description Language (Verilog HDL) has been used to design the optimized MixColumn transformation of AES Encryption. Further optimized MixColumn design has been incorporated into AES Encryption with appropriate input points. Common Sub-expression Elimination (CSE) algorithm is used in developed AES Encryption algorithm. Proposed optimized MixColumn design offers 10.93% improvements in hardware slices, 13.6% improvements in LUTs and 1.19% improvements in delay consumption than traditional MixColumn design. Further proposed optimized MixColumn design has been incorporated into AES Encryption design. Further, proposed optimized MixColumn based AES Encryption design offers 4.75% improvements in silicon area, 4.56% reduction in power consumption than traditional MixColumn based AES Encryption. In future, proposed optimized MixColumn design will be useful in space and terrestrial applications for exhibiting secure transmissions.

A Modified Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm for Image Encryption

Cryptography algorithms are becoming more necessary to ensure secure data transmission, which can be used in several applications. Increasing use of images in industrial process therefore it is essential to protect the confidential image data from unauthorized access. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a well- known block cipher that has many benefits in data encryption process. In this paper, proposed some modification to the Advanced Encryption Standard (M-AES) to increase and reaching high level security and enhance image encryption. The modification is done by modifying the ShiftRow Transformation. Detailed results in terms of security analysis and implementation are given. Comparing the proposed algorithm with the original AES encryption algorithm shows that the proposed M-AES has more security from the cryptographic view and gives better result of security against statistical attack.

FPGA Implementation of Hiding Information using Cryptography

Background: The main threat in communication is the unauthorized access of information third party without the knowledge of sender and receiver. Hence the security plays a vital role in data transmission systems. Confidential data like internet banking account passwords and email account passwords needs security in their text data. Data can be text, image, video and audio. Methods: The purpose of this research work is to implement a mechanism to hide information (image) using cryptography. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a type of symmetric cryptography standard which can be used to transfer a block of information securely during transmission. Findings: The idea of this paper is to generate an encrypted image by giving image input to AES encryption system and getting the decrypted image as original image by giving encrypted image as input to the AES decryption system. The input image is given through MATLAB R2012b to ModelSim6.3 and the system simulation and synthesis is done by integrating Model Sim to the Altera DE2 115 board through Quartus II software. Conclusion: The maximum frequency attained from this workis 165.462MHz. Finally image is displayed through an LCD which is connected to the board using Video Graphics Array (VGA) Connector.

Parallel AES Encryption Engine for Many Core Processor Arrays Using Masked S-Box

With the ever increasing growth of data communication, hardware encryption technology will become an irreplaceable safety technology. In this paper, I present a method of AES encryption and decryption algorithm with 128 bit key on an FPGA. In order to protect “data-at-rest” in memory from differential power analysis attacks with high-throughput advanced encryption standard (AES) engine with masked S-Box is proposed. By exploring different granularities of data-level and task-level parallelism, we map 2 implementations of an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher with online key expansion on a fine-grained many-core system.

Research on Improved AES Encryption Algorithm

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) in May 26, 2002 became effective standard. AES algorithm research has become a hot topic at home and abroad, and the algorithm has been widely applied in the field of information security. Since the algorithm of AES key expansion part is open, so the key is between the wheel can be derived from each other, the AES algorithm designed for this security risk by generating pseudo-random number. Logistic mapping a certain length, after quantization is used as a key to improve the security of the AES algorithm.

Reconfigurable serial AES encryption and decryption circuit design

To improve the efficiency of hardware resources of the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) algorithm on the Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA),an implementation method of serial AES circuit that could perform both encryption and decryption with 128/192/256 bit key options was proposed.The design computed byte multiplication inverse in composite field transform,integrated MixColumn and InvMixColumn circuits,and fused three kinds of key expansion algorithms at the same time.The design was implemented in Xilinx FPGA Virtex-Ⅴ and the consumption of hardware resources was 1 871 slices,4 block RAM.The results show that the throughput can be up to 2 119/1 780/1 534 Mb·s-1 for 128/192/256 bit key length while the maximum frequency is 173.904 MHz.The design achieves high throughput/hardware resource ratio and can be applied to the Gigabit Ethernet.

Hybrid Architecture to overcome the Error Propagation Effect of AES

In the recent past, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) has been developed to replace DES (Data Encryption Standard) due to several reports of failure [1, 2] of security or key of DES. The replacement has aimed to augment the level of security mainly with the higher key size. Besides the higher level of security, AES has aimed to provide higher efficiency and better flexibility by means of encryption at different levels and with different block sizes [3]. AES, however, suffers from a major limitation owing to error propagation in the encryption process, which is undoubtedly a great research challenge. The AES encryption is done at several rounds of iteration. Each round of iteration has different input data and different key. The input data and the keys of different rounds are all generated from the original source data and the source key respectively. On the basis of this theory the input data and the keys at rounds follow a data path and a key path respectively. Any bit error at any round, if occurs either at the data path or at the key path, the effect propagates and results in remarkably large number of errors. The research [4, 5] reported this limitation of AES in their authoritative work. In literature, several studies have been made on this issue and several techniques are suggested to tackle the effect. In this paper, we have made extensive studies on Error Propagation Effect of AES algorithm (data path) and reviewed the solutions provided through an efficient hybrid method so that the error propagation effect of AES can be eradicated. Certainly, there are some assumptions and considerations that are stated in appropriate points of the discussion. General terms Information security, Cryptography.