Adult Parenteral Nutrition Research Articles

Automation of parenteral nutrition: impact on process and cost analysis

ObjectivesOn the basis of its safety and accuracy, automation is recommended for parenteral nutrition (PN). The aim of this study was to highlight the changes in practices related to the...

Comparing Aluminum Concentrations in Adult and Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: Multichamber-Bag versus Compounded Parenteral Nutrition.

Aluminum contamination in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions can lead to neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass, and liver toxicity, especially in pediatric patients. Ingredients commonly used in PN compounding, such as vitamins, trace elements, calcium, and phosphate salts, contain significant amounts of aluminum. This study aimed to compare aluminum concentrations in multichamber-bag (MCB) and compounded PN for adults and pediatrics. A prospective study assessed aluminum concentrations in various types of MCB and compared them with compounded PN formulations with similar compositions. The types of MCB included Lipoflex® (without electrolytes), Omegaflex®, Finomel®, Smofkabiven® (with and without electrolytes), Olimel®, Clinimix®, and Numeta®. Overall, 80 aluminum determinations were included: 36 for MCBs and 44 for compounded PN. MCBs showed significantly lower aluminum concentrations than compounded PN: 11.37 (SD 6.16) vs. 21.45 (8.08) µg/L, respectively. Similar results were observed for adult (n = 40) and pediatric (n = 40) PN formulations (12.97 (7.74) vs. 20.78 (10.28) µg/L, and 9.38 (2.23) vs. 22.01 (5.82) µg/L, respectively). Significant differences were also found between MCBs depending on the manufacturing company. These findings suggest that MCBs PN offer a safer option for reducing aluminum contamination in PN. Harmonizing regulations concerning aluminum concentrations in PN solutions could help mitigate differences between PN formulations.

[Artículo traducido] Detección y reducción de errores en la elaboración de la nutrición parenteral mediante control gravimétrico y de producto

ObjectiveTo analyze the errors in the preparation of parenteral nutrition in a Pharmacy Service, detected through an already consolidated gravimetric and product quality control, and compare them with those detected during the initial years of implementing this quality control. MethodsAll errors detected through quality control in the compounding of pediatric and adult parenteral nutrition between 2019 and 2021 were prospectively analyzed. This quality control consisted of 3 sequential processes: a visual check, a gravimetric control, and a product control. Errors were classified as gravimetric, when the nutrition had a deviation of more than 5% from the theoretical weight, or as product errors when a qualitative or quantitative error was detected upon reviewing the remainder of the components used. These errors were analyzed in terms of type and the component involved. A comparison was made with the errors detected during the implementation phase of this quality control from 2016 to 2018. ResultsA total of 41,809 parenteral nutritions were reviewed, and 345 errors were detected (0.83% of the preparations); of these, 59 errors were found in pediatric nutritions (0.68% of them), and 286 in adult nutritions (0.86% of them). Among these errors, 193 were of gravimetric nature, while 152 were detected through product control. The main components involved in product errors were electrolytes, primarily due to the addition of excessive volumes and the use of incorrect components. A significant absolute reduction of 0.71% (p < 0.05) in the total number of errors was observed when compared to the implementation phase. This reduction was consistent in both gravimetric errors (−0.59%) and product-related errors (−0.12%) (p < 0.05). ConclusionsComprehensive quality control of parenteral nutrition preparation is an easily implementable tool that effectively detected and prevented significant errors. Furthermore, its widespread adoption contributed to a reduction in the overall error count.

Amplifying the lived experiences of parenteral nutrition consumers through the thematic analysis of social media posts.

Consumers of parenteral nutrition (PN) and their caregivers use social media to seek advice and support from their peers and to share experiences. We aimed to leverage posts from a social media patient community to identify common lived experiences of consumers of PN to prioritize opportunities for support through advocacy, education, and research. Anonymous posts with high engagement were collected over 4 months from a PN-focused social media support group platform. No personal information was collected or analyzed. Post content was reviewed for demographic characteristics. Thematic analysis involved inductive coding to identify content-based keywords. Keywords were then used to form major themes and subthemes that were then quantified by post counts. A total of 306 social media posts were analyzed. Most were from adult PN consumers (80.4%) and pertained to home-based PN (82%). Equivalent number of posts (5%) were from new consumers and those who had not yet started or restarting PN. The analysis revealed 12 major themes with 2-11 subthemes each, spanning medical, nutrition, emotional, and social aspects. The most prevalent theme was "Best practices, care, and safety of PN use" (36.9%), covering posts seeking guidance on line care, personal hygiene, equipment use, and vascular access devices. Others included "Symptoms" (23.9%) and "Patient safety concerns of PN handling by healthcare providers" (16.0%). The identified themes provide a broader understanding of contemporary shared lived experiences and concerns relevant to PN consumers and their caregivers. Given the evolving nature of daily stressors, periodic reanalysis may be necessary.

Survey on the use of zinc sulfate in parenteral nutrition in spanish hospitals

ObjectiveIn certain situations parenteral nutrition subsidiary patients may have an increase in zinc demand (Zn). The objective of the study was to know the scope of the use of Zn sulfate in patients with parenteral nutrition in Spanish hospitals. MethodA survey was designed focusing on the incorporation of Zn sulfate into parenteral nutrition, under real practice conditions, in the adult and pediatric population. We asked about the number of parenteral nutrition supplemented with zinc in the last year, by the doses used, and the situations in which it was added to parenteral nutrition formula. The survey was conducted by telephone interview to the pharmacists responsible for the parenteral nutrition units. ResultsA total of 53.9% (n = 69) of the contacted hospitals responded to the survey. 60.9% incorporated Zn sulfate into the parenteral nutrition of adults, and 76.2% used it in pediatric patients. In adults, 31.1% used Zn to complete the dose provided by the solution of trace elements, 46.7% supplemented Zn in patients with high intestinal losses, and 28.6% did it in critically ill patients with a high degree of metabolic stress. The majority supplementation regimen was 10 mg/day (55.6%). In the pediatric population Zn ampules were used mainly in preterm infants, with the most used doses being 200 mcg/kg/day and 400 mcg/kg/day (42.6% and 23.4%, respectively). ConclusionsThe use of zinc sulfate in adult parenteral nutrition to complete the dosages suggests that solutions of trace elements could be deficient in Zn. Its use as a supplement in adult parenteral nutrition is not an extended practice in specialized nutritional support protocols in Spanish hospitals, highlighting its low employment in patients with significant catabolism.

Translated article] Trazam project: A mobile application for tracking preparations compounded in a pharmacy department

IntroductionThe primary objective of this study is to describe the design and implementation of a mobile application (App) for tracking preparations compounded in the Pharmacy Department. Secondary objectives include: i) evaluating the time spent on resolving incidents related to the distribution of preparations before and after implementation, ii) assessing users satisfaction with the application, and iii) establishing a panel of quality indicators based on the data extracted from the App. Methods1) Defining application requirements, identifying drugs to be included in the software and outlining different workflows. 2) Developing the App in collaboration with the supplier and integrating it with the computer programs involved in prescription and validation. Additionally, QR codes were created to identify delivery points at destination units, and suitable mobile devices were acquired. The initial phase involved user training in the application and a pilot test conducted in a hospital ward. 3) The subsequent phase focused on expansion and consolidation. ResultsThe system includes 86.9% of all sterile preparations prepared in the Hospital Pharmacy, encompassing chemotherapy, adult parenteral nutrition, and other non-hazardous sterile preparations. Furthermore, the application has been implemented in all hospitalisation wards, day care units and two external sites. On average, 5403 preparations were tracked per month (SD = 297.3).The time required to address incidents related to the distribution of preparations has decreased by 83% (from 38.9 to 6.6 min per day). The App regularly provides valuable management data for optimising workflow in the compounding area. Additionally, users have expressed satisfaction with the application. DiscusionThe proposed application enables hospital staff to easily and intuitively track preparations compounded in the Pharmacy, irrespective of the computer program used for prescription. It has significantly reduced the need for manual record-keeping and has mitigated incidents associated with the distribution of sterile preparations.

Proyecto Trazam: aplicación móvil para la trazabilidad de preparaciones elaboradas en un servicio de farmacia

IntroductionThe primary objective of this study is to describe the design and implementation of a mobile application (App) for tracking preparations compounded in the Pharmacy Department. Secondary objectives include evaluating the time spent on resolving incidents related to the distribution of preparations before and after implementation, assessing users satisfaction with the application, and establishing a panel of quality indicators based on the data extracted from the App. MethodsDefining application requirements, identifying drugs to be included in the software and outlining different workflows. Developing the App in collaboration with the supplier and integrating it with the computer programs involved in prescription and validation. Additionally, QR codes were created to identify delivery points at destination units, and suitable mobile devices were acquired. The initial phase involved user training in the application and a pilot test conducted in a hospital ward. The subsequent phase focused on expansion and consolidation. ResultsThe system includes 86.9% of all sterile preparations prepared in the Hospital Pharmacy, encompassing chemotherapy, adult parenteral nutrition, and other non-hazardous sterile preparations. Furthermore, the application has been implemented in all hospitalization wards, day care units and two external sites. On average, 5,403 preparations were tracked per month (SD = 297.3).The time required to address incidents related to the distribution of preparations has decreased by 83% (from 38.9 to 6.6 minutes per day). The App regularly provides valuable management data for optimizing workflow in the compounding area. Additionally, users have expressed satisfaction with the application. DiscusionThe proposed application enables hospital staff to easily and intuitively track preparations compounded in the pharmacy, irrespective of the computer program used for prescription. It has significantly reduced the need for manual record-keeping and has mitigated incidents associated with the distribution of sterile preparations.

Potential for Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Protect against the Adverse Effect of Phytosterols: Comparing Laboratory Outcomes in Adult Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition Including Different Lipid Emulsions.

the effect on liver function markers and inflammation of the different content of phytosterols in lipid emulsions (LEs) used in the parenteral nutrition (PN) regimen of adult home PN (HPN) patients is not clear. plasma phytosterol and cytokine concentrations, fatty acid composition, liver function markers, and triglycerides were measured in 58 adult HPN patients receiving one of three different LEs (soybean oil-based: Intralipid; olive oil-based: ClinOleic; containing fish oil: SMOFLipid). patients receiving Intralipid had higher plasma campesterol and stigmasterol concentrations than those receiving ClinOleic or SMOFLipid. Plasma sterol concentrations were not different between patients receiving ClinOleic and SMOFLipid. Differences in plasma fatty acids reflected the fatty acid composition of the LEs. Markers of liver function did not differ among the three groups. Blood triglycerides were higher with ClinOleic than with Intralipid or SMOFLipid. Total bilirubin correlated positively with the plasma concentrations of two of the phytosterols, ALT correlated positively with one, AST with one, and GGT with three. liver function markers correlate with plasma plant sterol concentrations in adult HPN patients. Adult HPN patients receiving SMOFLipid are more likely to have liver function markers and triglycerides within the normal range than those receiving ClinOleic or Intralipid. The omega-3 fatty acids in SMOFLipid may act to mitigate the adverse effects of plant sterols on liver function.

Hospital change to mixed lipid emulsion from soybean oil-based lipid emulsion for parenteral nutrition in hospitalized and critically ill adults improves outcomes: a pre–post-comparative study

IntroductionEarly data suggest use of a mixed lipid emulsion (LE) with a soybean oil reduction strategy in parenteral nutrition (PN) may improve clinical outcomes. Duke University Hospital made a full switch to a Soybean oil/MCT/Olive/Fish Oil lipid (4-OLE) from pure soybean oil-based LE (Intralipid, Baxter Inc) in May 2017. Since 4-OLE has limited evidence related to its effects on clinical outcome parameters in US hospitals, evidence for clinical benefits of switching to 4-OLE is needed. Therefore, we examined the clinical utility of a hospital-wide switch to 4-OLE and its effect on patient outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study among adult patients (> 18 years) requiring PN from 2016 to 2019. Our primary exposure was treatment period (1-year pre-4-OLE switch versus 2-year post). We used multivariable regression models to examine our primary outcomes, the association of treatment period with hospital length of stay (LOS), and secondary outcomes liver function, infections, and ICU LOS. Analyses were stratified into critically ill and entire adult cohort.ResultsWe identified 1200 adults hospitalized patients. 28% of PN patients (n = 341) were treated pre-4-OLE switch and 72% post-4-OLE (n = 859). In the adult cohort, 4-OLE was associated with shorter hospital LOS (IRR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, p = 0.039). The ICU cohort included 447 subjects, of which 25% (n = 110) were treated pre-4-OLE switch and 75% (n = 337) were post-switch. ICU patients receiving 4-OLE were associated with shorter hospital LOS (IRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.87–0.93, p < 0.0001), as well as a shorter ICU LOS (IRR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.99, p = 0.036). 4-OLE ICU patients also had a significantly lower delta total bilirubin (− 1.6, 95% CI − 2.8 to − 0.2, p = 0.021) and reduced urinary tract infection (UTI) rates (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26–0.96, p = 0.038). There were no associations in AST, ALT, or total bilirubin in ICU and all adult patients.Conclusion4-OLE was successfully implemented and reduced soybean oil LE exposure in a large academic hospital setting. The introduction of 4-OLE was associated with reduced LOS, UTI rates, and mitigated hepatic dysfunction in critically ill patients. Overall, these findings prove a switch to a soybean oil-LE sparing strategy using 4-OLE is feasible and safe and is associated with improved clinical outcomes in adult PN patients.

Patient Safety Incidents Related to the Use of Parenteral Nutrition in All Patient Groups: A Systematic Scoping Review

There is limited comprehensive literature focussing on the range of patient safety incidents related to parenteral nutrition (PN). The aim of this review was to examine patient safety incidents related to the use of PN in all patient age groups. Literature published in the English language between January 2000 and April 2020 were searched across the MEDLINE, CINHAL and Embase databases. Articles were included if they contained PN-related patient safety incidents related to an avoidable event. No restrictions were applied to patient populations. The screening process was undertaken independently by two authors. In total, 108 records were included in the review: 52 case studies, 54 observation studies (e.g. prevalence studies, surveys) and two experimental studies. All age groups were represented, with 62% of studies in paediatrics (of which two-thirds were neonates) and 23% in adults. They included all medication processes: prescribing, dispensing, compounding, administration and monitoring. Incidents were related to microbial contamination, venous access and specific components (e.g. lipid emulsion, amino acids, glucose, micronutrients and electrolytes) or the whole product. Incident outcomes ranging from near miss to death were reported. Intervention studies looked at the impact on patient safety incidents of computerised tools, healthcare processes, e.g. pharmacist screening, and standardisation. One study demonstrated more severe outcomes with paediatric than with adult PN. This review demonstrates the vast range of PN-related patient safety incidents in all patient age groups and all medication process stages. The need for a national study looking at patient safety incidents related to PN in England is highlighted.

Posicionamento BRASPEN sobre o uso de micronutrientes via parenteral em adultos

Introduction: micronutrients (vitamins and oligoelements) are essential components in human nutrition. Usually, they are obtained through a varied and balanced diet. However, when patients are stricken with some diseases, it is often necessary to utilize alternative feeding methods, which can interfere in micronutrient availability and acquisition. The objective of this work is to promote the rational use of micronutrients in parenteral nutrition to doctors and other staff in the multidisciplinary nutritional therapy team (MNTT). Methods: the text reflects a compilation of the current guidelines and literature by experienced healthcare workers in adult parenteral nutrition therapy (PNT). Results: in cases of severe illness, the micronutrient concentration deficiency must be corrected in order to improve clinical results. The correction is necessary due to the negative effects micronutrient deficiency have on antioxidant defense mechanisms, metabolic and general immunologic pathways. Final considerations: the present document has the intention of contributing the rational use of micronutrients as a daily integrant of the safe and responsible supply of nutrients in parenteral nutrition.

In-House Production of Dialysis Solutions to Overcome Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

In-House Production of Dialysis Solutions to Overcome Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

Adoção de terapias nutricionais enteral e parenteral associada à redução da taxa de óbitos de pacientes neoplásicos

Modelo do estudo: Estudo descritivo transversal. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou a relação entre a adoção da nutrição enteral e parenteral adulta e o tempo de permanência médio, a taxa de óbitos e o custo das internações de pacientes neoplásicos em hospitais do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: Foram analisados os dados dissemináveis disponíveis no SIH/SUS de 2017 do Rio Grande do Sul específicos para internações realizadas sob o diagnóstico principal associado ao CID Cap. II (Neoplasmas). Os dados foram analisados por observação da média e teste de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: Foi observada taxa de óbito significativamente inferior em pacientes neoplásicos que foram internados em UTI e que foram submetidos às terapias dietéticas enterais e/ou parenterais, em relação aos pacientes que não receberam tais suplementos, em casos de diagnóstico de neoplasias malignas no esôfago (C15), no intestino delgado (C17) e no pâncreas (C25). Já o tempo médio de permanência e valor total médio de internações de pacientes neoplásicos tendem a ser maior em pacientes que recebem terapias dietéticas enterais e/ou parenterais, possivelmente devido à gravidade do quadro clínico. Conclusão: A adoção de nutrição enteral e parenteral apresenta potencial significativo na redução da taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com câncer no sistema digestivo, principalmente dos casos mais graves que necessitam de internação em UTI.

Stability problems of pediatric parenteral nutrition solutions

Parenteral nutrition (PN) must be considered an intravenous medication, containing over 50 ingredients and additives. Thus, the stability of the final product is always under risk. PN can be received in two ways: from a ready-to-use bag or from an individually tailored bag, both in adults and in pediatric patients. Pediatric PN admixtures are more susceptible than adult PN admixtures due to their nature. Patients who receive PN often need to receive parenteral medications concomitantly, and separate administration is challenging most of the time. Here we report two problems with stability encountered with pediatric PN bags. In the first case, the main focus is on the compatibility of heparin with PN. Compatibility of the medications via the Y-site or a three-way stopcock must be examined in such cases. If the medication is incompatible with PN, administration via the Y-site or addition into the PN mixture should be avoided. Emulsion disruption caused by heparin is a known example of incompatibility for pediatric PN. In the second case, the main focus is on the additives and their amount in the pediatric PN mixture. Compounding pediatric PN is mixing numerous additives in a small volume, which results in a highly concentrated solution that often causes calcium–phosphate precipitation. This may lead to serious consequences, including death. All the possible causes of instability, even the temperature of the environment, must be considered. In pediatric PN solutions, the cooperation between physicians and pharmacists is necessary for maintaining safe nutritional treatment.

Quality control of parenteral nutrition compounding: gravimetric and component verification control

Introduction: parenteral nutrition (PN) compounding is a process with a high probability of errors. Objective: to analyze PN compounding errors detected using a gravimetric control (GC) and a component verification control (CVC). Methods: a prospective analysis was carried out during a three-year period (January 2016 to December 2018). The MedicalOne Parenteral® software program was used to calculate the theoretical weight of each PN based on density and volume. Each elaborated PN was weighed to obtain the real weight. Gravimetric error (%) ((real weight - theoretical weight) x 100 / theoretical weight) was considered correct if within the ± 5 % interval. The CVC consisted of checking that the correct ingredients and volumes were added according to the PN order. Results: during the study period a total number of 28,761 PNs were checked out; 20,612 adult PNs (APN) were weighed and 124 were considered incorrect (0.60 %). Of the 1,203 non-neonatal pediatric PNs (NPPN), 15 (1.25 %) were incorrect, and of the 6,946 neonatal PNs (NPN), 164 (2.96 %) were incorrect. Regarding the CVC, 71 errors were detected in the APN (0.70 %), 6 (1.34 %) in the NPPN, and 5 (0.21 %) in the NPN group. The total number of errors included: adding more volume of one component [38 (46.34 %)], adding a wrong component [27 (32.93 %)], and absent volume of one component [17 (20.73 %)]. Conclusions: the quality control carried out allowed to detect errors during the preparation of PNs and prevented them from reaching the patient. More incorrect NPNs were detected through GC. The main error detected with CVC was adding more volume of a component.

Quantitative Assessment of Trace‐Element Contamination in Parenteral Nutrition Components

Trace-element contamination of contemporary parenteral nutrition (PN) components exists in unknown quantities and, in combination with excessive amounts of certain trace elements provided in commercially available adult, pediatric, and neonatal multitrace-element (MTE) products, could result in eventual accumulation and toxicity. This study aims to quantify trace-element contamination in components used for PN compounding to further inform recommendations for MTE product reformulation and individualized trace-element prescribing in PN. A total of 32 unique components (65 products) available for PN compounding were tested for manganese, chromium, selenium, zinc, and copper contamination, utilizing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Theoretical adult, pediatric, and neonatal PNs were formulated to assess the impact of macronutrient and micronutrient component doses on PN trace-element contamination. Trace-element contamination was detected in 24 (75%) components tested. Chromium and manganese were common, present in 65.6% and 51.5% of all components, respectively. Eight components did not contain detectable trace-element contamination, most notably sterile water, concentrated dextrose, and lipid emulsion. Manganese contamination in theoretical adult, pediatric, and neonatal PN was 25.18, 9.92, and 1.37 µg, respectively. Chromium contamination was 4.85, 1.5, and 0.28 µg, respectively. Trace-element contamination was prevalent in components used to compound PN. Our findings support reformulation of adult, pediatric, and neonatal manufactured MTE products to eliminate chromium, decrease manganese, and supply full daily physiologic requirements of selenium, zinc, and copper. Future study is needed to assess the additional contamination that could occur through the compounding and storage processes.

Effect of increasing the share of fish oil containing lipid emulsions in adult parenteral nutrition

Effect of increasing the share of fish oil containing lipid emulsions in adult parenteral nutrition

Effect of changing the lipid component of home parenteral nutrition in adults

The effect of different lipid emulsions (LEs) within the parenteral nutrition (PN) regimen of adult home PN (HPN) patients is not clear. This study investigated the effect of changing adult HPN patients from a soybean oil based LE (Intralipid) to either a fish oil containing LE (providing n-3 fatty acids) (SMOFLipid) or an olive oil based LE (ClinOleic). Thirty two adults receiving long-term HPN with Intralipid as the LE were transferred to receive either SMOFLipid (n=13) or ClinOleic (n=19) for 60 days. Liver function markers, cholesterol, triglycerides, a full profile of fatty acids, and several cytokines were measured at study entry and after 60 days. SMOFLipid did not affect liver function markers, blood lipids or plasma cytokines. ClinOleic lowered both gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (P=0.044) and interleukin-8 (P=0.030) concentrations. Both LEs induced marked changes in the fatty acid profile of plasma. SMOFLipid resulted in significant decreases in the proportions of linoleic acid, several other n-6 fatty acids and the essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency indicator mead acid and significant increases in the proportions of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. ClinOleic resulted in significant decreases in the proportions of some saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, several n-6 fatty acids, all n-3 fatty acids and mead acid and a significant increase in the proportion of oleic acid. The ratio of mead to arachidonic acid in plasma was not altered by either SMOFLipid or ClinOleic. No patient had a mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio of >0.2, the cut-off used to indicate EFA deficiency. Both SMOFLipid and ClinOleic significantly alter the fatty acid profile of plasma in adult HPN patients previously using Intralipid. Neither LE induces EFA deficiency in these patients. SMOFLipid did not alter liver function markers or inflammation. In contrast, ClinOleic decreased some, though not all, markers of liver function and inflammation. SMOFLipid and ClinOleic may both be considered for use in adult HPN patients.

Fish Oil-Containing Lipid Emulsions in Adult Parenteral Nutrition: A Review of the Evidence.

There is evidence from laboratory and animal studies that fish oil-containing intravenous lipid emulsions (FOC-IVLEs) have a beneficial effect on inflammation and the immune response, suggesting a possible clinical benefit. Clinical studies of FOC-IVLEs have reported mixed results. The aim of this review is to present findings from recent randomized controlled clinical trials and other quality clinical studies investigating the effects of administering intravenous fish oil alone or as part of a multilipid emulsion and to examine the quality of these studies in an objective, evidence-based manner. Studies comparing FOC-IVLEs with other IVLEs in adults were included. Thirty-four clinical studies were evaluated: 19 investigated levels of inflammatory and immune markers as an endpoint; 13 investigated rates of infection or sepsis; 3 investigated clinical outcomes in septic patients; and 29 investigated general clinical outcomes. There was conflicting evidence for a beneficial effect of fish oil on levels of inflammatory and immune markers and some evidence that fish oil decreased the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Studies generally reported few statistical differences in clinical outcomes and rates of infection and sepsis with FOC-IVLEs as compared with other IVLEs. The quality of reporting was generally poor, and the presented evidence for comparisons between FOC-IVLEs and other IVLEs was inconclusive or weak. There is very little high-quality evidence that FOC-IVLEs have a more beneficial effect than other IVLEs on clinical outcomes in adult patients.

SUN-P014: Iron Contamination in Pediatric and Adult Parenteral Nutrition Mixtures

SUN-P014: Iron Contamination in Pediatric and Adult Parenteral Nutrition Mixtures