Adult Criminality Research Articles

Criminology characteristics of juvenile crime

An actual problem of society during the existence of criminology is the study of juvenile delinquency. This type of crime has its own specificity, which can be seen in the socio-psychological features and increased attention of society to this category of persons. This indicates the general trends of modern crime and its future development, as well as the state of moral health of society. This paper is devoted to the study of juvenile delinquency. This work indicates the factors that can contribute to the commission of a crime by minors, reveals the statistics of crime among minors, analyzes the state and trends in the detection and disclosure of criminal offenses committed by minors in recent years. A typological group has been determined, which includes juveniles who commit crimes. The need to combat juvenile delinquency is substantiated. The peculiarity of crimes committed by minors is outlined. Determined criminogenic factors of juvenile delinquency. Attention is drawn to the latency of juvenile delinquency, which is a major problem in preventing and countering such delinquency. The age categories of minors who commit crimes are specified. Various types of crimes committed by minors are outlined. Research on juvenile delinquency is always relevant in order to achieve an effective result in preventing juvenile delinquency. Undoubtedly, the issue of juvenile delinquency needs special attention, as well as everything related to minors, in general, needs increased attention from the state and society. It is noted that juvenile offenders constitute a peculiar typological group, they differ from adult criminals both in the nature and degree of social danger of the criminal offenses committed, and in personal traits, namely, insufficient social maturity and incomplete intellectual and volitional development. Factors that may cause a minor to commit a crime are outlined.

Aggressive parenting: social, medical and legal aspects.

Aim: To examine the impacts of aggressive parenting on physical, mental and emotional development; outcomes for society; possible ways of prevention of children' rights or health violation and responsibility of parents to optimize well-being of children. Materials and Methods: The analysis of scientific data has been conducted on the basis of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in order to collect the existed results of researches about social and medical aspects of impact of aggressive parenting. The formal-legal method was used to interpret the provisions of legislation regarding the protection of personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children. Conclusions: Aggressive parenting affects children of all ages and is associated with chronic stress and long-term negative impacts on physical development, cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, socioemotional difficulties, social and psychological dysfunction in adulthood. Aggressive parenting triggers a child' aggressive behavior which is considered as a predictor of adult's criminality. From a legal standpoint, aggressive parenting is a form of violation of the responsibility of parents to educate a child, which is an element of family legal relations regulated by the norms of the family law institution known as ≪Personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children". The definition of aggressive parenting has been defined with its legal features and characteristics. Effective prevention methods should be directed to predict possible further parental violence, intervention programs to reduce outcomes of aggressive parenting and to improve the ways of responsibility in procedural and material aspects of law.

Juvenile Violent Victimization and Adult Criminal Outcomes: The Role of Military Service as a Turning Point in Young Adulthood.

Previous research has consistently shown that juvenile violent victimization is associated with an increased risk of future criminal involvement, a phenomenon commonly known as victim-offender overlap. Despite a growing interest in the factors underlying this overlap, potential roles of major life transitions and turning points that may interrupt and reshape the nature of this developmental association have garnered less academic attention. Analyzing nationally representative data from waves I, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; n = 10,205), this study investigates the association between juvenile violent victimization and adult criminal outcomes (i.e., violent offending, non-violent offending, arrest, and incarceration) and whether this association is moderated by military service with and without combat experience in young adulthood. Employing a series of logistic regression analyses and adjusting for a host of covariates, measures of selection, and criminogenic traits, we found that juvenile violent victimization was significantly associated with greater odds of violent offending, arrest, and incarceration in adulthood. Among individuals with violent victimization histories, military service with no combat experience was associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of incarceration in adulthood. Combat experience, however, was associated with over seven times greater odds of violent offending in adulthood for these individuals. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and highlight the relevance of life transitions and turning points in general, and military service in particular, in mitigating or perpetuating the criminogenic impacts of violent victimization in the life course.

Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Adult Criminal Involvement

Child maltreatment can significantly impact an individual's development and increase their risk for criminal involvement later in life. This article explores the link between child maltreatment and adult criminal involvement. It examines various studies that highlight the adverse effects of maltreatment on a child's development and their increased risk of becoming involved in criminal activity later in life. The article suggests that preventing child maltreatment can reduce adult criminal involvement's prevalence. It concludes with a call for increased awareness and action to address child maltreatment and its long-term impact on society. The results of this study provide scientific research evidence for the positive development of children. In future studies, the results of this study can be used to correct and defend the maltreatment suffered by children scientifically. In the future, we urge researchers to pay more attention to the problem of child abuse. Overall, this article, whether in practice or research, has great significance.

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF JUVENILES IN ALGERIAN LEGISLATION

Juvenile means a child who has not reached majority age, crimes committed by juveniles are among the most common phenomena at present as a result of several factors related to the child's personal and social conditions.
 Most legislation, including the Algerian legislature, seeks to address this phenomenon by imposing dissuasive penalties to prevent this criminal phenomenon. However, these penalties fit with the child's age and circumstances. Therefore, it differentiates between the criminal irresponsibility stage and between the reduced penalty stage, but in a reduced form compared to those imposed on the adult criminal.

How Young Adult Crime Fiction Influences and Reflects Modern Adolescents

When we read crime fiction, we oftentimes expect a cast dominated by adult characters. This is likely a result of decades’ worth of popular crime fiction narratives almost exclusively containing adult characters. The earliest literature in the mystery and crime genre that was targeted towards younger audiences contained teenage detectives and adult criminals because it allowed the younger audiences to read about powerful teenagers overthrowing adult authority while still only engaging in acceptable moral activities in an attempt to decrease or discourage juvenile delinquency. A newer trend among young adult crime fiction novels is the adolescent playing the part of the criminal in addition to the detective. Applying social cognitive theory explored in the study conducted by Black and Barnes to the roles of adolescents in Karen M. McManus’s young adult mystery novel One of Us Is Lying and its sequel One of Us Is Next, this paper will analyze the novels’ adolescent characters to show how adolescent characters in young adult crime fiction reflect their young audiences’ desires to subvert adult hierarchies while still displaying acceptable morals and how they possibly influence their sense of morality.

The Effect of Early Childhood Education on Adult Criminality: Evidence from the 1960s through 1990s

We compare the effects of early childhood education on adult criminal behavior across time periods, using administrative crime data that provide significant precision advantages over existing work. We find that improvements in early childhood education led to large (20 percent) reductions in later criminal behavior, reductions that far exceed those implied by estimates of test score gains in prior studies. While the benefits generated account for a large portion of the costs of the education provided, we find substantial relative gains from the targeting of funds to high-poverty areas and areas without existing access to subsidized care. (JEL H75, I21, I26, I28, I32, I38, K42)

Family Type and Adult Criminality among Adolescents of Public and Private Universities in Central Region Uganda

Family Type and Adult Criminality among Adolescents of Public and Private Universities in Central Region Uganda

Supplemental Material for Attention and Behavior Problems in Childhood Predict Adult Financial Status, Health, and Criminal Activity: A Conceptual Replication and Extension of Moffitt et al. (2011) Using Cohorts From the United States and the United Kingdom

Supplemental Material for Attention and Behavior Problems in Childhood Predict Adult Financial Status, Health, and Criminal Activity: A Conceptual Replication and Extension of Moffitt et al. (2011) Using Cohorts From the United States and the United Kingdom

Incarcerated mothers’ experience of adversity heard using participatory mixed-method research

This article is based on mixed-method participatory research with incarcerated mothers in Ireland. It draws on this research which aimed to profile imprisoned mothers, hear their experiences of motherhood and mothering and examine their available supports. An overview of relevant literature on motherhood, incarceration, trauma and addiction in the context of incarceration is presented, followed by a detailed outline and discussion of the participatory methods used. Participants were involved in the design and implementation of the research, but not the data analysis and reporting. Prominent themes highlighted in the lives of participants include trauma, addiction and mother–child separation. Rich accounts of child and adult trauma, associated addiction and criminality and voluntary and enforced separations from their children are described and discussed. The article concludes with a reflection on the key issues that arose for participants and considers how these might be responded to in the future.

Penalties for Restricting the Labour Capacity of Minors: Problems of Legislative Regulation and Enforcement

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislative regulation and the practice of applying penalties related to the restriction of the labor rights of minors. The goal is to identify the problems existing in theory and law enforcement practice, to propose ways to solve them. The frequency of the election of compulsory and correctional labor to adult and juvenile criminals is compared. The shortcomings of the legislative regulation of penalties related to the restriction of the working capacity of minors are indicated, the difficulties faced by the law enforcement officer in choosing these types of penalties are noted. Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn on the need to improve the existing criminal legislation, and proposals are made to amend the relevant legislation.

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

In This Issue

American history has witnessed many points of transition and transformation. Among the most remarkable moments of change in the nation's modern past is that time known as the Progressive Era: those years from the late nineteenth century until the 1910s when Americans faced their brawling, industrializing nation with a clutch of laws and reforms meant to safeguard children, workers, or women; when professionalization came to a host of occupations and group activities flourished; when women became increasingly present in the public sphere. And in this issue of Utah Historical Quarterly—with its emphasis on twentieth-century professional associations, child-centered advocacy, and labor rights—we see the saplings of the Progressive Era bearing fruit.Susan Rugh opens the issue with an analysis of three Utah men who tapped into the growing prosperity of postwar America by founding lodging chains. As she explains, the creation of these little empires was not simply a matter of building motels along the West's new highways, but rather a story of how the investment of capital and labor—especially family labor—combined with the development of business groups to lay the framework “for an extensive western hospitality network.” The organizations the Utah moteliers nurtured “were a crucial step in the metamorphosis of the lodging industry from small, family-owned motels to the later dominance of the nationwide motel chains like Holiday Inn.”Our second article steps back to the charged and difficult years of the Great Depression. In it, Linda Zabriskie examines the role of Senator Elbert Thomas on the La Follette Civil Liberties Committee, which investigated the illegal use of spies, weapons, and more to discourage laborers from unionizing. Thomas's experiences years earlier, as a major in the Utah National Guard, prepared him for his role as the committee's co-chair, and his kindly, cerebral performance in the hearings elevated his national stature. In this year of 2022, when Americans from Amazon employees to Starbucks baristas have begun to unionize, the work of Thomas and the La Follette committee is entirely relevant.Next, Sarah Langsdon pieces together a history at once heartbreaking and hopeful, with her telling of how a murder case involving a young boy galvanized women's clubs in Ogden to fight for a better juvenile justice system. Difficult family dynamics underlay fourteen-year-old Ray Clough's murder of his father in 1920; those same dynamics meant the teen had no place to stay but the local jail, with adult criminals, while he awaited trial. Well-heeled women who had already taken on the role of “child savers” responded by advocating for Clough and crusading for the establishment of an appropriate juvenile detention center. The effort took decades but succeeded in the end.Like the women who advocated for Ray Clough, Claire Haines navigated a public world that was not entirely accepting of women. Like the men who established motel chains in the mountain West, Haines knew the importance of business clubs and associations. In 1923, Hannah Claire Haines became the first female certified public accountant in Utah. As David Hales and Alison McNeal relate, her path was one of professional success, marked by more than a little gender-based discrimination. Haines's career stretched from the 1910s to the 1970s, and despite her difficulties, she gathered a tidy personal fortune and dedicated it to furthering the cause of education—especially for women.Christine Cooper-Rompato closes this issue with her account of a woman who bridged the private and public worlds of the late nineteenth century with remarkable skill: Kate Barron Buck, musician, mother, fabric artist, and dentist, seemingly all at once.

Does being “left–behind” in childhood lead to criminality in adulthood? Evidence from data on rural-urban migrants and prison inmates in China

Large scale rural-to-urban migration and China’s household registration system have resulted in about 61 million children being left-behind in rural villages when their parents migrate to the cities. This paper uses survey and experimental data from male rural-urban migrants – prison inmates and comparable non-inmates – to examine whether parental absence in childhood as a result of migration is associated with increased criminality in adulthood. Control functions and sibling fixed effects are used to identify causal impacts. Parental absence due to migration is found to increase the propensity of adult males to commit crimes. Being left-behind decreases educational attainment and increases risk-loving behavior, both of which increase criminality.

"A Situation That Has Existed for Generations": Double Age, Race, and American Juvenile Justice

"A Situation That Has Existed for Generations":Double Age, Race, and American Juvenile Justice William S. Bush (bio) a 1939 murder case involving two African American adolescent girls garnered almost no attention outside San Antonio, Texas. The city's two daily newspapers barely reported on the facts surrounding the crime and they wrote nothing of the personal histories of the assailant or victim. Moreover, local media sometimes misreported the ages of fifteen-year-old Odessa Haywood and eighteen-year-old Carrie Lee Thompson while conspicuously highlighting their racial identity as "Negro." Some reports identified Haywood, the assailant, as sixteen; one article described Thompson, the victim, as a "woman," even though she was a high school student at the time.1 The only outlet to report in depth about them was the San Antonio Register, the city's Black-owned newspaper. The Register published detailed reports on the two girls, their families, and Haywood's May 1939 jury trial and conviction in the Bexar County Court. Their coverage of the case prompted the Register's editors to issue a dramatic call to action against "a situation that has existed for generations."2 The Register decried the court's inability to place Odessa Haywood in an age-appropriate facility, none of which admitted Black girls. The court's only available placement options were imprisonment in the county jail or unsupervised release—a recurring dilemma across the Jim Crow South and to some extent other regions in the United States.3 Neither option was acceptable to local Black leaders, who moved to protect Haywood from adult punishments while mobilizing to demand access for Black girls to juvenile detention facilities and training schools. More broadly, local Black leaders highlighted the "State's indifference" and "dereliction" in refusing to extend the ostensibly protective benefits of juvenile justice and child welfare to Black children and youth. The Haywood case revived a dormant campaign to build a statewide juvenile training school for [End Page 410] Black girls, who had been largely left out of a wave of juvenile justice reforms that had swept the state during the Progressive Era. By the time of the Haywood case, official neglect had become the defining experience of Black girls in American juvenile justice, and particularly in Texas, where a combination of law and custom invoked the application of "double age." The white "child-savers" who founded and administered juvenile justice typically excluded Black children and youth from their vision of protected childhood. Instead, Black children were viewed as too "insensate" to respond to nurture, as being fully formed "hard clay" and less amenable to rehabilitation.4 In practice, this thinking produced different results for Black boys and girls under the state's juvenile delinquency laws. In 1913, Texas adopted the sweeping Juvenile Delinquency Court Act that granted original jurisdiction to the juvenile courts over boys under age seventeen and girls under age eighteen. The law explicitly mandated racial segregation in juvenile justice.5 For Black boys from the state's urban areas, segregation meant heightened incarceration. Black boys were overrepresented in local juvenile detention facilities as well as the state's sprawling youth prison. They were confined to a racially segregated dormitory that was often overcrowded and poorly maintained. When the youth prison introduced academic and vocational schooling, it excluded Black boys altogether, subjecting them instead to agricultural labor. Texas abolished convict leasing in its adult prisons in 1912, but it continued for decades in the state's youth prisons. Much like their adult counterparts in the prisons, Black boys toiled on private farms, including some owned by state employees, in addition to farming state-owned land. White officials justified these practices by portraying Black boys as incipient adult criminals, while news reports described Black boys solely in terms of the threat they supposedly posed to public safety. For Black girls, state-mandated segregation meant they received comparatively little attention from juvenile justice authorities. Black girls charged with status or even criminal offenses typically were released back into their communities with no official supervision. Local governments in major cities such as Houston, Dallas, or Haywood's home city of San Antonio committed few resources in the form of juvenile probation...

Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and social skills training in management of conduct disorder.

BackgroundConduct Disorder (CD) is a repetitive disruptive behaviour that violates the rights of others, manifests in rules violation, aggression, hostility, and deceitfulness and has assumed prominence in its association with juvenile offending and criminality in adulthood. Despite this knowledge, little research attention is given to ascertaining effective psychobehavioural interventions to manage this problem, especially amongst Nigerian adolescents.AimThis study examined the efficacy of two psychobehavioural strategies to manage CD amongst in-school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria.SettingIbadan, Southwestern Nigeria.MethodA randomised controlled trial (RCT) of adolescents with CD was performed. Sixteen participants (aged 12–17 years) who reported high CD from an assessment of 1006 in-school adolescents of selected secondary schools in Ibadan were randomly grouped to receive either cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), social skills training (SST) or combined CBT and SST. The Frequency of Delinquent Behaviour Scaling Instrument (FDBSI) was used for assessments.ResultsSignificant reduction in CD was observed among participants exposed to CBT (t[6] = 8.510), p < 0.05) at 8 weeks, SST (t[6] = 12.728), p < 0.05) at 8 weeks, and combined CBT and SST (t[8] = 12.728, p < 0.05) at the 6 week mark of interventions respectively.ConclusionFrom the study, CBT and SST are effective in managing CD. However, the combined psychobehavioural intervention of CBT and SST was more effective in managing CD, based on a faster therapeutic effect than the independent psychobehavioural intervention of CBT and SST.

HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES, LEGAL STATUS AND PECULIARITIES OF ACTIVITIES OF CHILDREN’S COLONIES FOR MINORS IN THE USSR

The article reveals the historical preconditions for the creation and development of children’s colonies for minors in the USSR, their place in the process of combating child homelessness and neglect. Since the establishment of children’s colonies in 1918, their main task has been to organize the educational process for minors, although in practice the main emphasis was on labor education and the involvement of homeless children. Formally, such institutions for minors became institutions for the socialization of homeless and neglected children released from colonies. It was established that the detention of juveniles in labor colonies was intended, first, to isolate them from the influence of adult criminals, especially recidivists; secondly, through work and the educational process to form full members of society. Legally, the first legal act approving the legal status of juvenile colonies was the Correctional Labor Code of October 16, 1924. In accordance with the provisions declared in it, all juveniles in child labor colonies were divided into several categories, respectively to the age gradation that operated in the receivers-distributors. Moral and pedagogical abilities were also taken into account. Children’s colonies were part of the general system of correctional facilities, which were regulated by the Correctional Labor Code, but differed in different types of regime in which they operated. Children’s colonies differed from classical prisons in their education and labor education. Self-sufficient citizens aware of their rights and responsibilities were formed in the colonies. It is the labor colonies for juveniles that have become the main type of places for juveniles and homeless and neglected children. These facilities were not only to teach juvenile prisoners labor skills, but also to educate them according to their social status, age, mental and psychological abilities. Children’s labor colonies became part of the Gulag. As of 1939, there were 50 juvenile colonies in this system. It was established that children’s labor colonies stationed in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR were differentiated both in terms of terms of imprisonment for serious crimes and in terms of isolation of juvenile “recidivists” and violators of the regime. The formation of the network of children’s labor colonies was conditioned both by the desire to combat juvenile delinquency and by the attempt to apply educational measures to persons deprived of parental care, while using them as cheap labor.

The influence of child and adolescent maltreatment on personality disorders and criminal activity in adult women

Introduction Since the rates of female criminality are rising it would appear important to conduct the study of the relationship between criminal behaviour and psychiatric diagnoses in female offenders.ObjectivesThe main purpose of this investigation is to find out origins of crimes in women and to reveal the influence of child and adolescent maltreatment on personality disorders in adult women.MethodsClinical psychopathological, psychological, statistical.ResultsA cohort of 13 females with diagnosis of personality disorders was examined. All of them had committed crimes of violence. In the majority of the sample women had a previous history of psychiatric admissions (child psychiatric hospitals, adolescent units). The retrospective review revealed that the majority of women in their childhood were exposed to emotional, physical and sexual abuse in their families. Our results point that maltreatment may distort personality formation and social adjustment and contribute to behaviour problems, negative relation to socialization and criminal behaviour in adulthood.ConclusionsThe study revealed that psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence are predictive of adult criminality in females and also revealed the risk of girls who are victims of maltreatment to become a perpetrator in adulthood. This findings may be used as prognostic indicators of development of aggression in female forensic patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Child Immigrant Detention: Spokesperson Key Messages, Engineered Frames, and Cultural Rules

Public relations professionals engineer acceptability for policy, such as child immigrant detention, through key messages. Agenda building, engineered frames, and rules theories guide study of spokesperson attributions from 221 articles from January 2017 to October 2019. Findings show attributions to U.S. government spokespersons appeared most in stories. Journalist inquiries were declined at times by spokespersons citing legal and privacy arguments. While all spokespersons addressed the vulnerability of detained children, government spokespersons framed adult immigrant criminality as causing children harm. Opinion polls show government efforts to present child detention as a law-and-order issue appears to clash with cultural rules that value child well-being.

Adult criminal outcomes of juvenile justice involvement.

The juvenile justice system in the USA adjudicates over seven hundred thousand youth in the USA annually with significant behavioral offenses. This study aimed to test the effect of juvenile justice involvement on adult criminal outcomes. Analyses were based on a prospective, population-based study of 1420 children followed up to eight times during childhood (ages 9-16; 6674 observations) about juvenile justice involvement in the late 1990 and early 2000s. Participants were followed up years later to assess adult criminality, using self-report and official records. A propensity score (i.e. inverse probability) weighting approach was used that approximated an experimental design by balancing potentially confounding characteristics between children with v. without juvenile justice involvement. Between-groups differences on variables that elicit a juvenile justice referral (e.g. violence, property offenses, status offenses, and substance misuse) were attenuated after applying propensity-based inverse probability weights. Participants with a history of juvenile justice involvement were more likely to have later official and violent felony charges, and to self-report police contact and spending time in jail (ORs from 2.5 to 3.3). Residential juvenile justice involvement was associated with the highest risk of both, later official criminal records and self-reported criminality (ORs from 5.1 to 14.5). Sensitivity analyses suggest that our findings are likely robust to potential unobserved confounders. Juvenile justice involvement was associated with increased risk of adult criminality, with residential services associated with highest risk. Juvenile justice involvement may catalyze rather than deter from adult offending.