Adult Male Chickens Research Articles

On-farm multi-location testing of synthetic dual-purpose chicken breed (DZ-white) at Lowland area of Kaffa Zone of Ethiopia

A study evaluated synthetic dual purpose DZ-white’s adaptability and production performance in lowland agro-ecology. A total of 900 day-old chicks were distributed to fifteen (15) participant farmers (sixty chicks per farmer). Vaccines for Newcastle and Gumboro were administered as per veterinarian recommendations. Initially, chicks were supplemented with commercial feed and gradually shifted to locally available feed resources. Data on body weight, age at first egg, egg production, egg weight and farmers’ perception were recorded. On average, the adult male and female chicken body weight recorded at 20 weeks of age were 331.2 grams and 273.3 grams per chicken, respectively. Moreover, in the present study, the adult male and female chicken body weight recorded at 20 weeks of age were 1541.3 grams and 476.9 grams per chicken, respectively. The result also showed that an average egg weight at initial laying stage 5%, 50% and peak production stage were 44.09 grams, 48.33 grams and 55.45 grams, respectively. In the current study, chickens produced 296 eggs annually. Based on the adaptability, production performance and social acceptance, participant farmers preferred synthetic dual purpose DZ- white chicken breed to commonly used local and exotic breeds. As a result of their moderate growth and production performance, scavenging ability and social acceptance, demonstration and scaling up of the breed in the rural smallholder production system are highly recommended.

Ultrastructural changes in the spermatogenic cells of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) observed at different reproductive stages

Spermatogenesis is a complex process. It is the modification of progenitor spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa. The stages are similar in all-male vertebrates, as well as avian species. However, studies on spermatogenesis in birds are fewer compared to mammals. The current study investigated the ultrastructural changes in the spermatogenic cells of domestic chickens in different reproductive stages. Thirty (30) male birds, ten (10) in each of the three reproductive stages: pre-pubertal, pubertal, and adult were used in the study. Testicular tissues from all age groups were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM results showed spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in the pre-pubertal testis, and the seminiferous tubule lumen was wide and empty. Also, the nuclei of spermatogonia at this stage did not contain condensed chromatin material at the center nor scattered at the periphery of the nuclear membrane. There were slight differences between the spermatogenic cells in the pubertal and adult age groups. The spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids with scanty chromatin material were observed in both age groups. In the adult age group, round and elongated spermatids with condensed chromatin materials were observed besides the other spermatogenic cells. Also, the seminiferous tubule lumen was filled with sperm cells and cellular debris, unlike in the pre-pubertal and pubertal age groups where they were wide and empty. The presence of numerous oval mitochondria were observed in all age groups. This signifies the active process of spermatogenesis in pre-pubertal, pubertal, and adult male domestic chickens.

Pendugaan Bobot Badan Melalui Ukuran Shank pada Ayam Kampung yang Dipelihara Secara Tradisional di Manokwari

This study aims to find an estimator of body weight by means of shank length and shank circumference in adult Kampung chickens reared traditionally. A total of 173 adult Kampung chickens (79 males and 94 females), aged 1 year belonging to several breeders in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency, were used as material for this study. Best Subsets Regression analysis was used to find the best body weight estimation model for this research chicken. The results showed that shank length (PSJ) was the best estimator of body weight (BBJ) for adult male Kampung chickens through the formula: BBJ = 0.363 PSJ – 1.67, because it had the best accuracy rate (highest R2 and lowest C-p and s) compared to the formula others available. For adult female Kampung chickens, shank length (PSB) and shank circumference (LSB) are the best estimators of body weight (BBB) for adult female Kampung chickens using the formula: BBB = 0.205 PSB + 0.127 LSB - 0.864, because it has the best level of accuracy (R2 highest and C-p and lowest s) compared to other available formulas. These formulas are very well applied to Kampung chicken farms that are kept traditionally in an area in order to choose good male candidates and prospective brooders for that area.

Performance Analysis in Quantitative Traits of Local Chickens (Gallus gallus sp.) In Kediri Regency East Java

This study aimed to determine the phenotypic diversity of the quantitative characteristics and the results of the analysis of kinship relationships of local chickens in Kediri by using 60 adult male local chickens. Data were obtained by directly observing the quantitative characteristics according to the variables: head length, chest-length, wing length from right to left, shank length, back length, neck circumference, and chest circumference. The results showed that the majority of phenotypes were from local chickens in Kediri, consisting; of a wing length of 52.1cm, head length of 8.58cm, chest length of 28.8cm, shank length of 12.4cm, a back length of 25.35cm, neck circumference 13.98cm, and chest circumference 40.4cm. It can be concluded that local chickens in Kediri have a variety of quantitative characteristics, and the average results for each sub-district are not much different from the others. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as primary data for further research to determine the quality and superior breeding selection.

Prediction of transcript isoforms in 19 chicken tissues by Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing.

To identify and annotate transcript isoforms in the chicken genome, we generated Nanopore long-read sequencing data from 68 samples that encompassed 19 diverse tissues collected from experimental adult male and female White Leghorn chickens. More than 23.8 million reads with mean read length of 790 bases and average quality of 18.2 were generated. The annotation and subsequent filtering resulted in the identification of 55,382 transcripts at 40,547 loci with mean length of 1,700 bases. We predicted 30,967 coding transcripts at 19,461 loci, and 16,495 lncRNA transcripts at 15,512 loci. Compared to existing reference annotations, we found ∼52% of annotated transcripts could be partially or fully matched while ∼47% were novel. Seventy percent of novel transcripts were potentially transcribed from lncRNA loci. Based on our annotation, we quantified transcript expression across tissues and found two brain tissues (i.e., cerebellum and cortex) expressed the highest number of transcripts and loci. Furthermore, ∼22% of the transcripts displayed tissue specificity with the reproductive tissues (i.e., testis and ovary) exhibiting the most tissue-specific transcripts. Despite our wide sampling, ∼20% of Ensembl reference loci were not detected. This suggests that deeper sequencing and additional samples that include different breeds, cell types, developmental stages, and physiological conditions, are needed to fully annotate the chicken genome. The application of Nanopore sequencing in this study demonstrates the usefulness of long-read data in discovering additional novel loci (e.g., lncRNA loci) and resolving complex transcripts (e.g., the longest transcript for the TTN locus).

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM IN TWO GENOTYPES OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS CHICKENS

Morphological studies were carried out on the Gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of two genotypes of Nigerian indigenous chickens with particular emphasis on Meckel’s diverticulum (MD). Twenty adult male chickens of two genotypes (10 birds per genotype), all above one year of age, were used to determine the gross, morphometric and histological studies on the Meckel’s diverticulum. The MD was found to be a small coma- shaped outgrowth in both genotypes, located on the beginning of the distal half of the Jejunum. Its tip was free and it had no fibrous or peritoneal attachments. The parameters measured were found to vary between the two genotypes, with only the MDC length been significantly (p 0.05) different. Histologically, the MD in both genotypes was found to have all four layers of alimentary tract; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. The mucosa had short villi. The lining epithelium was made up of low columnar cells. The lamina propria of mucosa as well as submucosa contained intestinal glands with plenty of parietal cells. The submucosa contains blood vessels. The muscularis externa was found to comprise only the circular musclularis layer. The MD in these two genotypes was found to be a small coma- shaped outgrowth located on the beginning of the distal half of the Jejunum. The morphometric parameters of the MD were found not to vary significantly except for the length from Meckel’s diverticulum to Cecal opening (MDC). The observed glandular and lymphoid tissues reaffirmed the MD’s role in immunological activities of the intestine.

Plumage colours Stability in Inbreed Pelung Chicken

Pelung is one of the most importance local chicken in Indonesia. Genetic introgression and inbreeding depression were the major threat for local chicken gene pool. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of serial inbreeding mating to plumage colours of Pelung chicken. Pure Pelung chicken which purchased from Cianjur sub-district was undergo full-sib mating through five generation. All offspring phenotypes was recorded. The results show gradual plumage phenotype change of inbreed Pelung chicken. Initially, adult male chicken had Black-red coloured as wildtype (WT) shifted to partridge and black-silver coloured in later generations. The current findings indicating that inbreeding made recessive traits to be expressed which some of them might had deleterious effect. Random mating should be maintained to preserve genetics stability of Pelung chicken

Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus Antibodies in Apparently Healthy Chickens in Sierra Leone

The study was conducted in the southern province of Sierra Leone for a period of seven months (March – September 2019). The main objective of the study was to investigate the seroprevalence level of Newcastle disease antibodies in apparently healthy free-range chickens in selected chiefdoms in the Moyamba District of Sierra Leone. A total of three hundred and thirty-three chickens were included in the study. Sera samples collected were analyzed using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The result of the investigation revealed an overall prevalence of 56.4% from which 21.6% and 34.8% were male and female chickens respectively. Kaiyamba chiefdom recorded the highest antibodies (73.9%), followed by Lower Banta (53.1%) and Bumpe (42.3%) chiefdoms. The difference in the prevalence of each category showed that adult female chickens were the most susceptible (67.5%) to Newcastle disease followed by the growers (55.8%) and adult male chickens (45.9%). Due to the lack of Newcastle disease vaccination history in the study areas, indigenous chickens had been exposed to the disease naturally in all the chiefdoms. Raising awareness about the disease through effective extension programs and improved animal healthcare services and husbandry practices is of great importance.

A study on the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation

Abstract Objective: To explore the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation. Study design: Ninety adult male chickens were divided into three groups (A, B and C). One comb side of the chickens was taken randomly as the treatment side, and the other side as the self-control side. Group A was irradiated once with a 532 nm continuous laser after a single intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME). In group B treatment side of combs was irradiated once with a 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). In the control group C, the combs were treated neither with photosensitizer nor with irradiation. Results: Compared with the self-control sides, part of the treated combs were blanched after HMME-PDT while the histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the normal overlying epidermis completely intact. At the same time selective destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number were seen (p<0.01). In nine cases (30%) treatment was completely ineffective resulting in a total effective rate of 70% (21 cases). No scar formation was observed at all. After PDL treatment most of the treated combs were blanched while histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the overlying epidermis with slight injuries and scabs. Here again, destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number (p<0.01) were obtained. The total effective rate was 93% (28 cases); in two cases scars occurred. The combs of the control group showed no change compared with self-control sides (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the chicken comb model it was shown that both 532 nm HMME-PDT and 595 nm PDL treatment could damage capillaries in the superficial dermis of combs. The 532 nm HMME-PDT had fewer side effects compared with 595 nm PDL, but the inefficiency rate of 532 nm HMME-PDT group was higher than the 595 nm PDL group. No significant difference was observed in the macroscopic and histopathological results of both groups (p>0.05).

Changes in the amount of lysine in protective proteins and immune cells after a systemic response to dead Escherichia coli: implications for the nutritional costs of immunity.

The nutritional demands of the immune system may result in tradeoffs with competing processes such as growth and reproduction. The magnitude of the nutritional costs of immunity is largely unknown. Thus, we examine the lysine content of the systemic components of the immune system in adult male chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in a healthy condition (maintenance) and following a robust Escherichia coli-specific immune response. Lysine was used as a metric, because it is found both in leukocytes and in protective proteins. The dynamics of subsets of leukocytes were monitored in primary and secondary immune tissues (thymus, bone marrow, and spleen) that would be expected to be involved in the response following iv injection of E. coli. The systemic immune system at maintenance has the same lysine content as 332 average-sized feathers, 16% of an egg, or 5.4% of a pectoralis muscle from an adult chicken. During the acute-phase response to E. coli, the additional lysine needed would equal 355 feathers, 17% of an egg, or 5.5% of a pectoralis muscle. The acute-phase proteins accounted for the greatest proportion of lysine in the immune system at maintenance and the proportion increased substantially during an acute-phase response. Hypertrophy of the liver required more lysine than all of the leukocytes and protective proteins that were produced during the acute-phase response. Size of the liver and levels of protein during the acute phase returned to normal during the time when the adaptive response began to utilize significant quantities of lysine. The catabolism would release a surfeit of lysine to provision the anabolic processes of the adaptive response, thus making proliferation of lymphocytes and production of immunoglobulins very cheap.

Development of longitudinal smooth muscle in the posterior mesenteric artery and purinergic regulation of its contractile responses in chickens

This study was designed to clarify development and the neural regulation of longitudinal smooth muscle in the chicken posterior mesenteric artery to generate new hypotheses for the roles of arterial longitudinal muscles. The existence of longitudinal muscles was examined with hematoxylin-eosin staining. A well-developed longitudinal muscle layer exists in the posterior mesenteric artery of adult female chickens but not adult male chickens. The muscle layer is poorly developed in chickens aged<15weeks, even in female chickens. Mechanical responses of muscles were recorded and perivascular nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS). EFS induced monophasic contractions in longitudinal muscle of the posterior mesenteric artery segment, and those responses were inhibited by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin. Blockers for cholinoceptors and adrenoceptors did not affect EFS-evoked contractions but an antagonist for P2X purinoceptors blocked them. The present study demonstrated that the longitudinal muscle in the posterior mesenteric artery of the domestic fowl develops between the 5th and 15thweek of life, suggesting that its development is involved in oviposition. The longitudinal muscle might have a role in resisting extensional stress from the oviduct containing eggs. Moreover, the arterial longitudinal muscle is regulated by purinergic neurons via P2X purinoceptors.

Effect of some antioxidants on blood picture and antioxidants status in roosters exposed to oxidative stress

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Vitamin E 600 mg/kg diet, Vitamin C 450 mg/kg diet and sodium selenite 0.5 mg/kg diet in adult white Leghorn male chickens (30 weeks), which were concomitantly exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) supplemented with drinking water for 6 weeks on blood picture. Blood samples were collected at (0, 3, 6) weeks of treatment. Hydrogen peroxide caused a significant increase in the total leukocyte count, heterophils percentage and heterophils /lymphocytes ratio (stress index) accompanied with a significant increase in liver malondialdehyde level associated with significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, lymphocyte and esoinophil percentage. It also caused a significant decrease in liver glutathione on the 6th week of the treatment compared with control group. The antioxidants with hydrogen peroxide caused a significant decrease in the total leukocyte count, heterophils percentage and stress index accompanied with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in liver tissue compared with hydrogen peroxide alone and control group, beside that a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, lymphocyte, esoinophil percentage and liver glutathione level compared with hydrogen peroxide alone which returned to control group values. In general, treatments with Vitamin E, C and Sodium selenite reversed the adverse effects produced by hydrogen peroxide on certain physiological parameters in adult male chickens.

High altitude hypoxia and blood pressure dysregulation in adult chickens.

Although it is accepted that impaired placental perfusion in complicated pregnancy can slow fetal growth and programme an increased risk of cardiovascular dysfunction at adulthood, the relative contribution of reductions in fetal nutrition and in fetal oxygenation as the triggering stimulus remains unclear. By combining high altitude (HA) with the chick embryo model, we have previously isolated the direct effects of HA hypoxia on embryonic growth and cardiovascular development before hatching. This study isolated the effects of developmental hypoxia on cardiovascular function measured in vivo in conscious adult male and female chickens. Chick embryos were incubated, hatched and raised at sea level (SL, nine males and nine females) or incubated, hatched and raised at HA (seven males and seven females). At 6 months of age, vascular catheters were inserted under general anaesthesia. Five days later, basal blood gas status, basal cardiovascular function and cardiac baroreflex responses were investigated. HA chickens had significantly lower basal arterial PO2 and haemoglobin saturation, and significantly higher haematocrit than SL chickens, independent of the sex of the animal. HA chickens had significantly lower arterial blood pressure than SL chickens, independent of the sex of the animal. Although the gain of the arterial baroreflex was decreased in HA relative to SL male chickens, it was increased in HA relative to SL female chickens. We show that development at HA lowers basal arterial blood pressure and alters baroreflex sensitivity in a sex-dependent manner at adulthood.

Reversion to Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Viremia in Seroconverted Adult Meat-Type Chickens Exposed to Chronic Stress by Adrenocorticotrophin Treatment

Chickens infected with subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV J) early in posthatch life develop viremia followed by a neutralizing antibody (Nab) response that may or may not be able to clear the viremia. Occasionally, chickens that do clear viremia by developing an efficient Nab response revert to viremia, and the factors responsible for this reversion are not clear. In this study, it was hypothesized that stress can cause seroconverted viremia-free chickens to revert to viremia. Adult (52-wk-old) male commercial meat-type chickens that were exposed to ALV J at hatch and had since cleared viremia and remained viremia-free for up to 40 wk, when subjected to chronic stress (for 14 days) induced by porcine adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), reverted to viremia and cloacal shedding (2/6 [33%]). However, chickens that were contact-exposed to ALV J at 32 wk of age and had seroconverted failed to revert to viremia when subjected to similar chronic stress. Stress did not increase the susceptibility of adult meat-type chickens to ALV J infection by contact exposure. The lack of statistical significance due to the small sample size is a limitation of this study. However, in general, the results suggest that treatment of chickens with ACTH can cause reversion of viremia and cloacal shedding in ALV J-seroconverted adult male chickens that had been exposed to the virus at hatch, but not in chickens that were contact-exposed at 32 wk of age. The results warrant further studies with greater sample size to examine the role of stress in ALV J epidemiology.

Effect of dietary melatonin supplementation on semen characteristics in adult roosters exposed to oxidative stress

The present study was designed to determine the effect of melatonin dietary supplementation 40 mg/kg in adult Ross 308 male chickens 24 weeks concomitantly exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (1%) with drinking water for 6 weeks on reproductive performance.Semen were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks. From the results no significant differences in the volume of ejaculates during the time of hydrogen peroxide treatment, while sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility show significant decrease during the experimental period as compared with the control group, accompanied with a significant increase in dead and abnormal sperms during the experimental period as compared with zero time. Also, no significant differences in ejaculates volume in melatonin with hydrogen peroxide treatment compared with the hydrogen peroxide group and zero time, administration of melatonin with hydrogen peroxide caused significant increase in sperms concentration , individual motility at the 4th and 6th week and mass motility in 2nd,4th and 6th week compared with hydrogen peroxide group and the experiment period had no significant effects on sperm concentration and mass motility while significant increase appear in individual motility at the 6th week compared with zero time and 2nd week. Melatonin dietary supplementation in roosters exposed to oxidative stress caused significant decrease in percentage of dead and abnormal sperms at 2nd, 4th and 6th week compared with hydrogen peroxide group and there is no significant difference in dead sperms percentage during the experiment period while significant decrease appear at 4th and 6th week in abnormal sperms percentage compared with zero time. Melatonin supplementation alone had no significant effects on ejaculates volumes of compared with zero time and the control group , while melatonin administration caused significant increase in sperm concentration at 4th and 6th week compared with the control group and zero time and 2nd week and cause increase in mass motility and individual motility at 6th week of the experiment compared with the control group and zero time , the results showed that melatonin cause significant decrease in percentage of dead sperms during experiment period compared with the control group and zero time and in abnormal sperms percentage during the experiment period compared with the control group and then significantly decreased at 2nd,4th and 6th week compared with zero time and the control group. It was concluded from this study that the dietary supplementation of melatonin reduce adverse effects that produced by hydrogen peroxide on semen characters in adult male chickens, and dietary supplementation of melatonin alone has a good effects in semen characters in adult male chickens.

Effect of Vitamin C and Selenium on Some Physiological and Reproductive Characters in Adult Roosters Exposed to Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C (450 mg/kg diet) and sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg diet) in adult white Leghorn male chickens (30 weeks of age), whose concomitantly exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) supplemented with drinking water for 6 weeks on reproductive performance. Semen were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6weeks, The study results showed that hydrogen peroxide treatment caused a significant decrease in the body weight, sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility during experimental period. Also a decrease in testosterone and testis glutathione concentration at the 6th week of the treatment, accompanied with a significant increase in dead and abnormal sperm percentage, testis malondialdehyde level compared with the control group. Histopathological changes revealed presence of necrosis and sloughing in the epithelial lining of the semineferous tubules and vacuolar degeneration of the supporting cells that fall in the lumen of the semineferous tubules and necrosis of interstitial cells. Vitamin C and sodium selenite with hydrogen peroxide caused a significant increase in body weight, sperm concentration, mass motility and individual motility during the experimental period, testosterone and glutathione level, accompanied with a significant decrease in dead and abnormal sperm percentages and Malondialdehyde level compared with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to the improvement in the histological picture of the semineferous tubules, mitosis germ cells were observed through their arrangement in circular tubules. It was concluded from this study that Vitamin C and Sodium selenite reverse the adverse effects produced by hydrogen peroxide on certain physiological and reproductive aspects in adult male chickens.

Intestinal Cell Phosphate Uptake and the Targeted Knockout of the 1,25D3-MARRS Receptor/PDIA3/ERp57

We have crossed ERp57(flx/flx) mice with commercially available mice expressing villin-driven cre-recombinase. Enterocytes isolated from 3- to 4-wk-old littermate (LM) male mice responded to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃] with enhanced phosphate uptake relative to corresponding controls within 1 min of addition, whereas in cells from targeted knockout (KO) mice, the response was severely blunted. Unlike chick enterocytes, mouse enterocytes did not respond to phorbol ester with enhanced phosphate uptake. However, forskolin, which does not stimulate phosphate uptake in chick intestinal cells, did so in enterocytes isolated from either young male LM or KO mice. Intestinal cells isolated from young female LM mice also responded to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ with enhanced phosphate uptake within 5 min of hormone addition, whereas cells from KO mice did not. Forskolin also stimulated phosphate uptake in enterocytes from young female KO or LM mice. As with intestinal cells from adult male chickens or rats, cells from adult (8 wk) male LM mice lost the ability to respond to 1,25(OH)₂D₃) with enhanced phosphate uptake. In contrast, intestinal cells from adult female LM mice did respond with enhanced phosphate uptake within 1 min of steroid hormone addition relative to corresponding controls, and the magnitude of the effect was greater than that observed in enterocytes of young females. Cells isolated from young or adult male or female LM mice failed to respond to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ with enhanced protein kinase C activity. Finally, we have previously reported that mouse enterocytes have cell surface vitamin D receptor; however preincubation of such cells with anti-vitamin D receptor antibodies demonstrated that the classical receptor is not involved in the rapid 1,25(OH)₂D₃-stimulated uptake of phosphate.

Identifikasi Marka Bioakustik Suara Kokok Ayam Kokok Balenggek di Kandang Penangkaran “Agutalok”, Kabupaten Solok

Kokok Balenggek chicken is a genetic resources from West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, well known as song fowl which has high economic commodity for Minang Kabau tribes. There is an important need to identify bioacoustic marker of Kokok Balenggek song fowl in Solok regency of West Sumatra, Indonesia. This research was aimed to collect basic data of crow characteristics of Kokok Balenggek song fowl. This research was conducted in a captive breeding farm “Agutalok”, Solok Regency, Indonesia. The number of 21 heads of adult male Kokok Balenggek chicken were selected as samples in this project. Song characteristics of Kokok Balenggek chicken was observed using time sampling method. Time observation was performed in three time period; Morning (4-6 a.m), Noon (11 a.m – 1 p.m) and Afternoon (4-6 p.m) for three days consecutively. Some parameters such as number of crows, number of phrase crows, time of crows, duration of crows, and frequency of crows were recorded during the observation. The results showed that the number of crows were ranging 5-11 crows, number of phrases crow were 8-14 phrases, time of crows were happened more frequent in the morning, duration of crows were 3.22 seconds happened frequently at Noon with frequency of crows were 9.39 times/10 minutes.

The 1,25D3‐MARRS Receptor is Required for Phosphate Uptake in Mouse Intestinal Cells

We have crossed ERp57lfx/flx mice with commercially available mice expressing villin-driven cre-recombinase (Nemere et al., J Biol Chem 285:31859). Enterocytes isolated from 3–4 wk old littermate (LM) male mice responded to 1,25D3 with enhanced phosphate uptake, relative to corresponding controls, whereas in cells from targeted knockout (KO) mice the response was severely blunted. Unlike chick enterocytes, mouse enterocytes did not respond to phorbol ester with enhanced phosphate uptake. However, forskolin, which does not stimulate phosphate uptake in chick intestinal cells did so in enterocytes isolated from either young male LM or KO mice. Intestinal cells isolated from young female LM mice also responded to 1,25D3 with enhanced phosphate uptake, whereas cells from KO mice did not. Forskolin also stimulated phosphate uptake in enterocytes from either young female KO or LM mice. As with intestinal cells from adult male chickens or rats, cells from adult (8wk) male LM mice lost the ability to respond to 1,25D3 with enhanced phosphate uptake. In contrast, intestinal cells from adult female LM mice did respond with enhanced phosphate uptake and the magnitude of the effect was greater than that observed in enterocytes of young females. Cells isolated from young or adult male or female LM mice failed to respond to 1,25D3 with enhanced PKC activity. Finally, we have previously reported that mouse enterocytes have cell surface VDR; however preincubation of such cells with anti-VDR antibodies demonstrated that the classical receptor is not involved in the rapid 1,25D3-stimulated uptake of phosphate.

Ott's protein osmotic pressure of serum and interstitial fluid in chickens (Gallus gallus): effect of age and gender

Protein, or colloid, osmotic pressure (COP) is of sufficient magnitude to exert a powerful effect on Starling forces across the capillary wall. Although avian skin lacks active mechanisms for fluid transmission, such as sweating, it is now hypothesized that passive oncotic forces may regulate fluid flow and distribution in the skin and related phenomena. In this study, serum protein profiles, as well as COP in serum (COP(s)) and in suction blister fluid (COP(sbf)), were determined in juvenile, young and adult female and male chickens. For assessing COP, the Ott-Ahlqvist equation was applied. This equation can formulate the effects of multiple serum proteins on COP, according to their molecular mass. The COP values determined in chickens were lower than those previously found in mammals. COP(s) increased with age in males, and was higher in adult males than in adult females. In contrast, COP(sbf) decreased with age in females, although it was better preserved in adult males. The age-dependent decrease in COP was associated with a parallel decrease in the concentration of α(1)-globulin and albumin, and a positive correlation between packed cell volume (PCV) and COP was found. It is concluded that ageing affects Ott's COP around the vessel wall, and that an oncotic mechanism preserves plasma volume. The preservation of COP(sbf) in males suggests better maintenance of the interstitial ground substance. Females seem to lose more of a tissue's COP(s) counteracting force than males, probably as a result of gender-specific changes in the composition of the interstitial matrix. Further studies are required to elucidate the structure and function of avian lymphatics and their role in skin rheology.