Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher Research Articles

Robust data hiding method based on frequency coefficient variance in repetitive compression

Sharing accurate and lossless images with higher quality through digital mediums is challenging, particularly, images shared on social media platforms can serve as good carriers for sending hidden data. However, social media platforms apply severe compression when transferring images end-to-end to serve efficient network transporting bandwidth and provide enough storage space to the users. Within the scope of this research, the proposed method introduces a novel approach by combining cryptographic and steganographic techniques, providing a robust solution to protect hidden data even when subjected to repeatedly compression. The method first encrypts the secret data to be hidden using the Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher Block Chaining (AES-CBC) technique. Then, data hiding is performed on the coefficients obtained by applying Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to repeatedly compressed JPEG images, coefficients that are minimally affected by compression or remain unaffected are specifically selected for data hiding. Therefore, secret data is extracted with high accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art in achieving robust and effective data hiding techniques based on bit error rate.

Novel design of cryptosystems for video/audio streaming via dynamic synchronized chaos-based random keys.

In this paper, a novel chaos-based cryptosystem is proposed to ensure the communication security of video/audio streaming in the network environment. Firstly, by the proposed synchronization controller for the master and slave chaotic systems, respectively, embedded in the transmitter and receiver, the cryptosystem can generate the synchronized and dynamic chaotic random numbers at the transmitter and receiver simultaneously. Then integrating the chaotic random numbers with SHA3-256 (Secure hash algorithm 3), the design of synchronized dynamic key generators (SDKGs) is completed. Continuously, we can apply the SDKGs to encrypt/decrypt streaming audio/video data. In our design, we introduce the AES CFB (Advanced encryption standard cipher feedback) encryption algorithm with SDKGs to encrypt the video/audio streaming. Then the cipher-text is transmitted to the receiver via the network public channel and it can be fully decrypted with the dynamic random keys synchronously generated at the receiver. A duplex audio/video cryptosystem is realized to illustrate the performance and feasibility of this proposed research. Finally, many tests and comparisons are performed to stress the quality of random sequences generated by proposed SDKGs.

Optimized mobility management protocol for the IoT based WBAN with an enhanced security

Today, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used for general purposes. With the propagation of the Internet of Things (IoT), security issues arise wherever the healthcare devices are used exclusively for data transfer protocols. These network protocols are easily susceptible to attack. Although it is problematic to save sensing information from the body sensors, the loss of signal messages will often occur in an IoT environment. Thus security is a supreme requirement in health care applications, especially in the case of patient privacy. In this paper, an IoT health care communication system is designed to implement the integration using CoAP based Secure-aware Mobility Management Protocol (CoSMP) in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) based IoT environment. The proposed protocol is extremely effective to secure the sensing information of the device node wherever they are moving and additionally, it is accustomed to offer secure data transmission between the node and web client. Our protocol establishes a pairwise key between the networks according to an exact algorithm, namely Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher Feedback Message Authentication Code (AES-CFMAC) algorithm, and handover operation could be authenticated by Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). Numerical analysis and performance result imposes the proposed scheme is simulated in terms of network delay and handover delay. Experimental results depict that the proposed protocol has been compared with the previous protocol in terms of security and mobility management. Hence, the numerical result would be evaluated based on the measures of Total Transmission Delay (TTD) on the variation of wireless link delay, sensor node delay, link failure probability delay, hop count between the gateway and WMMS in the network delay with the low delay of 303.55, 1.6, 700 and 80 in ms respectively and also performance measures of Handover Delay (HD) achieves 1212.5, 1.212, 49.46 and 1453.8 in ms respectively. The percentage in terms of using performance measures of TTD and HD is compared between proposed and existing schemes resulted in (COMP = 0.3632%, COMP-G = 0.2712 % and COSMP = 0.2532%) and (COMP = 0.3188%, COMP-G = 0.2421 % and COSMP = 0.2133%) respectively.

DNA Computing Based Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Communication System

Transmission of digital images for wireless multimedia communication system requires reliable security in storage which is a challenging task. So many works are carried out to develop and implement the cryptographic techniques for a wireless multimedia communication system. A traditional symmetric key cryptographic algorithm such as Light weight Data Encryption Standard cipher, Advanced Encryption Standard cipher, Triple-DES, Twofish, Blowfish, RC5 etc played a major role to transmit and receive the multimedia (text, image and video) data. Proposed DNA computing based authentication algorithm provides secure transmission of multimedia data by using symmetric key cryptography techniques. DNA computing techniques provides a higher level of security and enables the user to store a large amount of data. Finally, it shows the implemented result analysis the performance of different symmetric key cryptographic techniques using the simulation parameters such as power consumption, key size, processing time, memory space, speed and latency. It also improves the security level by incorporating the advantage of DNA cryptography to achieve a high level of security against various attacks.

Attack on the advanced encryption standard cipher chip based on the correspondence between Hamming weight and the number of emitted photons

The security of information transmission is of paramount importance in all sectors of society, whether civilian or defence related. In ancient times the encryption of secret messages was mainly realized by physical or chemical means, but this was later supplemented by mathematical techniques. In parallel, the breaking of enemy codes has also been a subject of intense study. To date, the only known absolutely secure means of encryption is through quantum cryptography, However, this still has to be implemented by equipment that is vulnerable to various physical attacks, so it is important to study these methods of attack, both for legitimate users and for the surveillance of criminal activities. Today, nearly all transactions have to be realized through the computer and much effort has been devoted to cracking the software. However, little attention has been paid to the hardware, and it has only recently been realized that computer chips themselves can leak sensitive information, from which a code may even be deciphered. By studying the photonic emission and the data dependency of a cryptographic chip during operation, the correspondence between the Hamming weight of the operand and the number of photons emitted may be established, based on which a simple and effective method is proposed to crack the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher chip. An experimental platform has been set up for measuring and analyzing the leaked photonic emission using time-correlated single-photon counting. An AT89C52 microcontroller implementing the operation of the AES cipher algorithm is used as a cipher chip. The emitted photons are collected when the first AddRoundKey and SubBytes of the AES encryption arithmetic are executed, and their respective numbers are found to have a linear relationship with the operand Hamming weight. The sources of noise affecting the photon emission trace have been analyzed, so that the measurement error and uncertainty can be reduced effectively. With the help of our Hamming weight simulation model, by selecting one or several groups of plain text and comparing the corresponding relationship between the Hamming weight of the intermediate values and the number of photons emitted by the cipher chip, the key of the AES encryption algorithm has been successfully recovered and cracked. This confirms the effectiveness of this method of attack, which can therefore pose a severe threat to the security of the AES cipher chip. For the next step in the future, our method will be optimized to narrow the search range, and also combined with other photonic emission analysis attacks (such as simple photonic emission analysis and differential photonic emission analysis) to improve the efficiency. A comparison and evaluation of the various methods will be made. At the same time, our current experimental configuration will be improved to obtain a better collection efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio.

Side-channel cryptographic attacks using pseudo-boolean optimization

Symmetric block ciphers, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), are deterministic algorithms which transform plaintexts to ciphertexts using a secret key. These ciphers are designed such that it is computationally very difficult to recover the secret key if only pairs of plaintexts and ciphertexts are provided to the attacker. Constraint solvers have recently been suggested as a way of recovering the secret keys of symmetric block ciphers. To carry out such an attack, the attacker provides the solver with a set of equations describing the mathematical relationship between a known plaintext and a known ciphertext, and then attempts to solve for the unknown secret key. This approach is known to be intractable against AES unless side-channel data --- information leaked from the cryptographic device due to its internal physical structure --- is introduced into the equation set. A significant challenge in writing equations representing side-channel data is measurement noise. In this work we show how casting the problem as a pseudo-Boolean optimization instance provides an efficient and effective way of tolerating this noise. We describe a theoretical analysis, connecting the measurement signal-to-noise ratio and the tolerable set size of a non-optimizing solver with the success probability. We then conduct an extensive performance evaluation, comparing two optimizing variants for dealing with measurement noise to a non-optimizing method. Our best optimizing method provides a successful attack on the AES cipher which requires surprisingly little side-channel data and works in reasonable computation time. We also make available a set of AES cryptanalysis instances and provide some practical feedback on our experience of using open-source constraint solvers.

CCMP Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher For Wireless Local Area Network (IEEE 802.11i): A Comparison with DES and RSA

The comparative analysis of the renowned cryptographic algorithms AES, DES and RSA. The Rijndael algorithm was adapted as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, to Data Encryption algorithm (DES), which have been in the security standards since long time. The comparative analysis is implemented in IEEE 802.11i wireless platform. Compared to DES, AES contains CCMP which is a security standard that provides the highest level of security to encrypt and authenticate the data simultaneously. CCMP protocol is to provide robust security. The CCMP protocol is based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm. It uses the Counter Mode with CBC-MAC (CCM) mode of operation. The CCM mode combines Counter (CTR) mode for privacy and Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code (CBC-MAC) for authentication. The implementation is done on the NS-2 platform to compare and analyzes the performance of this with DES and RSA algorithms, based on the following three criteria: (a) Bit rate; (b) Packet delay; and (c) The number of packets. Thus the motivation is to provide a secure data transfer in the wireless medium in IEEE 802.11i.

A High Throughput CFA AES S-Box with Error Correction Capability

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been lately accepted as the symmetric cryptography standard for confidential data transmission. The AES cipher is specified as a number of repetitions of transformation rounds that convert the input plain-text into the final output of cipher-text. Each round consists of several processing steps, including one that depends on the encryption key. A set of reverse rounds are applied to transform cipher-text back into the original plain-text using the same encryption key. The proposed schemes are independent of the way the S-box and the inverse S-box are constructed. Therefore, they can be used for both the S-boxes and the inverse S-boxes using lookup tables and those utilizing logic gates based on composite fields. Furthermore, for each composite field constructions, there exists eight possible isomorphic mappings. Therefore, after the exploitation of a new common sub expression elimination algorithm, the isomorphic mapping that results in the minimal implementation area cost is chosen. High throughput hardware implementations of the proposed CFA AES S-boxes are reported. In order to avoid data corruption due to SEU's a novel fault tolerant model of AES is presented which is based on the Hamming error correction code. This reduces the data corruption and increases the performance.Thus the data corruption due to Single Event Upset can be avoided and the performance is increased.

Partial Encryption of Compressed Image Using Threshold Quantization and AES Cipher

Cryptography is one of the technological means to provide security to data being transmitted on information and communication systems. When it is necessary to securely transmit data in limited bandwidth, both compression and encryption must be performed. Researchers have combined compression and encryption together to reduce the overall processing time. In this paper, new partial encryption schemes are proposed to encrypt only part of the compressed image. Soft and hard threshold compression methods are used in the compression step and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher is used for the encryption step. The effect of different threshold values on the performance of the proposed schemes are studied. The proposed partial encryption schemes are fast, secure, and do not reduce the compression performance of the underlying selected compression methods.

Partial Encryption of Compressed Image Using Threshold Quantization and AES Cipher

Cryptography is one of the technological means to provide security to data being transmitted on information and communication systems. When it is necessary to securely transmit data in limited bandwidth, both compression and encryption must be performed. Researchers have combined compression and encryption together to reduce the overall processing time. In this paper, new partial encryption schemes are proposed to encrypt only part of the compressed image. Soft and hard threshold compression methods are used in the compression step and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher is used for the encryption step. The effect of different threshold values on the performance of the proposed schemes are studied. The proposed partial encryption schemes are fast, secure, and do not reduce the compression performance of the underlying selected compression methods.

Evaluating Galois Counter Mode in Link Layer Security Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the severe resource constraints in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the security protocols therein, should be designed to optimize the performance maximally. On the other hand a block cipher and the mode of operation in which it operates, play a vital role in determining the overall efficiency of a security protocol. In addition, when an application demands confidentiality and message integrity, the overall efficiency of a security protocol can be improved by using the Authenticated Encryption (AE) block cipher mode of operation as compared to the conventional sequential encryption and authentication. Amongst the AE block cipher modes, the Galois Counter mode (GCM) is the latest recommended AE mode by the NIST. In this paper, we attempt at evaluating the performance of the GCM mode in the link layer security protocol for a WSN viz. TinySec and compare it with the default conventional block cipher modes of operation used therein. To the best of our knowledge ours is the first experimental evaluation of Galois Counter Mode with Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher at the link layer security architecture for WSNs.

Security overhead and performance for aggregation with fragment retransmission (AFR) in very high-speed wireless 802.11 LANs

In this paper, we study the overhead introduced by the advanced encryption standard cipher in the context of wireless LANs, specifically at the medium access control layer, as described in the 802.11 standard developed by the 802.11n task group. The advanced encryption standard is incorporated into existing aggregation schemes for 802.11 wireless LANs in order to achieve secure transmission of frames. We compute the maximum throughput, optimal frame, and fragment sizes which can be achieved in this context and compare them to the optimal values when encryption is not used. We evaluate the delay performance of such a scheme in the context of encryption and study asymptotic properties of the medium access control layer efficiency, expected frame size, and throughput.

A Note on the Fragility of the “Michael” Message Integrity Code

The IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard did not incorporate a cryptographic message integrity code into its wired equivalent privacy (WEP) protocol, and relied upon CRC-32 for message integrity. This was shown to be completely insecure since WEP uses a stream cipher (RC4) for encryption. The latest IEEE 802.11i draft addresses this, and other, weaknesses discovered in WEP. IEEE 802.11i suggests three new modes of operation: two based on the Advanced Encryption Standard cipher and one [temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP)] still based on RC4. The TKIP mode is intended for use on legacy hardware, which is computationally weak. TKIP uses a new, keyed, 64-b, message integrity code called Michael. In this letter, we highlight a weakness in Michael and suggest a simple fix.