Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Research Articles

Management of Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: Delphi-Based Consensus Recommendations

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder related to the increased destruction and/or impaired production of platelets. Its diagnosis and management are challenging and require expertise and the interpretation of international consensus reports and guidelines with national variations in availability. We aimed to assess the agreement of hematologists in Türkiye on certain aspects of both first-line and second-line management of patients with pITP. Applying a modified Delphi method, the Turkish National ITP Working Group (14 steering committee members), founded under the auspices of the Turkish Society of Hematology, developed a 21-item questionnaire consisting of statements regarding the first-line and second-line treatment of pITP. A total of 107 adult hematologists working in either university or state hospitals voted for their agreement or disagreement with the statements in two consecutive rounds. The participants reached consensus on the use of corticosteroids as first-line treatment and with limited duration. Methylprednisolone was the corticosteroid of choice rather than dexamethasone. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin was not preferred for patients without bleeding. It was also agreed that thrombopoietin receptor antagonists (TPO-RAs) or rituximab should be recommended as second-line treatment and that splenectomy could be considered 12-24 months after diagnosis in patients with chronic pITP. The optimization of the dose and duration of TPO-RAs in addition to corticosteroids is necessary to improve the management of patients with pITP.

Efficacy and safety of eltrombopag in the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia: real-world data from a single medical center

Objective: This study aimed at investigating the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag in the treatment of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and evaluated the factors influencing its efficacy and side effects. Methods: A total of 198 patients with adult ITP who were admitted to Tianjin Medical University General Hospital between January 2018 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The efficacy of each starting dose of eltrombopag was evaluated, and adverse events were analyzed. The factors influencing efficacy were investigated, including sex, age, adult ITP type, platelet antibodies, and combined drug treatments. Results: Of the 198 patients, 70 males and 128 females with a median age of 45 years (18-88 years) were included; 130 (65.7%) had newly diagnosed adult ITP, 25 (12.6%) had persistent adult ITP, and 43 (21.7%) had chronic adult ITP. The bleeding event scores at baseline were assessed; 84.3% had scores of<4 and 15.7% had scores of ≥4. The eltrombopag response rate (initial response) at 6 weeks was 78.8% (complete response [CR]: 49.0%; CR1: 14.6%; CR2: 15.2%). The median response time to eltrombopag was 7 (7, 14) days. The initial response rates to 25, 50, and 75 mg eltrombopag were 74.1%, 85.9%, and 60.0%, respectively (P=0.031). The initial response rate to the 50 mg dose was significantly higher than that of the 25-mg and 75-mg doses. Two patients received 100 mg as the starting dose, and their initial response was 0. Regarding dose adjustment, 70.7% of the patients remained on the starting dose, 8.6% underwent dose adjustment to 50 mg, and 6.1% underwent dose adjustment to 75 mg. Another two patients underwent dose adjustment to 100 mg. After dose adjustment, the persistent response rates were 83.6%, 85.3%, and 85.7% for the 25-, 50-, and 75-mg doses, respectively, with no significant difference. After dose adjustment, the sustained efficacy rate for the 100-mg dose (4 patients) was 100.0%. After 6 weeks of treatment with eltrombopag, the overall bleeding score of patients with ITP decreased. The number of patients with a score of ≥4 decreased to 0, the number of patients with a score of<4 decreased, and there was no significant change in the number of patients with a score of 1-2. The most common adverse event associated with eltrombopag was impaired liver function (7.7%). No thrombosis events or other adverse events were observed. ITP type and number of megakaryocytes significantly affected the initial response to eltrombopag. The initial response rates to eltrombopag for newly diagnosed adult ITP, persistent adult ITP, and chronic adult ITP were 85.3%, 56.0%, and 76.2%, respectively (P=0.003). For megakaryocytes, the initial response rates were 61.8%, 87.1%, and 84.3% (P=0.009) for the decreased, normal, and increased megakaryocyte groups, respectively. Conclusion: Eltrombopag, as a second-line or higher treatment for adult ITP, has a rapid onset of action and good safety. The initial response rate is significantly higher with a dose of 50 mg than with a dose of 25 mg. Patients with newly diagnosed ITP and those with normal or increased megakaryocyte numbers have a higher initial response rate to eltrombopag.

The problem of immune thrombocytopenia refractory to both eltrombopag and romiplostim.

Immune thrombocytopenia refractory to multiple thrombopoietin receptor agonists remains a challenging clinical problem. This commentary discusses and contextualizes the recent report on this entity from Moulis and colleagues, and how to move forward with these patients. Commentary on: Moulis etal. Difficult-to-treat primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults: Prevalence and burden. Results from the CARMEN-France Registry. Br J Haematol 2024;204:1476-1482.

Prednisone vs high-dose dexamethasone in newly diagnosed adult primary immune thrombocytopenia: a randomized trial

AbstractA debate exists regarding which type of corticosteroids (standard-dose prednisone [PDN] or high-dose dexamethasone [HD-DXM]) is the best first-line treatment for adult patients with newly diagnosed untreated primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP). An ad hoc study compared PDN with HD-DXM in newly diagnosed untreated patients with pITP (aged ≥18 but ≤80 years, platelet count of ≤20 or >20 but <50 × 109/L, and bleeding score of ≥8). Patients were randomised to receive PDN 1 mg/kg per day from days 0 to 28 (Arm A) or HD-DXM 40 mg per day for 4 days, every 14 days, for 3 consecutive courses (Arm B). Fifty-nine of 113 patients (52.2%) were randomized to Arm A and 54 of 113 (47.8%) to Arm B. In evaluable patients, total initial responses (complete response [CR], partial response [PR], minimal response [MR]) were 44 of 56 (78.57%) in Arm A and 46 of 49 (93.88%) in Arm B at days 42 and 46, respectively (P = 0.0284). Total final responses (at day 180 from initial response) were 26 of 43 (60.47%) in Arm A and 23 of 39 (58.97%) in Arm B (P = 0.8907). Total persistent responses (at 12 months from initial response) were 25 of 31 (80.65%) in Arm A and 20 of 36 (55.56%) in Arm B (P = 0.0292). Seven relapses occurred. Median follow-up was 44.4 months. Overall survival was 100% at 48 months, overall disease-free survival was 81.11% at 48 months from day 180. PDN and pulsed HD-DXM were well tolerated; HD-DXM allows effective initial responses but less long lasting than PDN. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00657410.

Reference guide for the diagnosis of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia, 2023 edition

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia due to accelerated platelet destruction and impaired platelet production. Diagnosis of ITP is still challenging because ITP has been diagnosed by exclusion. Exclusion of thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure is especially important in Japan because of high prevalence of aplastic anemia compared to Western countries. Hence, we propose a new diagnostic criteria involving the measurement of plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) levels and percentage of immature platelet fraction (RP% or IPF%); 1) isolated thrombocytopenia with no morphological evidence of dysplasia in any blood cell type in a blood smear, 2) normal or slightly increased plasma TPO level (< cutoff), 3) elevated RP% or IPF% (> upper limit of normal), and 4) absence of other conditions that potentially cause thrombocytopenia including secondary ITP. A diagnosis of ITP is made if conditions 1-4 are all met. Cases in which criterion 2 or 3 is not met or unavailable are defined as “possible ITP,” and diagnosis of ITP can be made mainly by typical clinical course. These new criteria enable us to clearly differentiate ITP from aplastic anemia and other forms of hypoplastic thrombocytopenia and can be highly useful in clinical practice for avoiding unnecessary bone marrow examination as well as for appropriate selection of treatments.

Cost-per-responder analysis for eltrombopag and rituximab in the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia in Spain

ObjectiveSplenectomy, thrombopoietin receptor agonists and rituximab are the second-line treatments for steroid-resistant adult primary immune thrombocytopenia. The last two are becoming the most widely used treatments to avoid splenectomy adverse effects and inconveniences. However, the choice between rituximab and thrombopoietin receptor agonists is unclear. Therefore, the treatment cost may be of particular interest to prioritize the therapy option. Our aim is to determine the cost per responding-patient after 6 months of use of rituximab compared to thrombopoietin receptor agonists eltrombopag in the treatment of chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia in the Spanish National Health Service. MethodA 26-week decision tree model was developed to assess the cost of treatment response of adult patients with chronic-refractory primary immune thrombocytopenia to eltrombopag and rituximab from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System. Effectiveness was obtained from the literature, and cost was obtained from the official rates. Costs were expressed in € (2018). Due to the short period of assessment, no discount rate was applied. ResultsThe average cost per patient after 6 months of treatment was slightly higher for eltrombopag (€13,089.40) than for rituximab (€11,852.60). However, the greater response rate of eltrombopag decreases the bleeding costs, resulting in a 29% higher cost per responding-patient with rituximab (€18,964.15) than for eltrombopag (€14,732.65). This result is consistent with the results of the 15 sensitivity analyses carried out where eltrombopag always represents a lower cost per responding patient, except in the sensitivity analysis in which treatment with eltrombopag is performed at its maximum dose (75mg). Only in this case, the cost per responder of eltrombopag is €48 more expensive than that of rituximab. Likewise, the greatest difference in favor of eltrombopag occurs in the scenario that uses the minimum dose of this drug —25mg— (eltrombopag €7,622.14 compared to €18,964.15 for rituximab). Thus, the cost per responding patient is lower in eltrombopag even if a second cycle of retreatment with rituximab is not performed (€14,732.65 versus €15,298.61). ConclusionsThe treatment cost of rituximab, including monitoring and bleeding costs, is higher than eltrombopag, favoring the latter over rituximab treatment.

Pretreatment Absolute Immature Platelet Count is a Promising Predictor of Response to Short-Term Dexamethasone Monotherapy or Combination Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia.

Reliable indicators that can predict drug responsiveness in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients are urgent. We aimed to establish a reference interval of percentage of immature platelet fraction (IPF%) and absolute immature platelet count (A-IPC), and assess their efficacy in discriminating ITP patients from controls, especially their predictive value for responsiveness to drug treatment. We retrospectively studied 72 treatment-naive adult patients with ITP who received Dexamethasone monotherapy or combination therapy. Baseline (pretreatment) information was collected from medical records. Reference intervals for A-IPC and IPF% were established based on controls and their effectiveness in discriminating ITP patients from controls was assessed. Predictive value of pretreatment IPF% and A-IPC at four co-primary endpoints of treatment response in patients were investigated. The 95% reference intervals for A-IPC and IPF% were (2.7-15.6) × 109/L and 1.2%-7.3%, respectively. Both A-IPC and IPF% had excellentdiscrimination ability for ITP patients from controls. It showed highly statistically significantdifferences in pretreatment A-IPC for predicting treatment response at day 7 between responders and non-responders, but not at days 14, 21 and 28. Pretreatment A-IPC had the higher area under the ROC curve with a cut-off of 0.86 than that of IPF% with a cut-off of 14.5% in predicting the treatment response in ITP patients at day 7. Pretreatment A-IPC exhibited acceptable predictive power and could be a promising predictor of response to short-term Dexamethasone monotherapy or combination therapy at day 7 in ITP patients.

Avatrombopag for adult chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia: a randomized phase 3 trial in China

BackgroundImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder with decreased platelet counts and increased bleeding risk. ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of avatrombopag, a second-generation oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, for the treatment of Chinese patients with chronic primary ITP. MethodsThis multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study (CTR20210431) consisted of a 6-week double-blind core treatment phase followed by a 20-week, open-label extension phase. Chinese adults with chronic primary ITP for at least 12 months and a platelet count <30 × 109/L were randomized (2:1) to receive avatrombopag (initial dose of 20 mg/day) or matched placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects with a platelet count ≥50 × 109/L at week 6 of the core treatment phase in absence of rescue therapy. ResultsIn total, 74 patients were randomized (avatrombopag: N = 48; placebo: N = 26) between March 5, 2021, and August 6, 2021; all of whom entered the extension phase (72 received avatrombopag up to 26 weeks). At week 6 of the core study, the platelet response (≥50 x 109/L) rate was significantly higher in the avatrombopag group (77.1%; 95% CI, 62.7, 88.0) vs placebo (7.7%; 95% CI, 1.0, 25.1); the treatment difference was 69.4% (95% CI, 56.2, 86.3; P < .0001). During the 6-week core study, treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 41 (85.4%) and 20 (76.9%) patients in the avatrombopag and placebo groups, respectively. The most common avatrombopag-related treatment-emergent adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection (14/48 [29.2%]), increased platelet count (13/48 [27.1%]) and headache (7/48 [14.6%]). ConclusionAvatrombopag was efficacious and generally well tolerated in Chinese patients with chronic primary ITP, with comparable efficacy and safety to previous reports in Western patients.

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of CD4+ T lymphocytes identifies differentially methylated loci associated with adult primary refractory immune thrombocytopenia

BackgroundDNA methylation played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). However, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis has not been applied thus far. The present study aimed to provide the first DNA methylation profiling for ITP.MethodsPeripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes samples were collected from 4 primary refractory ITP cases and 4 age-matched healthy controls, and DNA methylome profiling was performed using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Differentially methylated CpG sites were further validated in another independent cohort of 10 ITP patients and 10 healthy controls using qRT-PCR.ResultsThe DNA methylome profiling identified a total of 260 differentially methylated CpG sites mapping to 72 hypermethylated and 64 hypomethylated genes. These genes were mainly enriched in the actin nucleation of the Arp2/3 complex, vesicle transport, histone H3-K36 demethylation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and Notch signaling pathway according to the GO and KEGG databases. The mRNA expression of CASP9, C1orf109, and AMD1 were significantly different.ConclusionsGiven the altered DNA methylation profiling of ITP, our study provides new insights into its genetic mechanism and suggests candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of ITP.

Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: Our Personal View.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired blood disorder that causes a reduction in circulating platelets with the potential for bleeding. The incidence of ITP is slightly higher in adults and affects more women than men until 60 years, when males are more affected. Despite advances in basic science, primary ITP remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical behavior and response to treatment. This reflects the complex underlying pathophysiology, which remains ill-understood. Platelet destruction plays a role in thrombocytopenia, but underproduction is also a major contributing factor. Active ITP is a proinflammatory autoimmune disease involving abnormalities within the T and B regulatory cell compartments, along with several other immunological abnormalities. Over the last several years, there has been a shift from using immunosuppressive therapies for ITP towards approved treatments, such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has hastened this management shift, with thrombopoietin receptor agonists becoming the predominant second-line treatment. A greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms has led to the development of several targeted therapies, some of which have been approved, with others still undergoing clinical development. Here we outline our view of the disease, including our opinion about the major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We also discuss our management of adult ITP and our placement of the various available therapies.

Identification factors to adjust early combination regimens in adult primary immune thrombocytopenia: An 8-year data analysis

PurposeRecent studies suggested that adding other agents to corticosteroids as a first-line treatment for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) could improve outcomes. However, combination regimens may increase side effects and costs. To determine clinical factors associated with responses to the first-line steroid at 1 month.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with ITP aged ≥ 18 years, who were treated at Rajavithi Hospital between 2012 and 2020. Clinical data, laboratory results, treatment regimens, and responses to therapy were analyzed.ResultsOf the 226 patients, 76.6% were female. The mean age was 46.5 ± 18.1 years, and the median follow-up duration was 40 months. The proportion of chronic ITP was 97.3%. The complete response and response rates to first-line therapy were 65.5% and 88.9%, respectively. The age over 26 years, presentation clinically non-significant bleeding and a difference in platelet count of &amp;gt;50 x 109/L between days 1 and 7 after initial treatment were associated with the response to first-line treatment (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-17.28, p = 0.009); OR 5.87, 95%CI 1.19-28.91, p = 0.029, and OR 3.60, 95%CI 1.10-11.73, p = 0.034, respectively. Younger patients and a difference in platelet count between day 1 and 7 ≤ 50 x 109/L were more likely to require second-line treatments. There were significant increases in the median platelet counts after prescribing azathioprine (baseline vs. 3 months, p = 0.001), cyclophosphamide (baseline vs. 6 months, p = 0.021), or danazol (baseline vs. 12 months, p = 0.039).ConclusionAdult, severity of bleeding at presentation, and rapid platelet increases within 1 week were related to excellent corticosteroid responses in ITP patients. These patients may not need combination regimens.

Plasma long noncoding RNAs lncDC and THRIL as potential diagnostic markers of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common acquired hemorrhagic disease without "gold standard" for the diagnosis, long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) can participate in regulating gene expression through various mechanisms and may play a role in immune intolerance in ITP. Several previous studies have confirmed that lncRNA lncDC and THRIL are involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. This study investigates the relationship between expression levels of two plasma lncRNAs (lncDC and THRIL) and clinical characteristics of adult primary ITP patients, ascertain their potential applications as diagnostic markers of ITP. We recruited 102 subjects, including 41 ITP patients, 41 healthy controls (HCs) and 20 patients under myelosuppression phase after chemotherapy (MS). qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of two lncRNAs in the peripheral blood plasma of the three groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to test the diagnostic efficacy of lncDC and THRIL in ITP. The expression level of lncDC was downregulated in ITP patients compared with HCs (p=. 012) and MS (p=.035), whereas THRIL was significantly upregulated (p=.0005, p < . 0001). We further revealed that lncDC has a high sensitivity (78. 05%), while THRIL has a high specificity (97. 56%). The area under the curve (AUC) (0.869, 95% CI: 0.795-0.943, p < .0001) of the ROC curve for this combination increased significantly. THRIL and lncDC expression levels were changed in adult ITP patients. The lncRNAs lncDC and THRIL can serve as potential diagnostic markers for adult primary ITP.

Efficacy and safety of treatments in newly diagnosed adult primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease characterised by decreased platelet count. In recent years, novel therapeutic regimens have been investigated in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different treatments in newly diagnosed adult primary immune thrombocytopenia. We did a systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs involving treatments for newly diagnosed primary immune thrombocytopenia. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched up to April 31, 2022. The primary outcomes were 6-month sustained response and early response. Secondary outcome was grade 3 or higher adverse events. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022296179). Eighteen RCTs (n=1944) were included in this study. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that the percentage of patients achieving early response was higher in the dexamethasone-containing doublet group than in the dexamethasone group (79.7% vs 68.7%, odds ratio [OR] 1.82, 95% CI 1.10-3.02). The difference was more profound for sustained response (60.5% vs 37.4%, OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.95-3.40). Network meta-analysis showed that dexamethasone plus recombinant human thrombopoietin ranked first for early response, followed by dexamethasone plus oseltamivir or tacrolimus. Rituximab plus prednisolone achieved highest sustained response, followed by dexamethasone plus all-trans retinoic acid or rituximab. Rituximab plus dexamethasone showed 15.3% of grade 3 or higher adverse events, followed by prednis(ol)one (4.8%) and all-trans retinoic acid plus dexamethasone (4.7%). Our findings suggested that compared with monotherapy dexamethasone or prednis(ol)one, the combined regimens had better early and sustained responses. rhTPO plus dexamethasone ranked top in early response, while rituximab plus corticosteroids obtained the best sustained response, but with more adverse events. Adding oseltamivir, all-trans retinoic acid or tacrolimus to dexamethasone reached equally encouraging sustained response, without compromising safety profile. Although this network meta-analysis compared all the therapeutic regimens up to date, more head-to-head RCTs with larger sample size are warranted to make direct comparison among these strategies. National Natural Science Foundation of China, Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation and Young Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province.

Predictive Factors of Relapse for Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Adults: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Background: Predicting relapse after achieving response for adult immune thrombocytopenia(ITP) is an unsolved problem. Our study aimed to identify robust and simple pre-treatment clinical factors that can predict relapse in adult patients with ITP. Methods: We censored all medical records of adult patients with primary newly diagnosed ITP hospitalized in our center from 2011 to 2021. Treatments were administered as clinically indicated.Clinical follow-up data were obtained from telephone interviews and electronic medical records. Only patients who achieved response were included in the study. Relapse referred to the first relapse event after achieving response. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute). Univariate Cox and Multi-adjusted Cox regression with stepwise selection were performed to identify risk factors associated with relapse. Results: A total of 281 patients were enrolled in our cohort study. During hospitalization, 254 (90.4%) received first-line therapy (glucocorticoid, intravenous immunoglobulin), 121 (43.1%) received second-line therapy (rituximab, thrombopoietic drugs). Patients were followed up for a median period of 61(9-162) months. There were 145 (54.3%) achieved sustained response for at least one year and 63 (43.8%) for at least five year. During the follow-up period, 145 (51.6%) developed a relapse event, of whom the median time between response to relapse was 1.16(0.03-96) months. The median follow-up time for relapse-free patients at the end of the analysis was 57(10-136) months. Multivariate analysis revealed that drinking (hazard ratio [HR], 2.027, 95%CI, 1.316-3.121), insidious onset (HR, 1.966, 95%CI, 1.315-2.939), lower platelets count before treatment (HR, 1.041, 95%CI, 1.012-1.071), ALT＞35U/L (HR, 1.803, 95%CI, 1.197-2.716) and CD3+CD8+T cell/lymphocyte＞39% (HR, 1.919, 95%CI, 1.144-3.218) were independently associated with relapse. Conclusion: Adult ITP patients have a low sustained response rate and high relapse rate. In this study, we found that drinking, insidious onset, lower platelets count before treatment, ALT＞35U/L and CD3+CD8+T cell/lymphocyte＞39% were independent predictors for ITP relapse. Next, we will apply these metrics to build a relapse prediction model, which allows clinicians to estimate individual relapse risk as well as sheds new light on ITP treatment. Keywords: immune thrombocytopenia, relapse, predictive factors Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Multirefractory Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Adults: Prevalence and Burden. Results from the Carmen-France Registry

Introduction: Multirefractory primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare but challenging disease. There is no standard definition of multirefractory ITP, however it is usually defined by the need of several lines of treatments, including thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). However, the prevalence of multirefractory patients is not known. Data about the clinical burden of these patients are scarce and stem from historical retrospective series. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of multirefractory ITP among adults with primary ITP and the burden of these patients in terms of bleeding, infection, thrombosis and hospital contact. Methods: The data source was the CARMEN-France registry. The CARMEN (Cytopénies Auto-immunes : Registre Midi-PyréneEN) registry is aimed at the prospective, real-world follow-up of all incident ITP adults in the French Midi-Pyrénées region (South-West of France, 3 million inhabitants) since June 2013, and has been implemented in other centers of the French Autoimmune cytopenia referral center network since 2016, taking the name of CARMEN-France. Inclusion criteria are adult patients (aged ≥18 years) newly diagnosed with ITP (platelet count <100 x 109/L and exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia). The study population was selected in the CARMEN-France registry up to December 2021. Two definitions of multirefractory ITP were used: the need of ITP treatment after exposure to both TPO-RAs marketed in France, eltrombopag and romiplostim (definition 1) and the need of ITP treatment after exposure to eltrombopag, romiplostim and rituximab (definition 2). We assessed the prevalence of multirefractory ITP among all adult patients with primary ITP included in the registry, and the frequency of bleeding, infection, venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and hospital contact due to ITP during the follow-up. Results: Out of 1080 adult patients with incident primary ITP included in the registry during the study period, 845 (78.2%) were treated for ITP, and 448 (41.5%) with a second-line treatment. Multirefractory ITP accounted for 32 (3.0%) patients according to definition 1, and for 24 (2.2%) patients according to definition 2. At ITP diagnosis, median age was 62.5 years (min-max: 25-90) and 66.5 years (min-max: 30-90) respectively; 18 (56.3%) and 12 (50.0%) were men; the median platelet count at ITP diagnosis was 6.0 x 109/L and 6.5 x 109/L; 29 (90.6%) and 21 (87.5%) had bleeding at ITP diagnosis, respectively. With a median follow-up of 30.3 months (min-max: 3.2-93.1), all patients with multirefractory primary ITP according to definition 1 had experienced bleeding, 8 (25.0%) an infection, 3 (9.4%) a venous thrombosis and 1 (3.1%) an arterial thrombosis. The median number of hospital stays for ITP was 6.5 (min-max: 1-17), the median number of outpatient hospital contacts was 9 (min-max: 3-30) with a median cumulative duration of hospital stays for ITP of 32 days (min-max: 6-142). With a median follow-up of 30.3 months (min-max: 6.4-93.1), all patients with multirefractory primary ITP according to definition 2 had experienced bleeding, 7 (29.2%) an infection, 2 (8.3%) a venous thrombosis and 1 (4.2%) an arterial thrombosis. The median number of hospital stays for ITP was 7 (min-max: 2-17), the median number of outpatient hospital contacts was 10 (min-max: 4-30) with a median cumulative duration of hospital stays for ITP of 32 days (min-max: 10-142). Conclusion: The prevalence of multirefractory ITP among adult patients with primary ITP is low (<5%) despite dynamic inclusions in the registry that may result in a slight underestimation of cases due to a short follow-up in some patients. However, this population has a heavy clinical burden.

Incidence of adult primary immune thrombocytopenia in England-An update.

Adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare bleeding disorder of unknown cause. Recent estimates of its incidence and trend over time were acquired for England. The primary ITP population (using ICD 10 code D693 and excluding secondary ITP cases; positive predictive value: 82.6%) was sourced from NHS Digital inpatient and outpatient. Incidence rate (IR) for England and by age groups, sex, and regions were calculated and trends were assessed using average annual percent change (AAPC). A total of 25 805 patients (mean age 59 years; females 57.8%) diagnosed between 2003 and 2014 was identified. IRs increased from 4.2/100 000 to 6.4/100 000 over this period (AAPC:4.3%). For all sex-specific age groups, the IRs significantly increased over time, except 18-29 years males. The greatest increase was among females aged 30-39 (AAPC:8.7%). In contrast, among ≥70 years, ITP was more common in males (highest IR among ≥80 years males: 23.9/100 000). England's average annual IR was 6.1/100 000 for 2010-14. An estimated 2.5/100 000 (based on UKITP Registry data) was estimated to require 1st line treatment whereas 2.4/100 000 would have 1st and 2nd line treatments within 6months from diagnosis. IRs for London and East Midlands were the highest (6.5/100 000). This study found a rising incidence of primary ITP, with sharp increases among young women and elderly men. These findings put in context the impact of ITP on patients' lives and the healthcare services in England, especially with 17%-50% who may develop chronic ITP and require long-term care.

The Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia by Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin Combined with Glucocorticoid

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) combined with glucocorticoid in treatment of newly diagnosed adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Eleven male and 23 female patients with the diagnosis of primary ITP in our hospital from November 2018 to October 2019 were enrolled and randomly divided into test group (17 cases) and control group (17 cases), the median age was 52 years old (range: 20-76 years old). The patients in test group were treated with rhTPO 300 IU/(kg·d) combined with glucocorticoid , while the patients in control group were treated with rhTPO (15 000 IU/d) combined with glucocorticoid. Platelet count, platelet increase, as well as the overall response rate were compared. At the same time, the drug tolerance and any adverse drug reactions were observed. The platelet counts and platelet increase of the patients in the test group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in platelet counts and platelet increase between the patients in the test group and control group at day 3, 7 after treatment. There was no significant difference in overall response rates and complete response rates at day 7, 14 between the two groups either. In test group, there were 13 cases received platelet transfusion, while 12 cases in control group. The muscle aches occurred in one patient, and mild aminotransferase increased in another patient in test group which was self-recovery without treatment. RhTPO 300 U/(kg·d) combined with glucocorticoid could rapidly increase the platelet count with a low incidence of tolerable adverse events compared with conventional dose rhTPO with glucocorticoid.

Adapted guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia for Chinese children (2021)

Adapted guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia for Chinese children (2021)

Primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults - disease considerations

Introduction. Primary immune thrombocytopenia is a chronic acquired autoimmune disorder that is characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia (&lt;100 x109/L) and the absence of any underlying cause. Treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia. While splenectomy has a curable potential, it carries long-term risk of infection and thromboembolic complications. Therefore, the use of splenectomy has declined with the advent of rituximab and agonists of thrombopoietin receptors. The efficacy of rituximab is good for the short-term outcome, and the majority of patients will relapse. On the other hand, agonists of thrombopoietin receptors induce remission in only 10-30% of patients after treatment discontinuation, and long-term treatment is often required. Health - related quality of life. Immune thrombocytopenia and its treatments may affect the entire spectrum of patients? lives, encompassing daily activities, emotional health, energy level, fatigue, and work productivity. Primary immune thrombocytopenia World Impact Survey was conducted to discern how immune thrombocytopenia and associated treatments affect patient lives. Concerns about unstable platelet count, low energy levels, inability to exercise, and reduced participation in hobbies and work had the greatest negative impact. While most patients reported ?good health?, nonetheless half of patients reported a negative impact on their emotional well-being that worsened with increasing burden of disease and was often substantial. Conclusion. Although several important improvements have been made in immune thrombocytopenia treatment algorithms, there is still room for improvement. One of the possible options could be early, intensive treatment of immune thrombocytopenia, which might reduce the risk of disease progression and consequently improve patients? quality of life.

Efficacy and Safety of Treatments in Newly Diagnosed Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Efficacy and Safety of Treatments in Newly Diagnosed Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis