Adsorption Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Novel synergistic mechanism of oxalic acid -CMC at the solid-liquid interface: For selective depression of talc from chalcopyrite

Flotation separation of chalcopyrite and talc is challenging due to their surface hydrophobicity, requiring a selective depressant for talc to achieve high-quality copper concentrate. This study is the first to use oxalic acid (OA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as combined depressants for talc, and investigated the depression mechanism through flotation tests and various analysis techniques. Mixed minerals-flotation results showed that with 60+60 mg/L OA+CMC, talc was strongly depressed (10.16% recovery) with slight chalcopyrite (86.54% recovery) impact. The selective depression effect of OA+CMC was further verified through actual ore flotation experiments. Contact angle and zeta potential test indicated that OA+CMC significantly increased the hydrophobicity difference between talc and chalcopyrite surfaces. Adsorption capacity and atomic force microscope(AFM) results further confirmed that OA promotes CMC adsorption on talc surface, forming a dense CMC layer, whereas CMC adsorption on chalcopyrite was relatively low. Scanning electron microscope energy spectrum spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and molecular dynamics (MD) results indicate that the synergistic depression mechanism of OA and CMC involves the formation of multiple adsorption layers at the solid-liquid interface, leading to an increased presence of hydrophilic groups on the talc surface, which results in its depression.

Flotation separation mechanism of rutile and chlorite using CMC as depressant

In ores containing rutile, chlorite is the most common silicate gangue mineral. However, the flotation separation of rutile and chlorite has yet to be thoroughly studied. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to depress chlorite when sodium oleate (NaOL) was used as the collector of rutile. The selective depression and its mechanism were investigated through micro-flotation experiments, zeta potential analyses, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and particle video microscopy (PVM). Single mineral flotation showed selective depression of chlorite by CMC appeared at pH 7, NaOL concentration of 20 mg/L, and CMC concentration of 10 mg/L, when 88.39 % recovery difference between rutile and chlorite was obtained. The most effective concentration of CMC for the artificially mixed ore test was 15 mg/L, resulting in rutile recoveries and grades of 87.78 % and 75.28 % respectively. The results of Zeta, FTIR, and XPS tests indicate that the adsorption of CMC on chlorite surface is attributed to chemical and hydrogen bonding interactions, wherein the OH– and COOH– groups in CMC interact with hydroxyl groups of Fe2+ and Al3+ complexes, thereby diminishing chlorite floatability and impeding subsequent NaOL adsorption. PVM image further elucidates that hydration-repulsion interaction potentials between CMC-absorbed chlorite particles and gas bubbles deter particle adhesion. This markedly reduces chlorite ore carryover on bubble surfaces while minimally impacting rutile. This study can provide a theoretical basis for separating rutile and other vein minerals under the NaOL system.

Interlayer and surface characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose and tetramethylammonium modified bentonite

This study aims to evaluate interlayer and surface characteristics of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and tetramethylammonium (TMA) modified bentonite, named as TCMB, as a potential material in contamination containment systems. The study employed a variety of experimental methods, including zeta-potential, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), along with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Zeta potential results revealed increased electronegativity in TCMB compared to the conventional bentonite. By forming three-dimensional hydrogel networks capable of filling inter clusters pore spaces, CMC effectively maintained the low hydraulic conductivity of TCMB. XRD results confirmed the presence of TMA in the interlayer of montmorillonite. MD simulations and FTIR analyses validated the successful adsorption of CMC and TMA, which can be jointly attributed to hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups in CMC and the surface oxygen of montmorillonite, and electrostatic attraction between TMA and montmorillonite. The comparatively weak bonding between CMC and montmorillonite may facilitate CMC elution in the TCMB exposed to aggressive permeants. Furthermore, the electrical double layer thickness of TCMB and CB was estimated as 31.54 Å and 18.76 Å, respectively. Overall, the CMC and TMA treatments effectively enhance the suitability of bentonite for contamination containment applications.

Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on the interaction between hematite particles and bubbles

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a potential depressant which is an indispensable reagent for the treatment of complex refractory iron ores during reverse flotation. In this study, the interaction force between hematite particles adsorbed with CMC and bubbles was calculated, thereby revealing the inhibitory mechanism of CMC on hematite particles. When dodecylamine (DDA) was 15 mg/L and CMC was 3 mg/L, pH=10, the content and recovery rate of hematite reached 83.25% and 87.41%, respectively. Zeta potential tests showed that adsorption of CMC hindered the adsorption of DDA on hematite. AFM images visualized the adsorption status and adsorption layer thickness of CMC on the surfaces of hematite and quartz. FTIR results indicated that the adsorption of CMC on the surface of hematite was strong chemical adsorption, but the adsorption on quartz was physical adsorption. Based on the extended DLVO theory, the total potential of interaction between hematite particles adsorbed with CMC and bubbles was measured. The calculation results demonstrated that the hydration repulsion interaction potential owing to the adsorption of CMC dominated the total potential energy, preventing the adhesion of hematite and bubbles.

In situ adsorption study of carboxymethylcellulose and sodium oleate on quartz using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D)

Adsorption kinetics and conformation of sodium oleate and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on the quartz surface in real time remain a challenge in the flotation system of CMC /sodium oleate/quartz. In this work, in situ adsorption characteristics of CMC and sodium oleate on quartz surface was investigated by using quartz surface crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). QCM-D data showed that the conformations and kinetics were critically dependent on pH and degree of substitution (DS) of CMC. As the degree of substitution of CMC increases, the adsorption layer on the quartz surface becomes looser. There was only one adsorption stage at pH 8 and 12, and the adsorption layer was rigid at pH 12. At pH= 10, the conformation of the adsorbed layer changes from loose to rigid and then to loose again. CMC adsorbs less in the early adsorption stage, and the adsorbed layer is loose. As the adsorption proceeds, the adsorption increases, and the adsorbed layer becomes more rigid. At stage III, the adsorbed layer becomes loose, which is considered to be the formation of a hydrated layer. Under different pH conditions, the adsorption of sodium oleate on the quartz surface had only one stage, and when CMC and sodium oleate were adsorbed one after the other on the surface of the quartz surface, two distinguishable adsorption stages appeared, and the conformation of the adsorbed layer gradually changed from rigid to loose. The change of surface free energy of quartz surface before and after CMC adsorption was also calculated by Washburn kinetic equation and the van Oss - Chaudhuri-Good theory. The results showed that the surface free energy reduced and the hydrophobicity increased after the adsorption of CMC on the quartz surface.

Processing of Aqueous Graphite–Silicon Oxide Slurries and Its Impact on Rheology, Coating Behavior, Microstructure, and Cell Performance

The mixing process is the basis of the electrode microstructure, which defines key cell performance indicators. This work investigated the effects of varying the energy input within the mixing procedure on slurry rheology, coating behavior, mechanical and electrical properties of dry electrodes and electrochemical performance of cells fabricated from these negative electrodes. Energy input differences were achieved by varying the solids content within the mixing procedure; however, the final total solids content of the slurries was always the same. The slurries, produced with graphite and silicon oxide as active materials and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber as binders, showed large differences in flow behavior which were explained by changes in CMC adsorption and mechanical degradation because of increasing energy input. Low shear viscosity and the degree of shear thinning decreased with increasing energy input, resulting in a narrower stability window for slot-die coating. The resistance between the electrode and current collector decreased as more CMC was adsorbed on the active material. Electrode adhesion drastically dropped at the highest energy input, presumably due to a change in SBR distribution. Despite these variations, all fabricated pouch cells demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance and a slight trend of increased charge capability was observed in cells prepared with higher energy input.

A novel insight of interaction mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose with talc surface: A combined molecular dynamic simulation and DFT investigation

Separation of talc from sulfide minerals through adding depressor in flotation field is very necessary, while the interaction of depressor on the surface of talc still needs to be further explained. Here, a typical depressor, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), interacted with talc surface was deeply investigated from atomic structure and surface hydration though molecular dynamic simulation (MDs) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. MDs was applied on investigating adsorption behaviors of CMC on basal and edge plane of talc in aqueous solutions, and DFT was used for studying the interacted orbitals and charge transfer. It was found that adsorption of CMC on surface of edge plane was stronger than that on the surface of basal plane due to the enhanced interaction of polar group on the edge plane and the dragged water molecules. Interactions existed between H atoms in CMC and O atoms in edge plane, between O atoms in CMC and Si, Mg atoms in edge plane. The strong interacted water molecules dragged CMC close to the surface, thus to strengthen the binding of CMC and edge plane of talc. Furthermore, the hydration shell on the basal and edge plane of talc was investigated for explaining the phenomenon. Therefore, our work gave a new insight into the microscopic interaction between talc and CMC, thus to guide the actual application.

Anion-Specific Adsorption of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Cellulose.

Integration of fiber modification step with a modern pulp mill is a resource efficient way to produce functional fibers. Motivated by the need to integrate polymer adsorption with the current pulping system, anion-specific effects in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) adsorption have been studied. The QCM-D adsorption experiments revealed that CMC adsorption to the cellulose model surface is prone to anion-specific effects. A correlation was observed between the adsorbed CMC and the degree of hydration of the co-ions present in the magnesium salts. The presence of a chaotropic co-ion such as nitrate increased the adsorption of CMC on cellulose compared to the presence of the kosmotropic sulfate co-ion. However, anion-specificity was not significant in the case of salts containing zinc cations. The hydration of anions determines the distribution of the ions at the interface. Chaotropic ions, such as nitrates, are likely to be distributed near the chaotropic cellulose surface, causing changes in the ordering of water molecules and resulting in greater entropy gain once released from the surface, thus increasing CMC adsorption.

Insight into the inhibition mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose for flotation of dolomite and fluorapatite: Experimental and DFT studies

The flotation separation of dolomite and fluorapatite is difficult due to the similar surface properties. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was introduced as a depressant for flotation of dolomite and fluorapatite, the adsorption mechanism of CMC on the mineral surfaces was clarified by DFT calculations, XPS analysis, zeta potential and contact angle measurements. The results showed that CMC exhibited a strong inhibitory effect for dolomite under alkaline conditions due to the surface adsorption. Compared with the adsorption of CMC on two Ca sites or two Mg sites of dolomite (104) surface, CMC preferred to simultaneously adsorb at Ca site and Mg site to form a more stable bridge adsorption, the two O in carboxyl group of CMC could bond with Ca and Mg to form chemical adsorption. However, CMC could not be adsorbed on the surface of fluorapatite, and the presence of CMC did not affect the adsorption of collector on fluorapatite surface to make it hydrophobic. Thus, CMC can be used as an alternative depressant for the selective flotation separation of dolomite and fluorapatite.

Surface modification with hydroxyl calcium ions strengthen CMC selectively depress arsenopyrite: Bridging adsorption mechanism and application in Cu-As separation

The rejection of arsenopyrite during chalcopyrite flotation is crucial to prevent the arsenic pollution to the ecosystem. Herein, surface modification by calcium ions coupled with the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were successfully used to achieve Cu-As separation. Flotation results confirmed that the depressive effect of CMC alone towards arsenopyrite was unsatisfactory, but it was greatly enhanced in the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+), thus the As content in copper concentrate was lowered significantly. Mechanism research indicated that the wettability of arsenopyrite caused from CMC was strongly enhanced by the pretreatment with Ca2+, while that of chalcopyrite increased slightly. Reagent adsorption and FTIR spectra measurements further illustrated the adsorption of CMC on arsenopyrite was facilized by Ca2+, but that on chalcopyrite remained very weak. More detailed adsorption mechanisms uncovered by XPS and DFT calculations demonstrated that the Fe, As and S atoms of arsenopyrite were unactive and thus unable support the chemisorption of CMC. Nevertheless, hydroxyl calcium ions adhered on the surface of arsenopyrite after interaction with Ca2+. Furthermore, the electrophilic strength of the adhered hydroxyl calcium ions was stronger than that of pristine arsenopyrite surface, ultimately, CMC chemisorbed on arsenopyrite surface through the bridging effect of adhered hydroxyl calcium ions.

Influence of calcium and ferric ions on the depression of chalcopyrite by CMC: Flotation performance and adsorption mechanism study

The inevitable presence of metal ions in the slurry significantly impacts the adsorption of organic depressants. In this study, the influence of Fe3+ and Ca2+ on the depression of chalcopyrite by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was investigated. CMC slightly depressed chalcopyrite flotation, and the addition of Ca2+ hardly impact its depression effect. However, the pre-treatment with Fe3+ enhanced its depression effect severely at acid conditions, while this hydrophilic strengthening effect gradually disappeared under alkaline conditions. CMC physically attached to blank chalcopyrite surface, the surface modification with FeCl3 not only increased its adsorption capacity on chalcopyrite surface but also altered it from physical adsorption to chemical adsorption. Cu and Fe sites were not involved in CMC adsorption on blank chalcopyrite surface, and the strongly electrostatic repulsion hindered its adhesion under alkaline conditions. After surface modification with FeCl3, electrostatic repulsion was weakened, and Fe sites participated in the bonding with CMC molecule. Thus, chalcopyrite was strongly depressed. However, the contents of Fe3+, Fe(OH)2+ and Fe(OH)2+ on modified chalcopyrite were much less at strong alkaline conditions than acid conditions, which not favored CMC attachment.

Flotation separation of quartz from magnesite using carboxymethyl cellulose as depressant

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was introduced as a depressant in reverse flotation separation of quartz from magnesite. The flotation behavior and surface properties of magnesite and quartz exposed to CMC were studied by zeta potential tests, atomic force microscopy imaging and contact angle measurements. The addition of CMC as the depressant in reverse flotation using dodecylamine (DDA) as the collector exhibited a selectively depressive performance towards magnesite and achieved an improved recovery of magnesite. The study of surface properties demonstrated that CMC and DDA exhibited different adsorption strengths on the surface of magnesite and quartz. It was found that the adsorption of CMC on magnesite surface was stronger than that of DDA, which hindered the subsequent adsorption of DDA on magnesite surface. On the contrary, the quartz surface was strongly adsorbed by DDA instead of CMC, which proved that the addition of CMC did not influence the flotation of quartz.

Synergistic mechanism of acidified water glass and carboxymethyl cellulose in flotation of nickel sulfide ore

• The effect mechanisms of serpentine and talc on sulfide flotation are different. • Acidified water glass can eliminate heterocoagulation between serpentine and talc. • Carboxymethyl cellulose can inhibit talc flotation . • When serpentine and talc coexist, dispersants and inhibitors need to be used together. Efficiently utilizing nickel sulfide ores containing multiple magnesium silicate gangue minerals through flotation is difficult. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the flotation behavior and discussed the mechanism of a refractory nickel sulfide ore with multiple MgO gangue minerals. The synergistic mechanism of acidified water glass (AWG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the flotation of the nickel sulfide ore was studied through flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, adsorption capacity tests, Fourier transform infrared ray (FTIR) spectroscopy, and observation under a microscope. The results showed that the addition of AWG could change the electrical properties on the surface of serpentine, weaken the heterogeneous aggregation of serpentine and talc, and increase the selective adsorption of CMC on the talc surface. The actual ore flotation test was conducted with the synergistic effect of AWG and CMC. In the practical flotation test of the ore, the concentration of MgO in the concentrate, compared with the original process with CMC alone, was reduced from 9.62% to lesser than 5.92%, with the combined synergistic action of acidified sodium silicate and CMC acting as the depressant. Simultaneously, the grade and recovery of Ni from the Ni-mixed concentrate remained unchanged, and the inhibiting effect of the magnesium-bearing gangue minerals improved.

Calcium Ion-Induced Structural Changes in Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions and Their Effects on Adsorption on Cellulose Surfaces.

The adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on cellulose surfaces is one of the most studied examples of the adsorption of an anionic polyelectrolyte on a like-charged surface. It has been suggested that divalent ions can act as a bridge between CMC chains and the surface of cellulose and enhance the CMC adsorption: they can, however, also alter the structure of CMCs in the solution. In previous investigations, the influence of cations on solution properties has been largely overlooked. This study investigates the effect of Ca2+ ions on the properties of CMC solutions as well as the influence on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which was studied by dynamic light scattering and correlated with the adsorption of CMC on a cellulose surface probed using QCM-D. The presence of Ca2+ facilitated the multichain association of CMC chains and increased the hydrodynamic diameter. This suggests that the adsorption of CMCs at high concentrations of CaCl2 is governed mainly by changes in solution properties rather than by changes in the cellulose surface. Furthermore, an entropy-driven mechanism has been suggested for the adsorption of CMC on cellulose. By comparing the adsorption of CMC from H2O and D2O, it was found that the release of water from the cellulose surface is driving the adsorption of CMC.

Specific ion effects in the adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose on cellulose: The influence of industrially relevant divalent cations

The adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on cellulose surfaces is of relevance from both academic and industrial perspectives as it facilitates resource-efficient modification of cellulose fibres that allows them to carry negative charges. It is known that, compared to monovalent ions, Ca2+ ions are superior ions in facilitating CMC adsorption and the subsequent introduction of charge on cellulose fibres. However, the formation and deposition of calcium oxide involved in this process necessitates the search for alternative cations. Magnesium ions form one of the more promising candidates since they are already used in the pulping process to prevent cellulose degradation during peroxide bleaching. This work aims at elucidating the effects of the industrially relevant alkaline earth metal divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the CMC adsorption process onto cellulose surfaces. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM-D) technology was used to follow the adsorption in model systems in real time, whereas the adsorption of CMC on commercial fibres was studied using polyelectrolyte titrations, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and conductometric titrations. This study shows that the presence of Ca2+ ions was more favourable for the adsorption of CMC to both types of cellulosic surfaces than Mg2+ ions. The distinction in the adsorption behaviour in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ is suggested to be due to the differences in the polarizability of the ions. The findings are decisive in designing efficient industrial processes for the adsorption of polyelectrolytes to cellulose surfaces of similar charge.

Controlled Dispersion and Setting of Cellulose Nanofibril - Carboxymethyl Cellulose Pastes

This work investigated the redispersion and setting behavior of highly loaded (~ 18 wt.% solids in water) pastes of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). A single-screw extruder was used to continuously process CNF + CMC pastes into cord. The adsorption of CMC onto the CNFs was assessed through zeta potential and titration which revealed a surface charge change of ~ 61% from − 36.8 mV and 0.094 mmol/g COOH for pure CNF to -58.1 mV and 0.166 mmol/g COOH for CNF + CMC with a CMC degree of substitution of 0.9. Dried CNFs with adsorbed CMC was found to be fully redispersible in water and re-extruded back into a cord without any difficulties. On the other hand, chemical treatment with hydrochloric acid, a carbodiimide crosslinker, or two wet strength enhancers (polyamide epichlorohydrin and polyamine epichlorohydrin) completely suppressed the dispersibility previously observed for dried-untreated CNF + CMC. Turbidity was used to quantify the level of redispersion or setting achieved by the untreated and chemically treated CNF + CMC in both water and a strong alkaline solution (0.1 M NaOH). Depending on the chemical treatment used, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of ester, N-acyl urea, and anhydride absorption bands which were attributed to newly formed linkages between CNFs, possibly explaining the suppressed redispersion behavior. Water uptake of the differently treated and dried CNF + CMC materials agreed with both turbidity and FTIR results. Graphic abstract

Effect of aluminum ions on the adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose onto talc

Talc is a gangue mineral of many sulfide minerals, which is naturally hydrophobic. The depression of talc is very important and challenging in sulfide ore flotation. This research introduced aluminum ions into the process of using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to depress talc. Flotation experiment results showed that aluminum ions used alone exerted a weak depression effect on talc, and that aluminum ions used in conjunction with CMC effectively depressed the flotation of talc at pH 8.5. Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and adsorption tests showed that the interaction of aluminum ions with talc changed the surface of talc, and Al(OH)3 formed on the talc surfaces, thereby promoting the adsorption of CMC onto talc and depressing the flotation of talc. On this basis, the morphology of CMC on the talc surface was observed by atomic force microscopy imaging. With the addition of aluminum ions, CMC aggregated to a greater extent, multiple layers adsorbed onto the surface of talc, and the coverage of CMC substantially increased. Based on all tests and analysis, the mechanism of the synergistic effect of CMC and aluminum ions on talc flotation was also proposed.

Selective adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake

The mechanism of adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) onto the solid–liquid interface has been a topic of long-standing debate. An attempt has, therefore, been made on selective adsorption aspects of CMC at the solid–liquid interface employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The change in solution conditions such as concentration, dose, pH, contact time, temperature and presence of urea was found to have a significant influence on the adsorption of CMC onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (MSDOMC). The change in the infra-red spectra and the presence of urea during adsorption suggested that hydrogen bonding play a vital role. The presence of urea reduced considerably CMC adsorption onto MSDOMC, indicating that adsorption in this case was due to the presence of hydrogen bonding. All of the above results suggest that the adsorption of CMC on the surface of MSDOMC is a complex interplay of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction rather than hydrophobic force. Thus, the current study providedsignificant proof that hydrogen bonding dominate fore rather than non-covalent interaction during CMC adsorption onto MSDOMC.

Roles of solution chemistry and reagent–reagent interaction on carboxymethylcellulose adsorption onto graphite and implications on its floatability

The influence of electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2) and a copper sulphide collector (isopropyl ethyl thionocarbamate, IPETC) on adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) onto a graphite surface were studied using adsorption tests, zeta potential measurements and floatability tests. Adsorption tests revealed negligible CMC adsorption in the absence of electrolytes and presence/absence of IPETC at lower CMC concentration of 0–100 mg/L, whereas CMC mild adsorption occurred at higher CMC concentration of 150–200 mg/L at pH 5.7 and 10. An increase in CMC adsorption was observed in the presence of electrolytes and their mixtures with IPETC. The CMC adsorption increased more in the presence of CaCl2 than NaCl, suggesting an effect of the cation valence. The addition of IPETC to NaCl solutions adversely affected the CMC adsorption and its effect was independent of the pH. Conversely, the addition of IPETC to CaCl2 solutions enhanced the CMC adsorption at pH 5.7, whereas it diminished at pH 10. The presence of electrolyte may induce the formation of complexes between CMC macromolecules with IPETC depending on the electrolyte type. Furthermore, CMC adsorption in presence of NaCl follows Langmuir isotherm whereas in presence of CaCl2 follows Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, the floatability tests indicated that the graphite floatability decreased more at pH 10 than at pH 5.7 in the presence of electrolytes. Only the floatability at pH 5.7 was comparable for both electrolytes. Finally, addition of IPETC to electrolyte solutions had a marked effect on graphite floatability. These findings have implications in copper sulphide flotation systems containing graphite as gangue in which IPETC is used as a collector and CMC as a depressant for graphite.

Adsorption differences of carboxymethyl cellulose depressant on ilmenite and titanaugite

Flotation performance and interaction mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for ilmenite and titanaugite with sodium oleate (NaOL) collector were investigated. Microflotation results showed that the addition of CMC enhanced the flotation selectivity of ilmenite and expanded the floatability difference of ilmenite and titanaugite from 3.60% to 50.04% at pH 6.0. As it was revealed by zeta potential measurements, AFM, FTIR, and XPS analysis, the CMC adsorption on the ilmenite surface was less than that on the titanaugite surface, and CMC reacted with Fe active site on the titanaugite surface through chemisorption. NaOL still chemisorbed onto the ilmenite surface even CMC pre-adsorption, while NaOL was prevented to adsorb onto the titanaugite surface. These interaction forms led to the difference in the floatability of ilmenite and titanaugite, and the actual mineral flotation using the CMC depressant obtained a good index.