Management Of Advanced Disease Research Articles

Cost minimization analysis of chronic kidney disease management: Evaluating economic strategies for early intervention and treatment optimization

Chronic kidney disease is a common global health condition characterized by progressive loss of kidney function and significant cost burden on the healthcare system worldwide. The disease often coexists with conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, further complicates its management and increasing associated costs. Effective economic management, particularly in the early stages of CKD, is crucial for reducing long-term healthcare expenses and improving patient outcomes. This review examines the utility of cost minimization analysis (CMA) as a strategic tool for evaluating economic options in CKD management. CMA is an economic evaluation method that compares the costs of different therapeutic interventions that have demonstrated equivalent clinical effectiveness, thereby aiding healthcare providers and policymakers in identifying the most cost-efficient options to optimize resource utilization. This review highlights the economic impact of CKD, focusing on the increasing costs linked to advanced disease management and the essential role of early diagnosis and intervention in reducing these costs and explores various cost-effective strategies for CKD management, including pharmacological treatments, lifestyle modifications, and patient education, to identify approaches that are both clinically and economically advantageous. Additionally, the broader implications of cost minimization for healthcare policy, clinical decision-making, and resource allocation are discussed for their significance in a resource-limited healthcare setting. Evidence indicates that prioritizing cost-effective CKD management through early intervention and preventive care can significantly lower healthcare expenditures, slow the disease progression, and enhance patient’s quality of life. By adopting such strategies, healthcare systems can achieve better clinical outcomes and ensure financial sustainability.

Performance of Recently Developed Single and Double Hybrids of Bivoltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori) in India

India, contributing over 18% to global silk production, has made significant strides in sericulture through advancements in silkworm breeding. This review evaluates the performance of recently developed single and double hybrids of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori) in India. These hybrids are essential for enhancing silk productivity and quality, addressing the challenges of environmental stress. This assessment reveals that these new hybrids exhibit improved growth rates, silk yields, and thermotolerance. However, limitations such as genetic stability and environmental sensitivity persist, which could impact long-term sustainability. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of these hybrids’ performance under varied conditions, providing insights into their potential and areas needing further improvement. Continued research, advanced breeding techniques, integrated pest and disease management, large scale evaluation at farmer’s field and supportive policies are crucial for the sustainable growth of India’s sericulture industry. By adopting these hybrids and modern rearing practices, the industry can achieve higher yields, better quality silk and substantial contributions to the rural economy and global silk market.

Shared decision-making and disease management in advanced cancer and chronic kidney disease using patient-reported outcome dashboards.

To assess the use of a co-designed patient-reported outcome (PRO) clinical dashboard and estimate its impact on shared decision-making (SDM) and symptomatology in adults with advanced cancer or chronic kidney disease (CKD). We developed a clinical PRO dashboard within the Northwestern Medicine Patient-Reported Outcomes system, enhanced through co-design involving 20 diverse constituents. Using a single-group, pretest-posttest design, we evaluated the dashboard's use among patients with advanced cancer or CKD between June 2020 and January 2022. Eligible patients had a visit with a participating clinician, completed at least two dashboard-eligible visits, and consented to follow-up surveys. PROs were collected 72 h prior to visits, including measures for chronic condition management self-efficacy, health-related quality of life (PROMIS measures), and SDM (collaboRATE). Responses were integrated into the EHR dashboard and accessible to clinicians and patients. We recruited 157 participants: 66 with advanced cancer and 91 with CKD. There were significant improvements in SDM from baseline, as assessed by collaboRATE scores. The proportion of participants reporting the highest level of SDM on every collaboRATE item increased by 15 percentage points from baseline to 3 months, and 17 points between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Additionally, there was a clinically meaningful decrease in anxiety levels over study period (T-score baseline: 53; 3-month: 52; 6-month: 50; P < .001), with a standardized response mean (SRM) of -0.38 at 6 months. PRO clinical dashboards, developed and shared with patients, may enhance SDM and reduce anxiety among patients with advanced cancer and CKD.

A prospective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the point-of-care VISITECT CD4 Advanced Disease test in seven countries.

CD4 measurement is pivotal in the management of advanced HIV disease. VISITECT® CD4 Advanced Disease (AccuBio Limited, Alva, UK; VISITECT) is an instrument-free, point-of-care, semi-quantitative test allowing visual identification of a CD4 ≤200 cells/µl, or >200 cells/µl from finger-prick or venous blood. As part of a diagnostic accuracy study of FUJIFILM SILVAMP TB LAM (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04089423), people living with HIV of ≥18 years old were prospectively recruited in seven countries from outpatient departments if a tuberculosis symptom was present, and from inpatient departments. Participants provided venous blood for CD4 measurement using flow cytometry (reference standard) and finger-prick blood for VISITECT (index text), performed at point-of-care. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of VISITECT to determine a CD4 ≤200 cells/µl were evaluated. Among 1604 participants, the median flow cytometry CD4 was 367 (IQR 128-626) cells/µl and 521 (32.5%) had a CD4 ≤200 cells/µl. VISITECT sensitivity was 92.7% (483/521, 95% CI 90.1-94.7%) and specificity was 61.4% (665/1083, 95% CI 58.4-64.3%). For participants with a CD4 between 0-100, 101-200, 201-300, 301-500, and >500 cells/µl, VISITECT misclassified 4.5% (95% CI 2.5-7.2%), 12.5 (95% CI 8.0-18.2%), 74.1% (95% CI 67.0-80.5%), 48.0% (95% CI 42.5-53.6%), and 22.6% (95% CI 19.3-26.3%), respectively. VISITECT's sensitivity, but not specificity, met the World Health Organization's minimal sensitivity and specificity threshold of 80% for point-of-care CD4 tests. VISITECT's quality needs to be assessed and its accuracy optimized. VISITECT´s utility as CD4 triage test should be investigated.

Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: A Review.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) is an established treatment modality for the management of advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by severe emphysema and hyperinflation refractory to other therapies. BLVR aims to reduce hyperinflation and residual volume, thereby improving pulmonary function, symptom control, and quality of life. Multiple distinct devices and technologies, including endobronchial coils, thermal vapor ablation, bio-lung volume reduction, and airway bypass stenting, have been developed to achieve lung volume reduction with varying degrees of accessibility and evidence. The most promising BLVR treatment modality to date has been the placement of one-way endobronchial valves (EBVs), with more than 25,000 cases performed worldwide. Identifying symptomatic patients who would benefit from BLVR is challenging and can be time and resource intensive, and candidacy may be limited by physiologic parameters. Additional new technologies may be able to improve the identification and evaluation of candidates as well as increase the portion of evaluated patients who ultimately qualify for BLVR. In this review, we aim to provide historical context to BLVR, summarize the available evidence regarding its use, discuss potential complications, and provide readers with a clear guide to patient selection and referral for BLVR, with a focus on EBV placement. In addition, we will highlight potential future directions for the field.

Locoregional Therapies for Hepatobiliary Tumors: Contemporary Strategies and Novel Applications.

A large majority of primary hepatobiliary tumors are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), with the remainer being cholangiocarcinoma. While surgical resection remains the gold standard treatment for hepatobiliary tumors, relatively few patients are operative candidates, and systemic treatments have limited effectiveness. Locoregional therapies offer significant promise in the management of HCC. Ablation and radioembolization may offer similar outcomes to surgery for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma while radioembolization and chemoembolization are valuable in the management of advanced disease. There is significantly less evidence for the role of locoregional therapy in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, although it appears to be well tolerated.

Abstract 3063: Defining oncogene-specific metabolic vulnerabilities in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Despite the continued success of advanced cancer therapies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a substantial challenge to current treatment modalities that are not sufficiently effective for the management of advanced disease. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and many oncogenic signaling pathways impact on cellular metabolism. Here, we are investigating changes in metabolism in different oncogene-driven mouse models of liver cancer to identify selective metabolic vulnerabilities associated with HCC that could be implicated in tumor initiation and progression to be exploited for cancer therapy. Transposon-based vectors coding for different combinations of oncogenes, either Myc and Akt1Myr (CaMIA) or Myc and NrasG12V (CaMIN), were transduced by hydrodynamic tail vein injected into C57BL/6 mice. The resulting liver tumors and control livers were subjected to a comprehensive profiling of polar metabolites (metabolomics) and lipids (lipidomics and total fatty acids) as well as changes in gene expression (transcriptomics). Despite similar overall survival, the two models display marked differences in the presentation of the tumors, with CaMIA showing larger aggressive tumors, while CaMIN livers contain numerous small tumor nodules. Both models also showed evidence for the deregulation of intermediate metabolism, indicating activation of aerobic glycolysis and deregulation of glutamine metabolism. Lipidomic analysis revealed substantial lipidome remodeling in both models. Oncogene-specific alterations included elevated levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in CaMIN tumors, while CaMIA tumors displayed high levels of ether phospholipids compared to CaMIN and normal liver. Moreover, the fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was enhanced in lipids from CaMIN tumors, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were enriched in CaMIA tumors. Furthermore, tumors from both genotypes produced higher levels of oxylipins, a class of lipid mediators involved in signaling and inflammation, compared to normal liver. Transcriptome analysis confirmed these metabolic alterations and revealed evidence for enhanced inflammatory signaling in CaMIN. In addition, analysis of tumor microenvironment composition disclosed specific differences in stromal components, indicative of immune evasion through checkpoint activation. Experiments in primary murine liver cancer cell lines confirmed oncogene-specific metabolic rearrangements and suggest elevated sensitivity towards inhibitors of lipid remodeling. Future experiments will investigate the role of altered lipid metabolism in tumor development and immune evasion in liver cancer. Citation Format: Kamal Al-Shami, Marteinn Snaebjornsson, Felix Vogel, Lisa Schlicker, Phillip Pöller, Daniel Dauch, Almut Schulze. Defining oncogene-specific metabolic vulnerabilities in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3063.

Recent Advances in Endometrial Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment.

Endometrial cancer is the sixth commonest cancer in women worldwide, with over 417,000 diagnoses in 2020. The disease incidence has increased by 132% over the last 30 years and is set to continue to rise in response to an ageing population and increasing global rates of obesity and diabetes. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving endometrial carcinogenesis has led to the identification of potential strategies for primary disease prevention, although prospective evaluation of their efficacy within clinical trials is still awaited. The early diagnosis of endometrial cancer is associated with improved survival, but has historically relied on invasive endometrial sampling. New, minimally invasive tests using protein and DNA biomarkers and cytology have the potential to transform diagnostic pathways and to allow for the surveillance of high-risk populations. The molecular classification of endometrial cancers has been shown to not only have a prognostic impact, but also to have therapeutic value and is increasingly used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions. Advanced and recurrent disease management has also been revolutionised by increasing the use of debulking surgery and targeted treatments, particularly immunotherapy. This review summarises the recent advances in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial cancer and seeks to identify areas for future research.

Melanoma-the therapeutic considerations in the clinical practice.

The incidence of melanoma is increasing and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation remains the main risk factor. Public health measures have been vital in tackling the increased incidence and prevalence of melanoma. The management of melanoma has been revolutionised with the approval of new immunotherapy treatments (anti PD-1, CTLA-4 and LAG-3 antibodies) and targeted therapies (BRAF and MEK inhibitors). With some of these therapies becoming the standard of care in the management of advanced disease, it is likely we will see their use increase in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting. Recently, literature has demonstrated the benefits patients could derive from the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) due to the promising results on its efficacy when compared to monotherapy. However, greater clarity on its use is needed in more unique presentations such as BRAF-wild type melanoma, where the lack of driver mutations makes disease management more challenging. Surgical resection remains an integral part of the management of earlier stages of the disease with a consequent decrease in reliance on other forms of therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Finally, we evaluated the novel emerging experimental approaches to treatment such as adoptive T cell therapy, novel oncolytic treatments and cancer vaccines. We discussed how their use could improve patients' prognosis, enhance treatment efficacy, and potentially achieve cure.

Influence of cirrhosis on outcomes of patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma receiving chemotherapy.

Cirrhosis is a risk factor for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC). However, its exact prevalence is uncertain and its impact on the management of advanced disease is not established. Retrospective analysis of patients treated with systemic chemotherapy for advanced iCC in the 1st-line setting at 2 tertiary cancer referral centres. Cirrhosis was diagnosed based on at least one element prior to any treatment: pathological diagnosis, baseline platelets <150 × 109/L, portal hypertension and/or dysmorphic liver on imaging. In the cohort of patients (n = 287), 82 (28.6%) had cirrhosis (45 based on pathological diagnosis). Patients with cirrhosis experienced more grade 3/4 haematologic toxicity (44% vs 22%, respectively, P = 0.001), and more grade 3/4 non-haematologic toxicity (34% vs 14%, respectively, P = 0.001) than those without. The overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter in patients with cirrhosis: median 9.1 vs 13.1 months for those without (HR = 1.56 [95% CI: 1.19-2.05]); P = 0.002), confirmed on multivariable analysis (HR = 1.48 [95% CI: 1.04-2.60]; P = 0.028). Cirrhosis was relatively common in patients with advanced iCC and was associated with increased chemotherapy-induced toxicity and shorter OS. Formal assessment and consideration of cirrhosis in therapeutic management is recommended.

Palliative Treatment for the Management of Advanced Pelvic Hydatid Bone Disease.

Hydatid bone disease is a zoonotic parasitic infection that is caused primarily by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, and it continues to be a major public health concern in pastoral regions. The reconstruction of limb function after limb salvage surgery remains a challenge for clinicians. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of palliative treatment of the management of advanced pelvic hydatid bone disease. From March 2005 to December 2018, medical records and images of patients with advanced pelvic hydatid bone disease treated with surgery combined with antiparasitic chemotherapy were evaluated retrospectively. The Enneking classification was applied to determine the location of the lesion, and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score system was used for outcome evaluation. Fifteen patients who met the criteria were included in this study, with a mean follow-up of 4.40 ± 1.76 years. All patients received treatment with surgery combined with antiparasitic chemotherapy. The mean number of surgical interventions per patient for pelvic cystic echinococcosis was 5.3 (range, 2-9 interventions per patient). Recurrence of pelvic hydatid bone disease occurred in 5 patients and was managed successfully through repeated debridement procedures. Palliative treatment with limb salvage surgery was an effective and practical approach to the management of advanced pelvic hydatid bone disease. Standard antiparasitic chemotherapy, which included albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day administered in two daily doses for 3 to 6 months, was also considered an essential part of the overall treatment strategy.

Experiences of pain and pain management in advanced disease and serious illness for people from South Asian communities in Leeds and Bradford: a qualitative interview study

BackgroundPain is a significant problem for many people with advanced disease or a serious illness. Culture and ethnicity can affect the experience and management of pain. However, there is limited research in South Asian communities in the UK on their experiences of pain. The aim of this study is to explore the experiences and attitudes of patients and family carers from South Asian communities about pain and its management within advanced disease or serious illness.MethodsQualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology (Sundler et al. 2019). Qualitative semi-structured interviews with patients or family carers from South Asian communities (N = 15). Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using an inductive approach. Public and Patient Involvement representatives from British South Asian communities were consulted for guidance.ResultsThere were five key themes from the interviews: The importance of communication about pain with healthcare professionals; Concerns about taking pain medication; Personal resilience, privacy and self-management; Gender, culture and pain; Home pain management as struggle and frustration.ConclusionTo improve pain management for people from South Asian communities with advanced disease or a serious illness, there are a number of important issues for healthcare professionals from palliative and primary care services to address. These include: greater awareness around people’s fears and concerns about pain medication; their potential use of alternative pain management strategies; and cultural issues such as resilience, privacy, dignity and gender roles. Effective communication between doctors, patients and family members could be improved by using a ‘cultural humility’ model; providing clear and accessible pain medication information; understanding and taking account of people with both low, and medium levels, of English language proficiency; and improving patient trust. Additionally, improvements to out of hours services could improve pain management for all patients managing their pain at home.

DS22 Pregnancy-associated melanoma: a case series

Abstract There are currently no guidelines in the UK regarding the management of pregnancy-associated melanoma (PAM). It is estimated that one-third of women diagnosed with melanoma are of child-bearing age and numbers are rising (Still R, Brennecke S. Melanoma in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2017; 10:107–12). A recent survey of all dermatologists in our region revealed five cases of PAM. We await the results of a similar survey disseminated to all UK dermatologists. Case 1 was a 22-year-old woman of 16 weeks’ gestation who presented with a 6-week history of a changing mole on her face. Histology confirmed a nodular malignant melanoma [Breslow thickness (BT) 3.5 mm]. A healthy baby was born at full term. Case 2 was a 36-year-old nulliparous woman who presented with a changing lesion on her right calf. Histology confirmed a malignant melanoma (BT 3.6 mm). At the 2-week follow-up, she was 4 weeks pregnant. A healthy baby was born at 38 weeks. Case 3 was a 33-year-old nulliparous woman who had a superficial spreading malignant melanoma (BT 2 mm) excised from her left scapula. Twenty-three months after this diagnosis, pulmonary metastases were evident on computed tomography (CT). Three months later, she became pregnant. A healthy baby was born at term. Case 4 was a 30-year-old nulliparous woman who had a malignant melanoma (BT 3 mm) excised from her right scapula. A sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was negative, and staging CT showed no evidence of metastatic disease. She received a course of interferon treatment. Three years after initial presentation, at 24 weeks’ gestation, she developed a painful swelling on her right axilla that was confirmed to be metastatic melanoma. A healthy baby was born at 35 weeks. Case 5 was a 27-year-old woman who had a melanocytic lesion that was shave excised by her general practitioner. Subsequent excision confirmed superficial spreading malignant melanoma (BT 1.5 mm, stage 1B). At the time of wide local excision and SLNB 1 month later, the patient was 6/40 gestation. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was negative so no further staging scans were required. A healthy baby was born at term. There are conflicting data on whether PAM carries a poorer prognosis than equivalent disease in nonpregnant women. However, melanoma is one of several cancers that can metastasize to the placenta. Therefore, a diagnosis of PAM complicates decisions regarding staging and treatment (Carter TJ, George C, Harwood C, Nathan P. Melanoma in pregnancy: diagnosis and management in early-stage and advanced disease. Eur J Cancer 2022; 166:240–53).

#6375 HYPOPROTEIC DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH KETOANALOGUES VERSUS CONVENTIONAL DIET IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND SEVERE PROTEINURIA

Abstract Background and Aims Low-protein diets seem to have an important role in the management of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition, this type of nutritional regimen may defer kidney replacement therapy by improving metabolic abnormalities. However, low-protein diets (LPDs) may be more difficult to integrate in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), because of the already complex dietary intervention in these patients. This is a comparative study that aimed to assess the effects of a ketoanalogue-supplemented low-protein diet (sLPD) versus a conventional diet on the progression of CKD and proteinuria in patients with advanced DKD. Method Ninety-seven adult patients with DKD and heavy proteinuria (&amp;gt;3g/g creatininuria) who proved to be compliant to protein restriction in a 3-month run-in phase were enrolled to receive a LPD (0.6g mixed protein/kg-day) supplemented with ketoanalogues of essential amino acids (Ketosteril®, Bad Homburg, Germany, 1 tb/10 kg dry ideal body weight per day) for 12 months. Ninety-two patients completed the study (5 patients received preemptive kidney transplant). The control group was made up of seventy-four adult patients with DKD and heavy proteinuria who received a conventional diet for 12 months. Efficacy outcomes were variation of the estimated glomerular filtration (eGF) and variation of proteinuria. Results At baseline, patients from the sLPD group had a median age of 61 years (95% CI 58 to 67), were mostly male (66%) and predominantly on insulin (68%). Patients in the control group had a median age of 60 years (95% CI 56 to 61), 62% were male and, similarly, the majority were on insulin (62%). All patients had poorly controlled diabetes, with a glycated hemoglobin of 8.1% (95% CI 8.0 to 8.3) in the sLPD group and 8.2% (95% CI 7.9 to 8.6) in the conventional-diet group respectively (P = .84). Although the median eGF was different between groups: 24.78 mL/min (95% CI 20.00 to 30.00) in sLPD patients versus 12.61 mL/min (95% CI 11.70 to 13.11) in conventional diet patients (p&amp;lt;0.0001), proteinuria was similar at baseline: 5.26 g/g creatininuria (95% CI 4.98 to 5.22) in sLPD patients and 4.05 g/g creatininuria (95% CI 3.70 to 5.80) in control group patients (P = .44). After 12 months, the decline of eFG (mL/min/month) was four-times slower in the sLPD group versus the control group [0.11 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.14) versus 0.43 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.57), p&amp;lt;0.0001]. A twofold reduction in proteinuria (g/month) was observed in sLPD patients compared to conventional diet patients [0.29 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.32) versus 0.12 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.15), p&amp;lt;0.0001]. Conclusion Low-protein diets supplemented with ketoanalogues of essential amino acids seem to be more efficient in reducing kidney function decline and proteinuria than conventional diets.

Comprehensive conservative care for the management of advanced chronic kidney disease

Comprehensive “conservative care” is defined as any active therapeutic procedure for the management of stage 5 chronic kidney disease without recourse to dialysis. This therapeutic option is discussed in elderly, frail patients whose anticipated life expectancy is reduced with dialysis. The decision for conservative management primarily relies on an informed choice by the patient and his caregivers. This holistic approach, focused on quality of life, requires a multidisciplinary approach. The goals are to slow the progression of kidney disease, prevent complications, anticipate the risks of decompensation, provide support for the patient and his caregivers to maintain the best possible quality of life at home. This article describes the principles of conservative management, highlights various barriers to this care pathway, and proposes potential solutions.

Management of Advanced Thyroid Cancer: Overview, Advances, and Opportunities.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with almost one million people living with thyroid cancer in the United States. Although early-stage well-differentiated thyroid cancers account for the majority of thyroid cancers on diagnosis and have excellent survival rates, the incidence of advanced-stage disease has increased over the past few years and confers poorer prognosis. Until recently, patients with advanced thyroid cancer had limited therapeutic options. However, the landscape of thyroid cancer treatment has dramatically changed in the past decade with the current availability of several novel effective therapeutic options, leading to significant advances and improved patient outcomes in the management of advanced disease. In this review, we summarize the current status of advanced thyroid cancer treatment options and discuss recent advances made in targeted therapies that have proven promising to clinically benefit patients with advanced thyroid cancer.

Management of advanced HIV disease in Africa

Management of advanced HIV disease in Africa

Anthelmintic Drugs as Emerging Immune Modulators in Cancer.

Despite recent advances in treatment approaches, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Restoration of tumor immune surveillance represents a valid strategy to overcome the acquired resistance and cytotoxicity of conventional therapies in oncology and immunotherapeutic drugs, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunogenic cell death inducers, and has substantially progressed the treatment of several malignancies and improved the clinical management of advanced disease. Unfortunately, because of tumor-intrinsic and/or -extrinsic mechanisms for escaping immune surveillance, only a fraction of patients clinically respond to and benefit from cancer immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence derived from studies of drug repositioning, that is, the strategy to identify new uses for approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of the original medical indication, has suggested that some anthelmintic drugs, in addition to their antineoplastic effects, exert important immunomodulatory actions on specific subsets of immune cell and related pathways. In this review, we report and discuss current knowledge on the impact of anthelmintic drugs on host immunity and their potential implication in cancer immunotherapy.

Intraoperative microelectrode recording under general anesthesia guided subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: One institution's experience.

Microelectrode recording (MER) guided subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) under local anesthesia (LA) is widely applied in the management of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Whereas, awake DBS under LA is painful and burdensome for PD patients. We analyzed the influence of general anesthesia (GA) on intraoperative MER, to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of GA in MER guided STN-DBS. Retrospective analysis was performed on the PD patients, who underwent bilateral MER guided STN-DBS in Wuhan Union Hospital from July 2019 to December 2021. The patients were assigned to LA or GA group according to the anesthetic methods implemented. Multidimensional parameters, including MER signals, electrode implantation accuracy, clinical outcome and adverse events, were analyzed. A total of 40 PD patients were enrolled in this study, including 18 in LA group and 22 in GA group. There were no statistically significant differences in patient demographics and baseline characteristics between two groups. Although, the parameters of MER signal, including frequency, inter-spike interval (ISI) and amplitude, were obviously interfered under GA, the waveforms of MER signals were recognizable and shared similar characteristics with LA group. Both LA and GA could achieve effective electrode implantation accuracy and clinical outcome. They also shared similar adverse events postoperatively. GA is viable and comparable to LA in MER guided STN-DBS for PD, regarding electrode implantation accuracy, clinical outcome and adverse events. Notably, GA is more friendly and acceptable to the patients who are incapable of enduring intraoperative MER under LA.

National Consensus for Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Panama, 2022

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the main primary neoplasm of the liver and its incidence is expected to increase in the next years. HCC is frequently associated with chronic liver disease secondary to hepatitis B or C infections, as well to alcohol abuse, fatty liver and metabolic syndrome. Multidisciplinary and individualized management has been shown to improve clinical outcome; nevertheless, in Panama and others Latin-American countries, there is no clear consensus for the management of this disease. Methodology Using Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II (AGREE II) methodology and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria, we developed a multidisciplinary consensus for the management of hepatocarcinoma patients in Panama. Results This document synthesizes the current evidence on risk factors in conjunction with recommendations on the management of early, advanced and terminal disease. All healthcare personnel involved in the approach and treatment of hepatocarcinoma in Panama can find utility and applicability in their daily practice. Conclusion Here, we present the first National Consensus for the Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Panama