Adult Pig Kidney Research Articles

Multiplication of HVT FC-126 (Herpesvirus turkey) virus in the kidney cell lines of no avian origin

The presented experiments were aimed to cultivate and multiplicate HVT FC-126 in the PLA (Adult pig kidney) and GL-4 (Gerbil kidney) cell lines. Two different HVT FC-126 vaccine strains were used: Marikal SPF (Veterina d.o.o., Croatia) and Lyomarex (Merial, USA). They were adapted to the PLA and GL-4 cell lines. After adaptation, they were titrated on PLA (TCID50 24.23) and GL-4 (TCID50 24.96). On both cell lines they show similar CPE (cytophatic effect). The difference between them was detected using Real Time PCR, which was also positive by agarose gel analysis for the virus contained in Lyomarex, but not in the Marikal SPF. It can be concluded that both cell lines are sensitive to HVT FC-126 and the virus can be multiplied in high titers though much lower than in the calf intestinal epithelial cell line (CIEB) cells (TCID50 27.93).

Analysis of the Biomechanical Response of Kidneys Under Blunt Impact

Objective. This study addresses the biomechanical response of isolated kidneys to traumatic insult. Methods. Kidneys were subjected to blunt impact by using a freely swinging right cylindrical pendulum. Force-deformation characteristics were derived for 65 impacted adult pig kidneys. Renal injuries were classified by autopsy, and an injury risk analysis was performed. In addition a finite element model that simulated the experiments was implemented. Results/Conclusions. The kidneys showed a viscoelastic response. An energy-based injury threshold was identified, with a strain energy density of 21 kJ/m3 corresponding to a 50-percent risk of renal injury level AIS3 or higher. Finally, the impact tests were simulated using a finite element model of the kidney to investigate relevant injury mechanisms. The model predicted the renal capsule and underlying parenchyma to first fail at an impact energy level of 4.0 J, consistent with experimental results.

Kidney Injury: An Experimental Investigation of Blunt Renal Trauma

The abdomen ranks third with regard to injured body regions, and urogenital trauma accounts for up to 10% of all abdominal injuries. Predictive numerical models are evolving as important tools for the development of preventative measures and preliminary clinical diagnostics. Such models require accurate biomechanical input data that at present is not sufficiently available. The purpose of the present study was to determine the biomechanical response of whole, perfused porcine kidneys to blunt impact. Specifically of interest were the force-displacement characteristics of the organs, as well as the injury thresholds. Thirty nine young, adult pig kidneys (kidney mass 0.17 +/- 0.02 kg) were infused with physiologic saline solution, and impacted on their dorsal surface by a freely swinging right cylindrical pendulum. Two impact masses (2.1 and 4.7 kg) were used at varying impact velocities and corresponding impact energies. Resulting injuries were graded according to the AAST injury scale, and injury was related to impact mass, impact velocity, and impact energy. It was determined that injury was best predicted by impact energy, and that for a given impact energy the resulting injury severity was relatively independent of either impact mass or impact velocity. For a moderate to severe injury, an impact energy threshold of 4 J, or a corresponding strain energy density of 25 kJ/m, was established. This information is essential to the development and implementation of accurate, predictive computational trauma models.

REDUCED NUMBER OF GLOMERULI IN KIDNEYS WITH NEONATALLY INDUCED PARTIAL URETEROPELVIC OBSTRUCTION IN PIGS

We quantify the structural components of the nephron in adult pig kidneys with neonatally induced unilateral hydronephrosis in comparison with nonobstructed kidneys. The study included 11 pigs with unilateral partial ureteropelvic obstruction induced 2 days after birth and 8 sham operated control pigs. Obstructed kidney glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced at age 4 weeks but did not differ from control kidneys after 24 weeks. At age 24 weeks the kidneys were perfusion fixed, and the number and volume of glomeruli and tubular lengths were measured using stereological methods. Mean obstructed kidney volume did not differ from that of control kidneys. Mean number plus or minus standard deviation of glomeruli in the obstructed kidneys was reduced by 28% compared to that of control kidneys (502 +/- 163 x 103 versus 697 +/- 161 x 103, p = 0.02), whereas no difference in mean glomerular volume was observed. Mean length of the proximal or distal tubules did not differ between obstructed and control kidneys. Mean number or volume of glomeruli in nonobstructed kidneys contralateral to obstructed kidneys did not differ from that of control kidneys. The individual number of glomeruli in the obstructed kidneys was not associated with function of these kidneys. Neonatally induced unilateral partial ureteropelvic obstruction causes impaired nephrogenesis with a significant reduction in the number of nephrons, which is not reflected in measurements of kidney function in this model. The reduction in the number of glomeruli suggests that congenital unilateral obstruction impairs nephrogenesis.

Cytocidal effect of interferons on porcine renal cells.

Treatment of low-passaged pig kidney cell cultures with interferon (IFN) at greater than or equal to 80 times the limit antiviral dose resulted in death of the whole sheet within 15-30 h. This cytocidal effect was specific for both IFN and target cells. It was induced by type I IFNs from three mammalian species (human, bovine, and porcine), including electrophoretically pure HuIFN-alpha. For each IFN preparation, cytocidal and antiviral titers were closely correlated. The processus was protein synthesis dependent and was inhibited by antibodies specific for IFN. Concerning the cell counterpart, the cytocidal effect was observed on 14 different cell strains, isolated from foetal, neonate or adult pig kidneys. There was two absolute requirements for cytocidal effect to appear: (i) the cells must be of epithelioid phenotype, and (ii) the cells must be in a state of confluent monolayer. Under usual conditions of subpassaging, susceptibility to cytocidal effect was lost after 20-25 passages post-explanation, at which stage the cells acquired properties known for established pig kidney cell lines, i.e., the absence of stringent contact inhibition and a weaker sensibility to antiviral effect. An intriguing feature was that cytocidal effect developed as microplaques of dead cells rapidly enlarging to surrounding cells. Several lines of evidence render highly improbable a virus involvement in this IFN-induced plaque effect. Moreover no contaminant, like virus or mycoplasma, was found in the cell strains studied. Such an IFN-induced cytocidal activity on epithelial renal cells from porcine species provide a so far unique example of short-term lethal effect of IFNs on a normal, non lymphoid cell system.

Papillary morphology in adult human kidneys and in baby and adult pig kidneys.

The morphology of the renal papillae was studied by inspection in a series of: (1) Hampshire/Duroc piglet kidneys; (2) Danish Landrace adult pig kidneys, and (3) kidneys obtained at necropsy from adult patients. In both man and pig two main types of papillae were found: (1) a single or 'simple' papilla which drains one renal lobe, and (2) a fused or 'compound' papilla which drains two or more renal lobes. Compound papillae were found most frequently in the Hampshire/Duroc kidneys and least frequently in the human kidneys. In all three groups compound papillae were found most frequently in the upper pole. Intrarenal backflow during retrograde pyelography in the piglet kidney at intrapelvic pressures of 30-35 mm Hg (moderate) and of 70-75 mm Hg (high) was related to the morphology of the individual papilla. Both types of papilla could be divided into an open type containing at least two round or oval orifices of the papillary ducts and a closed type with small, often slit-like orifices. At moderate intrapelvic pressure intrarenal backflow occurred mainly in the open compound papillae whereas at high intrapelvic pressure it occurred in nearly all open compound papillae and in about 50% of the open simple papillae. It is concluded that papillary morphology plays an important role in the predominant upper polar occurrence of intrarenal backflow/intrarenal reflux during micturition cystography and in the higher frequency of intrarenal backflow in the mid-zone than in the lower pole in adult human beings.

Cadmium resistance and content of cadmium-binding protein in cultured human cells.

INDUCTION of hepatic metallothionein (a cadmium-binding protein) is considered to be a protective mechanism in mammals against the toxic cadmium ion. Pretreatment of rats with low doses of cadmium induces the synthesis of metallothionein and also protects against subsequent exposure to an otherwise lethal dose1. But the role of metallothionein in cadmium resistance is not clear2. Restriction of food intake in the rat increases the level of metallothionein3, but does not alter the LD50 of cadmium2. Also the synthesis of metallothionein seems to continue for a longer time than the protection against cadmium in both rats and mice1,2. Lucis, Shaikh and Embil4 found uptake of Cd in cultured human embryonic fibroblasts, HeLa cells and monkey kidney epithelial cells after 8 d of incubation with Cd. At that time the cells also contained a Cd-binding protein. The authors did not, however, describe growth of the cells in the presence of Cd or development of cell strains resistant to Cd. Webb and Daniel5 recently described the synthesis of a Cd-binding protein in cultures of cells derived from the cortex of the adult pig kidney.

Induced synthesis of metallothionein by pig kidney cells in vitro in response to cadmium

Cells of a line (K7), derived from the cortex of the adult pig kidney, synthesize and accumulate high levels of metallothionein when grown in vitro in the presence of low concentrations (0.5 mug/ml) of Cd2+. This indicates that the accumulation of this protein in the kidneys of animals exposed to cadmium is due at least partly to synthesis in situ, and not solely to uptake by the renal cells of metallothionein produced by the liver. It is suggested that the ability to synthesize large amounts of metallothionein indicates the tubular origin of the cells of this line.

Dehydrogenases in the kidney of developing neonatal pigs as compared with the foetal and adult pig

1. 1. The activities of LDH, G-6-P-DH, α-G-P-DH; the LDH isoenzyme indices, IE (percentage A-subunits) ; and the molecular form of MDH (c-MDH and m-MDH) were investigated in whole midsaggital sections of the developing pig kidney and in various levels of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. 2. 2. The LDH activity and IE declined during foetal development. The activities α-G-P-DH and G-6-P-DH did not change during foetal development, but were only half those of neonatal and adult pig kidney. 3. 3. During the first week of neonatal development the curves for LDH, G-6-P-DH, IE, and the quotients LDH/MDH had maxima while the curves for the activities of MDH and α-G-P-DH had minima. 4. 4. In foetal, neonatal, and adult kidney the α-G-P-DH and LDH activities were higher in the medulla than in the cortex, while the reverse was true of MDH. G-6-P-DH activity was lower in the renal medulla than in the cortex during the first neonatal week. There then followed a period with no differences between the medulla and the cortex in this respect. In the adult kidney the activity of G-6-P-DH was higher in the medulla than in the cortex. 5. 5. The results indicate that during the neonatal period of the pig thie kidney undergoes marked changes. These changes can be correlated with the ability of the neonatal pig kidney to develop protcinuria after onset ofcolostrum ingestion.