Adult Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Research Articles

The safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine as an augmentation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ranks as the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorder, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as its mainstay pharmacological treatment. However, approximately 40 to 60% of patients do not adequately respond to initial treatment, highlighting the need for alternative options. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is one of the several medications that have been used in augmentation with SSRIs to enhance their efficacy. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of NAC, a glutamate-modulating agent, as an augmentation in the treatment of moderate to severe OCD. We conducted a thorough search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and ProQuest to identify relevant trials published until December 2023. The primary outcome of interest was the mean difference between the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores before and after administrating augmented NAC among patients with moderate to severe OCD. Furthermore, we compared the occurrence of adverse drug events between the experimental and control groups. We included six randomized controlled trials with 195 patients. The results of our study indicated a positive outcome for the experimental group in terms of the total Y-BOCS score when using the medication for a period of five to eight weeks (p-Value = 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed for durations shorter than five weeks or longer than 12 weeks. Additionally, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the obsession and compulsion Y-BOCS scores. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse events. Augmentation of NAC with SSRIs may benefit patients with moderate to severe OCD. However, it is necessary to conduct additional multi-center trials over extended periods to develop a comprehensive strategy for action. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023463683.

The minimal important difference in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An analysis of double-blind SSRI trials in adults.

The change in symptoms necessary to be clinically relevant in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is currently unknown. In this study, we aimed to create an empirically validated threshold for clinical significance or minimal important difference (MID). We analyzed individual participant data from short-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled registration trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adult OCD patients. Data were collected from baseline to week 12. We used equipercentile linking to equate changes in the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale to changes in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). We defined the MID as the YBOCS change linked to a CGI improvement of 3 (defined as "minimal improvement"). We included 7 trials with a total of 1216 patients. The CGI-scores and YBOCS were moderately to highly correlated. The MID corresponded to 4.9 YBOCS points (95% CI 4.4-5.4) for the full sample, or a 24% YBOCS-decrease compared to baseline. The MID varied with baseline severity, being lower in the group with mild symptoms and higher in the group with severe symptoms. By linking the YBOCS to the CGI-I, this is the first study to propose an MID in OCD trials. Having a clearly defined MID can guide future clinical research and help interpretation of efficacy of existing interventions. Our results are clinician-based; however, there is further need for patient-reported outcomes as anchor to the YBOCS.

Pediatric Treatment-Resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Treatment Options and Challenges.

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, potentially debilitating psychiatric condition. Although effective treatments exist, at least 10% of youth do not achieve remission despite receiving first-line treatments. This article reviews the extant, albeit limited, evidence supporting treatment approaches for youth with treatment-resistant OCD. A literature search for articles addressing pediatric treatment-resistant OCD was conducted through April 11, 2024. These results were augmented by searching for treatment-resistant OCD in adults; treatment strategies discovered for the adult population were then searched in the context of children and adolescents. In general, intensive treatment programs and antipsychotic augmentation of an antidepressant had the most substantial and consistent evidence base for treatment-resistant youth with OCD, although studies were limited and of relatively poor methodological quality (i.e., open trials, naturalistic studies). Several pharmacological approaches (clomipramine, antipsychotics [e.g., aripiprazole, risperidone], riluzole, ketamine, D-cycloserine, memantine, topiramate, N-acetylcysteine, ondansetron), largely based on supporting data among adults, have received varying levels of investigation and support. There is nascent support for how to treat pediatric treatment-resistant OCD. Future treatment studies need to consider how to manage the significant minority of youth who fail to benefit from first-line treatment approaches.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Patient Version

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the family accommodation scale for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patient version (FAS-PV). A total of 171 adult OCD patients and 145 family members were enrolled in the present study. The majority of the adult OCD patients (89.5%) reported engaging in at least one accommodating behavior in the past week. The FAS-PV comprised three components that included (a) direct participation and facilitation, (b) provision of reassurance and assumption, and (c) modification of routines and avoidance. The FAS-PV demonstrated excellent internal consistency. The correlation between the total FAS-PV score and the criteria measure demonstrated excellent convergent validity when assessing the OCD symptom severity, global functioning, family functioning, and functioning impairment. The findings supported that the FAS-PV could be used widely in evaluating and identifying the accommodating behavior both in clinical and in research settings, especially in adult OCD patients who usually present to the clinic alone.

Adult attachment and OCD symptoms: the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and beliefs about losing control

ABSTRACT Objectives Attachment orientation has been argued to play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, but this relationship has yet to be fully understood. Attachment orientation may also contribute to appraisals of uncertainty such as threatening and negative beliefs about the consequences of loss of control, constructs which may also be associated with OCD. The present study aimed to investigate whether intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and negative beliefs about losing control (BALC) mediate the relationship between attachment and OCD symptoms. Method Two hundred and five participants were recruited from the general community to undertake a cross-sectional online survey which included the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale – 12 item, the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory, and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised. Results Attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, IU, and BALC were positively correlated with OCD symptoms. Both attachment dimensions were associated with IU and BALC. IU and BALC were found to be serial multiple mediators in the relationship between both attachment dimensions and OCD symptoms, though only the relationship between attachment anxiety and OCD remained significant when controlling for the corresponding attachment dimension. Conclusion The results suggest that IU and BALC may play a key role in the relationship between attachment and OCD symptoms.

Habit Learning in OCD: Preliminary Data from a Spanish Sample

IntroductionInstrumental learning involves goal-directed and habitual systems. The Slips-of-Action Task (SOAT) is extensively used to measure habit tendencies and the likelihood of making erroneous responses for devalued outcomes. The SOAT provides a Devaluation Sensitivity Index (DSI), a measure of the balance between relative goal-directed and habitual learning. Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) often engage in repetitive actions, suggesting a potential deficit in goal-directed control and an increased reliance on habitual learning. Previous literature has shown that medicated OCD adults performed worse on the SOAT task than healthy controls.ObjectivesTo compare habit learning performance in an unmedicated sample:-Goal 1: Between OCD and Healthy Controls (HC)-Goal 2: Across four groups: adult OCD, adult HC, children OCD, and children HC MethodsParticipants: Eighty-three participants (44 OCD patients and 38 healthy controls) completed the study with usable task data. The 44 OCD patients comprised 17 adults (mean age: 26.76 years, SD: 8.61 years) and 27 children/adolescents (mean age: 12.84 years, SD: 2.59 years). The 38 healthy controls included 17 adults (mean age: 30 years, SD: 7.49 years) and 21 children/adolescents (mean age: 14.1 years, SD: 2.19 years). All participants were unmedicated. Measures: Participants completed an adapted version of the “Fabulous Fruit Game”, which included an instrumental training phase to learn Stimulus-Response-Outcomes (S-R-O) associations and a SOAT to assess the strength of learned S-R-O associations. DSI was calculated by subtracting the percentage of responses made toward devalued outcomes from the percentage of responses made toward still valuable outcomes. Behavioral Analyses: Student’s t-test comparing individuals with OCD to HC and a ONEWAY ANOVA to examine group differences across multiple categories.ResultsGoal 1: DSI comparison between individuals with OCD and HC revealed a significant difference, with HC demonstrating superior performance (t (60.9) = 2.60, p = .012, Cohen’s d = .546). Goal 2: The overall DSI comparison across adult OCD, adult HC, children OCD, and children HC showed a non-significant difference (F(3) = 3.407, p = 0.22). However, post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between Adult HC and Youth OCD (I-J Scheffe = 28.82, p = .033), indicating superior performance in adult HC.ConclusionsThis study highlights altered Habit Learning in unmedicated OCD individuals, supported by significant DSI differences compared to HC. Age-related distinctions were observed, emphasizing the need for age-sensitive interventions in understanding and addressing habit-related challenges in OCD.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The role of immunity and inflammation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related conditions

Introduction In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential consequences of disruptions in the inflammatory and immune systems on the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and associated conditions, such as Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) and Tourette syndrome (TS). While this area of inquiry is undeniably captivating, the available data remain somewhat controversial and limited in scope.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to conduct an exhaustive examination and evaluation of the existing body of literature concerning aberrations in inflammatory and immune system processes within the context of OCD, PANDAS, and TS.MethodsThis narrative review entailed a comprehensive search of English language papers on PubMed and Google Scholar from January 1985 to July 31, 2023.Results The data collected up to this point suggest that the underlying mechanisms at play may differ depending on the age of the patients and the specific disorder being investigated. Notably, PANDAS seems to have a stronger connection with infections that trigger autoimmunity, which may not necessarily be limited to those resulting from Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections, as previously assumed. In the case of TS, autoimmunity appears to play a significant role, especially when combined with individual susceptibilities stemming from both genetic and environmental factors. As for adult OCD, while the available data are somewhat scattered and occasionally based on relatively small groups of patients, they do indicate that the immune system and inflammatory processes are involved in the disorder’s pathophysiology. However, it remains uncertain whether these processes are primary driving forces or secondary reactions.ConclusionsIn summary, when viewed collectively, the current research findings unveil promising avenues for exploring the underlying causes of OCD and related disorders. They also hold the potential for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches that go beyond the current pharmacological paradigms.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

An evaluation of treatment response and remission definitions in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and individual-patient data meta-analysis

IntroductionExpert consensus operationalized treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as a Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) reduction ≥35% and score ≤12 with ≤2 on Clinical Global Impressions Improvement (CGI-I) and Severity (CGI-S) scales, respectively. However, there has been scant empirical evidence supporting these definitions. MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with OCD to determine optimal Y-BOCS thresholds for response and remission. We estimated pooled sensitivity/specificity for each percent reduction threshold (response) or posttreatment score (remission) to determine response and remission defined by a CGI-I and CGI-S ≤ 2, respectively. ResultsIndividual participant data from 25 of 94 eligible RCTs (1235 participants) were included. The optimal threshold for response was ≥30% Y-BOCS reduction and for remission was ≤15 posttreatment Y-BOCS. However, differences in sensitivity and specificity between the optimal and nearby thresholds for response and remission were small with some uncertainty demonstrated by the confidence ellipses. ConclusionWhile the empirically derived Y-BOCS thresholds in our meta-analysis differ from expert consensus, given the predominance of data from more recent trials of OCD, which involved more refractory participants and novel treatment modalities as opposed to first-line therapies, we recommend the continued use of the consensus definitions.

Age of onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder differentially affects white matter microstructure

Previous diffusion MRI studies have reported mixed findings on white matter microstructure alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), likely due to variation in demographic and clinical characteristics, scanning methods, and underpowered samples. The OCD global study was created across five international sites to overcome these challenges by harmonizing data collection to identify consistent brain signatures of OCD that are reproducible and generalizable. Single-shell diffusion measures (e.g., fractional anisotropy), multi-shell Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) and fixel-based measures, were extracted from skeletonized white matter tracts in 260 medication-free adults with OCD and 252 healthy controls. We additionally performed structural connectome analysis. We compared cases with controls and cases with early (<18) versus late (18+) OCD onset using mixed-model and Bayesian multilevel analysis. Compared with healthy controls, adult OCD individuals showed higher fiber density in the sagittal stratum (B[SE] = 0.10[0.05], P = 0.04) and credible evidence for higher fiber density in several other tracts. When comparing early (n = 145) and late-onset (n = 114) cases, converging evidence showed lower integrity of the posterior thalamic radiation —particularly radial diffusivity (B[SE] = 0.28[0.12], P = 0.03)—and lower global efficiency of the structural connectome (B[SE] = 15.3[6.6], P = 0.03) in late-onset cases. Post-hoc analyses indicated divergent direction of effects of the two OCD groups compared to healthy controls. Age of OCD onset differentially affects the integrity of thalamo-parietal/occipital tracts and the efficiency of the structural brain network. These results lend further support for the role of the thalamus and its afferent fibers and visual attentional processes in the pathophysiology of OCD.

Perspectives on informed assent and bodily integrity in prospective deep brain stimulation for youth with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background Deep brain stimulation is approved for treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults under the US Food and Drug Administration Humanitarian Device Exemption, and studies have shown its efficacy in reducing symptom severity and improving quality of life. While similar deep brain stimulation treatment is available for pediatric patients with dystonia, it is not yet available for pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, although soon could be. The prospect of growing indications for pediatric deep brain stimulation raises several ethical concerns relating to bodily integrity, the ability to offer informed assent, and the role pediatric patients play in the decision-making process. Objective The aim of this study is to solicit and assess the views of stakeholders (children, parents, clinicians) on pediatric assent, autonomy, and bodily integrity in the context of potential pediatric deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients ( n = 21), caregivers of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients aged 14–18 ( n = 19), and clinicians with experience treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder ( n = 25). Interviews were transcribed and coded in MAXQDA 2018 and 2020 software and processed for thematic content analysis to isolate and compare specific themes. Results A majority of respondents (74%, 48/65) across all three stakeholder groups voiced that the decision-making process should be collaborative and involve everyone (clinicians: 84% or 21/25, caregivers 71% or 15/21, and patients 63% or 12/19). We identified a split between respondents’ views on who should have the final say in the event of disagreement (38% or 25/65 favored the patient versus 35% or 23/65 favoring caregivers). A split between respondents also emerged concerning the maturity relevant for deep brain stimulation decision-making, with 45% (29/65) favoring developmental maturity (age/physiological development) and 45% (29/65) favoring decisional maturity (capacity to understand and weigh information). A majority of clinicians indicated that they would not move forward with deep brain stimulation without securing patient assent (80% or 20/25), with some stating the only exception is if patient quality of life was very poor and/or they lacked insight. Both caregivers and patients expressed a significant respect for the patient's right to bodily integrity, with 67% of caregivers (14/21) and 68% of patients (13/19) justifying patient involvement in decision-making specifically with reference to infringements of bodily integrity. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that despite broad agreement across stakeholders that the decision-making process for pediatric deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder should be collaborative and somehow involve pediatric patients, there is disagreement about what this process entails and what factors determine patient involvement in the process. However, there is agreement that children have a right to bodily and brain integrity, which should only be infringed upon in rare circumstances.

Clinical Advances in Treatment Strategies for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Adults.

In the present article, we provide a comprehensive review of the treatment strategies for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a common, chronic, and often debilitating disorder, characterized by overwhelming obsessions and compulsions. OCD typically starts in childhood or adolescence and persists throughout life, causing functional impairment across multiple domains. The article begins by describing the historical concepts of OCD from religious and guilt-based explanations to psychoanalytic perspectives, and then explores the changing understanding of OCD as a treatable condition. Recent advances include the development of evidence-based psychological treatments, such as exposure and response prevention, and pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the International Classification of Diseases, has removed OCD from the anxiety disorder grouping and regrouped it into obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. We conclude by highlighting the current state of knowledge and development in the clinical management of OCD, including recommendations for first- and second-line treatments, alternative, or augmentative strategies for and novel agents under investigation for OCD. In future, the latest advances in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, digital technology, and data-driven analysis will help elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD and develop personalized intervention strategies.

A prospective investigation of impacts of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on clinical features and long-term treatment response in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

BackgroundA close association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents has been investigated in previous studies. However, few studies examined the relationship between lifetime comorbidity of ADHD and OCD in adults. Therefore, we sought to investigate the clinical and psychopathological features related to comorbid ADHD in Japanese adult patients with OCD. MethodsWe assessed lifetime comorbidity of ADHD in 93 adult Japanese patients with OCD. Additionally, we used the Japanese version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales to assess the characteristics and severity of ADHD in each participant. According to the results, we excluded OCD patients that did not have ADHD but who exhibited elevated levels of ADHD traits. We compared OCD patients with ADHD (ADHD+ group) and those without ADHD or its trait (ADHD− group) in terms of background profiles and clinical features, such as OCD symptomatology and psychometric test results. Additionally, the 6-month treatment outcome was compared prospectively between groups. ResultsOf the 93 OCD participants, the prevalence of lifetime comorbidity of ADHD was estimated as 16.1%. Compared with the ADHD− group, participants in the ADHD+ group had an earlier age of onset of OCD, higher frequencies of hoarding symptoms, higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and lower quality of life, more elevated levels of impulsivity, and higher rates of substance or behavioral addiction and major depression. Finally, the mean improvement rate on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale after 6 months of standardized OCD treatment in the ADHD+ group (16.1%) was significantly lower than that in the ADHD− group (44.6%). ConclusionThe lifetime comorbidity of ADHD is likely to exert a significant effect on clinical features and treatment outcome in adult patients with OCD. It is important to consider that underlying ADHD pathology may function as a facilitator for increased severity of global clinical features and treatment refractory conditions in OCD patients. Further studies are required to examine treatment strategies for such patients.

Relationship of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with Social Anxiety and Psychological Resilience in Adults

Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness characterized by permanent obsessions and compulsions that cause severe distress and disrupting one's functionality. The obsession is defined as a pattern of intortion, intortion and improper thought, idea, imagination and impulses. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the relationship of obsessive compulsive disorder in adults with social anxiety and psychological durability. The group of this study was composed of individuals who were treated or still seeing in the hospitals and private psychological counseling center in İzmir region in 2022-2023. Method: The sample of the study was composed of 400 participants who have been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive age of 18 years and more selected by the purposeful sampling method. Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Question list to collect data in the study, Liebowitz was used as a scale of social anxiety and short psychological stability. Results: In the finding of the research, it is moderately positive (p&amp;lt;0.05); Slowness, doubt, strong level between ruminating levels at strong level (p&amp;lt;0,01 *p&amp;lt;0,05); Maudsley is very strongly positive between obsessive compulsive levels(p&amp;lt;0.05); weak levels of anxiety, avoidance and social anxiety levels (p&amp;lt;0,17, p&amp;lt;0,11); The levels of psychological strength were found to be weakly negative and significant relations between the levels. Conclusion: obsessions and compulsions were significant in the results of the research results in the results of the tested variables. However, there were no significant results in the anticipated psychological endurance level. Therefore, the relationship between obsessive-compulsive scores and another variable may be examined.

The Impact of Family Functioning on Help-Seeking Behavior and Symptom Severity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Poor family functioning is associated with higher symptom severity in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and delayed help-seeking behavior in other forms of psychopathology. However, little is known about the impact of family functioning on help-seeking behavior and symptom severity in adults with OCD. The present study investigated the association between family functioning and both treatment delay and symptom severity in adults with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Participants were 194 adults who self-identified as having OCD and completed an internet survey, including measures assessing family functioning, obsessive-compulsive symptom severity, help-seeking behavior, and depression symptom severity. Poorer family functioning was associated with higher obsessive-compulsive and depression symptom severity, after controlling for significant demographic variables. With respect to domains of family functioning, poorer general functioning, problem solving, communication skills, role functioning, affective involvement, and affective responsiveness were associated with higher obsessive-compulsive and depression symptom severity, after controlling for demographics. Poorer problem solving and communication were not significantly associated with treatment delay after controlling for demographics. Findings highlight the need for family intervention within the treatment framework for adult OCD and suggest targets ( e.g. , communication) to be addressed.

A Systematic Review of the Use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Treat Adult Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The present review aims to critically evaluate available literature on the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to treat adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to draw conclusions about using ACT to reduce OCD symptoms in adults with OCD. Databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, and PubMed), Google Scholar, and article references were used to identify relevant studies through October 10, 2020. This review includes both peer-reviewed, published articles (n = 15) and unpublished theses and dissertations (n = 2) to increase the breadth of the review as suggested by PRISMA guidelines. Reviewed articles utilized ACT and at least one measure of OCD symptom severity. Information on methodological, measurement, statistical, and analytical characteristics of the included studies were extracted to determine the quality of the available studies and to inform the conclusions of this review. Seventeen studies (n = 17) with 336 participants from three countries were evaluated. The current evidence suggests that ACT can be used to reduce symptoms of OCD in adults. A conclusion supporting the use of ACT to reduce OCD symptoms can be made because of several strengths within this body of literature (e.g., use of validated OCD symptom measures, inclusion of treatment manuals, use of multiple assessment points, etc.). However, because a majority of the included studies are quasi-experimental and single-subject studies, more stringent research (i.e., randomized controlled trials) with large, diverse samples is needed to strengthen this conclusion. Additionally, dismantling studies exploring the components of ACT that lead to OCD symptom improvement are needed.

Probing midbrain dopamine function in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder via neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an impairing psychiatric condition, which often onsets in childhood. Growing research highlights dopaminergic alterations in adult OCD, yet pediatric studies are limited by methodological constraints. This is the first study to utilize neuromelanin-sensitive MRI as a proxy for dopaminergic function among children with OCD. N = 135 youth (6-14-year-olds) completed high-resolution neuromelanin-sensitive MRI across two sites; n = 64 had an OCD diagnosis. N = 47 children with OCD completed a second scan after cognitive-behavioral therapy. Voxel-wise analyses identified that neuromelanin-MRI signal was higher among children with OCD compared to those without (483 voxels, permutation-corrected p = 0.018). Effects were significant within both the substania nigra pars compacta (p = 0.004, Cohen's d = 0.51) and ventral tegmental area (p = 0.006, d = 0.50). Follow-up analyses indicated that more severe lifetime symptoms (t = -2.72, p = 0.009) and longer illness duration (t = -2.22, p = 0.03) related to lower neuromelanin-MRI signal. Despite significant symptom reduction with therapy (p < 0.001, d = 1.44), neither baseline nor change in neuromelanin-MRI signal associated with symptom improvement. Current results provide the first demonstration of the utility of neuromelanin-MRI in pediatric psychiatry, specifically highlighting in vivo evidence for midbrain dopamine alterations in treatment-seeking youth with OCD. Neuromelanin-MRI likely indexes accumulating alterations over time, herein, implicating dopamine hyperactivity in OCD. Given evidence of increased neuromelanin signal in pediatric OCD but negative association with symptom severity, additional work is needed to parse potential longitudinal or compensatory mechanisms. Future studies should explore the utility of neuromelanin-MRI biomarkers to identify early risk prior to onset, parse OCD subtypes or symptom heterogeneity, and explore prediction of pharmacotherapy response.

Clinical Effectiveness of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists in Adult Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Treatment: A Systematic Review.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 2% of the human population. Traditional treatment of OCD includes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment along with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Nearly 25%-30% of OCD patients do not respond to SSRIs. Glutamatergic agents are currently being studied for the treatment of OCD due to the glutamatergic pathway in the brain, related to OCD, and the role of the cortico-striato-thalamic circuit (CSTC). This review assesses the clinical effectiveness of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, ketamine/esketamine, memantine, and amantadine, for adult patients with OCD. Inclusion criteria include human studies published within the last 15 years, with patients diagnosed with OCD, aged over 18 years, with only psychiatric comorbidities, and full-text articles. Papers that included interventions other than CBT, exposure with response prevention (ERP), and SSRI/SRI were excluded. Articles were searched for using PubMed, PubMed Central, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online, EBSCO Information Services, OpenAthens, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, and Google Scholar databases, last searched on December 2, 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tools, the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) checklist for literature reviews, and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for quasi-experimental studies. Results were presented and synthesized by Excel spreadsheet analysis. The database search yielded 4,221 articles, which was cut down to 18 articles by inclusion/exclusion criteria, including duplications. 80% of the ketamine studies resulted in a significant reduction of obsessions and compulsions based on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and each of the memantine and amantadine studies displayed clinical effectiveness, also. Limitations include the small number of amantadine studies and the limited availability of other NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist-focused studies. This systematic review shows that ketamine is an effective drug for the treatment of non-refractory, mild to moderate OCD, and memantine and amantadine are effective augmentation agents for the treatment of mild to severe OCD.

Early Identification and Intervention in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent thoughts with subsequent repetitive behaviors. Interventions that are effective for adult OCD cannot simply be generalized to pediatric OCD, since OCD in children and adolescents usually has a different clinical presentation, etiology and course from adult OCD. Delayed and inadequate treatment is associated with a worse prognosis, making the need for early identification and intervention in pediatric OCD very urgent. In this paper, we reflected on the current constraints that make early interventions for pediatric OCD unpromoted and reviewed the approaches with potential application for early identification and early intervention in pediatric OCD, categorized by three-level prevention stages corresponding to a clinical staging model. Since the etiology of pediatric OCD is still unclear, primary prevention is most lacking, and early interventions for pediatric OCD are currently focused on the secondary prevention stage, which aims to prevent the conversion of obsessive-compulsive symptoms into full-blown OCD; tertiary prevention mostly focuses on the alleviation of mild to moderate OCD, while interventions for co-morbidities are still in their infancy. We closed by considering the important research questions on this topic.

Family Accommodation in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Its Association With Insight.

Family accommodation (FA) is defined as a family members' involvement by doing certain behavior in response to the daily rituals of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). FA is associated with more severe symptoms of OCD. Similarly, poor insight is associated with high severity of OCD symptoms. FA and insight are also related to each other, as more accommodative behavior of family members is associated with poor insight. This cross-sectional observational study assessed 103 adult OCD patients with an illness duration of at least one year. Participants were assessed using Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) symptom checklist, Y-BOCS to assess severity, and Family Accommodation Scale-SR (Hindi) to evaluate FA. Insight was assessed with the 11th item of Y-BOCS. FA was common in the families of our participants. The mean±SD Y-BOCS score was 28.72±5.09, and the mean FAS-SR score was 44.1±12.03. A significant positive correlation existed between the FA and YBOCS scores, that is, with the increase in FA, YBOCS scores also significantly increased. A considerable number reported poor insight, and had high scores on YBOCS and their caregiver had high FA scores. FA is indicative of high symptom severity of OCD and higher FA is associated with poor insight, so FA needs further research for its interplay with OCD symptomatology and role in the maintenance of symptoms.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: A Narrative Review.

This study aimed to review all empirical contributions published between March 2020 and June 2022, addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. We searched the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. A total of 543 articles were scanned and 73 full-text articles were identified. Reviews, comments, letters to the editor, and case reports (except case series) were excluded. It was determined that 42 articles met the inclusion criteria, 6 studies involving only children and adolescents were excluded, and 36 were decided on their suitability for our study. The analysis determined that COVID-19 had an impact on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Characteristics such as liability for harm and unacceptable thoughts influenced the symptoms as well as contamination and washing. Some studies showed an increase in the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, while some reported no worsening but improvement with treatment and follow-up. While some reported variations in outcomes related to sociodemographic characteristics and subtypes, some focused on the risk of suicide. There were also studies conducted on special groups such as pregnant women or healthcare workers. The results were controversial. While available data contain more information on worsening obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, data on the status of patients under treatment were scarce. There were not enough studies evaluating follow-up results. Influencing factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, subtypes, comorbid conditions, treatment, and support did not seem to have been adequately addressed.