Adsorption Media Research Articles

Assessment of Cerium Adsorption Potential of Phosphoric acid Activated Biochar in Aqueous System: Modelling and Mechanistic Insights

Cerium pollution in waterbodies by improper industrial waste disposal is a major concern due to its detrimental impacts on the environment. Therefore, treatment of cerium-contaminated water is inevitable. Hence, this study is focused on the remediation of cerium pollution using phosphoric acid-activated biochar (PPMB) as an adsorbent, synthesized upon pyrolytic activation of palmyra palm male flower-based pristine biochar (PMFB) with H3PO4 at 500°C. The physico-chemical surface properties of PMFB and PPMB were evaluated through various microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. The key parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, temperature, contact time and initial cerium concentration were optimized as 0.5 g/L, 5.0, 303 K, 180 min and 50 mg/L respectively via batch adsorption. Pseudo-second order kinetic and Toth isotherm are the best-fitted models. The thermodynamic parameters including ΔG◦ (-30.4707±0.7618 kJ/mol at 303 K), ΔH◦ (16.1499±0.78 kJ/mol), and ΔS◦ (153.617±3.8404 J/mol/K) conveying that cerium adsorption onto PPMB was spontaneous, endothermic, and highly disordered at PPMB-bulk adsorption medium interface. Precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation are predicted to be the predominant mechanisms for the chosen PPMB-cerium adsorption system. Moreover, cerium phytotoxicity on Vigna radiata explains the real-time applicability and feasibility of cerium adsorption using PPMB. Thus, the key findings of this study specified that the higher adsorption capacity of PPMB (141.3484±6.9856 mg/g) contributed by the incorporated phosphate groups, predominant mesoporosity, SSABET of 230.559 m2/g and anionic surface at a wider pH range (pH>3.08) make PPMB as efficient, economically feasible and environmentally friendly adsorbent for cerium adsorption in aqueous system.

Fabrication of highly carboxylated nanofibrous aerogels under mild conditions and their protein adsorption performance

The development of high-performance media for protein adsorption in bio-purification is highly desired, particularly in biological pharmaceuticals. In this study, we demonstrate a simple, versatile and mild strategy to construct a nanofibrous aerogel (NFA)-based adsorption media for protein purification. Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was selected to in-situ graft onto poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (PE-co-PVA) nanofibers in aerogels through liquid phase grafting. The obtained PE-co-PVA/PMDA NFAs (PPNAs) possessed superb underwater elasticity, compression fatigue resistance and shape-memory performance. With an open porous network, abundant adsorption ligands, and surface hydrophilicity, the PPNAs exhibited a significant adsorption capacity of 1019.71 mg/g and a short equilibrium time of 3.0 h, surpassing that of commercial and reported nanofiber-based adsorbents. Additionally, the PPNAs demonstrated good dynamic adsorption performance for protein driven solely by gravity. Furthermore, the PPNAs showed reusability, selectivity, acid and alkaline resistance, and practical potential of extracting lysozyme form egg white solution. The successful scale-up of such aerogel-based adsorbents can open up new way for the development and design of next-generation protein adsorption media for bio-purification applications.

Exploring ammonia adsorption and filtration efficiency of ceramic membranes derived from weathered basalt: Fabrication analysis and application in wastewater treatment

This study aims to develop an innovative ceramic membrane derived from naturally-occurring weathered basalt (NWB) for the effective adsorption and filtration of ammonium ions (NH+4) from wastewater. The NWB was subjected to calcination to produce CWB-750 and further combined with activated carbon to form CWB-AC-950. Comprehensive characterization using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis revealed that CWB-AC-950 possessed a significantly high surface area of 121.7 m²/g and a minimal pore volume of 6.2 nm, indicating its enhanced adsorption capabilities. In practical filtration tests, CWB-AC-950 demonstrated a remarkable reduction in NH+4 concentration, decreasing it from an initial 30 mg/L to 15.25 mg/L. This substantial decrease underscores the membrane's efficiency in adsorbing and removing ammonium ions from contaminated water. Furthermore, the integration of activated carbon with calcined basalt not only improved the adsorption performance but also maintained the structural integrity and reusability of the membrane. These findings illustrate the potential of CWB-AC-950 as a promising and cost-effective medium for adsorption and filtration in wastewater treatment applications.The development of CWB-AC-950 contributes significantly to environmental remediation efforts by offering an efficient and low-cost alternative to conventional filtration materials. Its ability to maintain performance across multiple cycles underscores its potential for practical applications in large-scale wastewater treatment facilities, thus providing a sustainable solution to address the growing global water pollution crisis.

Facile Fabrication of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8@Regenerated Cellulose Nanofibrous Membranes for Effective Adsorption of Tetracycline Hydrochloride.

The excessive utilization of antimicrobials in humans and animals has resulted in considerable environmental contamination, necessitating the development of high-performance antibiotic adsorption media. A significant challenge is the development of composite nanofibrous materials that are both beneficial and easy to fabricate, with the aim of improving adsorption capacity. Herein, a new kind of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)-modified regenerated cellulose nanofibrous membrane (ZIF-8@RC NFM) was designed and fabricated by combining electrospinning and in situ surface modification technologies. Benefiting from its favorable surface wettability, enhanced tensile strength, interconnected porous structure, and relatively large specific surface area, the resulting ZIF-8@RC NFMs exhibit a relatively high adsorption capacity for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) of 105 mg g-1 within 3 h. Moreover, a Langmuir isotherm model and a pseudo-second-order model have been demonstrated to be more appropriate for the description of the TCH adsorption process of ZIF-8@RC-3 NFMs. Additionally, this composite fibrous material could keep a relatively stable adsorption capability under various ionic strengths. The successful fabrication of the novel ZIF-8@RC NFMs may shed light on the further development of wastewater adsorption treatment materials.

Characterization of radon gas transmission rate in pore structures of different rock layers by radon daughters inversion calculation

Determining the transmission rate of radon gas in overburden strata is crucial for conducting a comprehensive study of radon gas's longitudinal and long-distance migration mechanisms. This study investigates the mineral components of rocks in the underground strata of the mining area using the X-ray diffraction method. Additionally, it examines the pore structure parameters of the rocks at different depths using the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method. This research introduces an approach to inversion calculate the radon gas transmission rate through the activity ratio of radon's characteristic daughters based on the decay law and activity balance of 210Po and 210Pb daughters. In addition, it determines the transmission rates of radon gas in overlying strata at various depths through this method. The relationship between the rock's mineral composition and pore structure is investigated, and the effects of pore structure and mineral composition on the radon gas transmission rate are analyzed. The findings indicated that the pore structure exerts a dual impact on radon gas transport: macropores serve as channels for upward radon gas transport, while micropores offer most of the adsorption area. In contrast, the radon gas transmission rate is indirectly influenced by the mineral composition content associated with the medium's adsorption capacity and pore structure. In the studied lithologies, an increase in quartz content promotes radon gas transmission, while an increase in clay mineral content impedes it. Finally, the mechanisms of radon gas transport, daughter adsorption, and the impacts of rock pore structure and mineral composition on the radon transmission rate are discussed.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of harmful pollutants by MoO3/SiO2/MXene nanocomposite powder catalyst

The search for materials to treat wastewater is especially crucial. Herein, we have prepared 1D molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanobelts through a hydrothermal approach. The binary (MoO3/SiO2) and ternary composites of MoO3/SiO2/MXene were synthesized via ultrasonication route. The as-prepared MoO3, MoO3/SiO2, and MoO3/SiO2/MXene composites were employed to investigate the photocatalytic behavior of two organic dyes, methyl orange (MO) and crystal violet (CV). The % degradation of MO in the presence of MoO3 nanobelts and MoO3/SiO2 was calculated to be 48.9 % and 74.4 %, respectively. In the case of CV dye, the degradation (%) was observed at 53.7 % and 75.9 %. The MoO3/SiO2/MXene composite revealed the best photocatalytic behavior against both MO and CV dyes by removing 94.7 % and 97.7 % under visible light irradiation. The rate constant values of MoO3 nanobelts, MoO3/SiO2 and MoO3/SiO2/MXene composite for MO dye were calculated to be 0.00568 min−1, 0.01156 min−1, and 0.02399 min−1 and for CV dye 0.00679 min−1, 0.01208 min−1, and 0.02798 min−1 respectively. A scavenging test was carried out to monitor the main photo-active species that take part during the photocatalysis and hydroxyl radicals were found to be the highly active species during whole photodegradation progression. The SiO2 particles function as a good adsorbent medium and transfer the adsorbed organics toward more active sites to advance the reaction. 2D MXene nanosheets, as good conductors, reduce the recombination rate of charges, offer large surface area, and facilitate fast transfer of charges. The results suggest that MoO3/SiO2/MXene composite is a potential contender for wastewater remediation applications.

Effectiveness of Activated Carbon from Jackfruit Skin for The Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) Adsorption Using The Langmuir and Freundlich Equations

<p><span lang="EN-US"><strong>ABSTRACT. </strong>Activated carbon is a commonly used medium for adsorption to combat environmental pollution in both water and air. It is produced from plant or plantation waste containing carbon. Jackfruit skin, often considered as plantation waste, contains lignocellulosic compounds and has the potential to be used as active carbon. Activated carbon from jackfruit skin has a good absorption capacity and can absorb heavy metal waste such as lead (Pb). A recent study aimed to evaluate the absorption effectiveness of active carbon from jackfruit skin. The process involved making activated carbon using the pyrolysis method, and then analyzing its lead absorption capacity in lead nitrate solution by varying the weight of the activated carbon (10g, 15g, 20g, 25g, 30g) and the adsorption time in minutes (40, 60, 80, 100, 120). The levels of absorbed lead on activated carbon were tested using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 283.3 nm. The research findings indicate that the </span><span lang="EN">effectiveness of activated carbon absorption reaches 99%</span><span lang="EN-US">, and the appropriate equation model for the adsorption process is the Freundlich isotherm, indicating a multilayer adsorption process.</span></p><p><strong><span lang="EN-US">Keywords:</span></strong></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Adsorption Isotherm, Activated Carbon Jackfruit Skin, Lead (Pb)</span></p>

Erratum to “Variable PFAS removal by adsorbent media with sufficient prediction of breakthrough despite reduced contact time at pilot scale”

Erratum to “Variable PFAS removal by adsorbent media with sufficient prediction of breakthrough despite reduced contact time at pilot scale”

Efficient removal of sparfloxacin antibiotic from water using sulfonated graphene oxide: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and environmental implications

Pharmaceutical contamination poses a significant threat to global health. Due to their high solubility in water, antibiotics are difficult to remove. This study produced and used sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) to adsorb sparfloxacin from aquatic environments. UV–Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), XPS, SEM, TEM, EDX, particle size, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and acid-base titration were used to characterize synthesized SGO particles. The BET technique determined SGO's surface area (32.25 m2/g). The calculated pHPZC of SGO was 2.5. Sparfloxacin adsorption onto SGO was analyzed using adsorption duration, medium pH, adsorbent dosages, antibiotic concentration, cations, and solution temperature. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described experimental kinetic data than the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models. Equilibrium isotherm data supported the Langmuir model, revealing a peak absorption capacity of 1428.57 μmol/g at 25 °C. The kinetic and isotherm models' applicability was assessed using error analysis. A thermodynamic analysis revealed an endothermic, spontaneous adsorption process with a change in entropy (ΔS) of 114.15 J/mol K and enthalpy (ΔH) of 8.44 kJ/mol. A regeneration analysis showed that SGO adsorption efficiency topped 86.4 % after five cycles.

Estimation of recycled bamboo availability and investigation of its potential utilization after value-addition through dual fuel cookstoves

Residual bamboo (RB) is abundantly available at the end life of kutcha houses which make up about 10.5 % of Indian households. RB is conventionally burntordecomposed; however, it can be converted to biochar for value-addition. In the present study, biochar was produced from household scale pyrolysis cookstove (PC) at 500–600 °C.Biochar yield was recorded as 27, 24 and 23 % at residence time 30, 40, and 60 min respectively. Biochar calorific value was about 47 % more than RB and carbon content in biochar was determined appropriate for energy generation. Characterization analyses such as SEM, BET, FTIR, and XRD were conducted to evaluatepotential applications of biochar. Honeycomb-like pores withcrystalline structure were observed atbiochar surface which confirmed its suitability for soil amendment and adsorption media. Surface functional properties, andhydrophobic nature of biochar suggests its suitability for water filtration and energy storage devices. Techno-economicstudy indicated that biochar production through this route is economically feasible and yearly PC biochar output capacity per household was 373 kg/year and 0.88-year payback period. Results of the present study could provide alternative prospects on the value addition of RB in bamboo-producing regions including South and South-East Asian countries.

Microparticles of arsenic water treatment media and water softener resin observed in treated water at private wells.

Observation of arsenic water treatment adsorption media in the treated water of several homes with high arsenic private wells led to the hypothesis that treatment media was escaping the treatment systems and entering the plumbing and drinking water. Our research at 62 homes identified that microparticles of arsenic water treatment media and/or water softener resin had escaped the treatment system in 71% of the homes. This is a potential health hazard as ingesting arsenic treatment media or water softener resin may lead to an elevated ingestion exposure to arsenic and other contaminants. Potential causes of media escape from the treatment systems include media observed to be smaller in size than specifications and media breaking into smaller pieces. One interim solution to media escape is installation of a post-treatment sediment filter. New developments in media durability or treatment system design and maintenance may be needed to prevent media escaping into drinking water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Arsenic in private wells is often treated with point-of-entry whole house adsorption systems. Arsenic adsorption treatment media and/or water softener resin was observed in treated water at 44 of 62 homes inspected. Water treatment media escaping into treated water is a potential hazardous exposure pathway. Potential causes and solutions are discussed.

Study on defluoridation of water by using activated carbon derived from chestnut shell as adsorbent

The present work intended to produce new cost-effective alkali-activated adsorbents from chestnut shells with the purpose of removing fluoride from water, and to explore the effect of pyrolysis temperature on fluoride decontamination at different operational and environmental parameters. The microstructure and morphological characteristics of the resulting activated carbons were thoroughly investigated using BET, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The effectiveness of the prepared adsorbent materials in treating and remediating fluorinated water was evaluated. The impacts of several factors, including the dose of the adsorbent, the initial contamination level of fluoride, and pH on the fluoride removal efficiency were investigated were investigated. In accordance with the data, the highest adsorption was found to be at a 6 pH during 5 hours of processing duration and 0.5 g/L of dosage of adsorbent. The experimental results were well-fit by the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The highest fluoride removal efficiency was found to be 78% at adsorption medium pH 6 and initial fluoride concentration of 10mg/L by the adsorbent prepared at 800 °C. Additional research on adsorption along with rejuvenation revealed that the reduction in adsorption potential to 10% following four repetitions of operation involving regeneration, thereby showcasing the adsorbent's versatile applicability for repeated use.

Removal of phenol from oilfield produced water using non-conventional adsorbent medium by an eco-friendly approach

Removal of phenol from oilfield produced water using non-conventional adsorbent medium by an eco-friendly approach

Variable PFAS removal by adsorbent media with sufficient prediction of breakthrough despite reduced contact time at pilot scale.

One alternative adsorbent (AA) and five ion exchange (IX) resins were tested for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from groundwater in pilot-scale columns for up to 19 months using empty bed contact times (EBCTs) representative of full-scale treatment. For the six detected PFAS in the pilot feed water, the long-chain PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PFOS], and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid [PFHxS]) were well removed with only PFOA, which is a perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) eventually breaking through as the media became exhausted. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), a short-chain perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), was also well removed, whereas short-chain PFCAs (perfluoropentanoic acid [PFPeA] and perfluorobutanoic acid [PFBA]) were not removed (i.e., immediate breakthrough). Overall, IX and AA demonstrated superior removal of PFSAs compared to PFCAs (i.e., later breakthrough of PFSAs translating to longer media life). Media life varied, ranging from 6 to 15 months before adsorbents reached a significant PFOA breakthrough. The performance of the two adsorbents piloted at shorter EBCT reasonably predicted the longer (representative) pilot EBCT results (within ±20-30%) for the same adsorbents following data scaling. This suggests that pilot-scale testing may be conducted at a faster pace and therefore more economically. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Long-chain PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS) were well removed by five ion exchange and one alternative adsorbent tested herein. One short-chain PFAS (PFBS) was well removed with no removal of two other short-chain PFAS (PFBA and PFPeA). Performance of the two adsorbents piloted at shorter EBCT reasonably predicted the longer (representative) pilot EBCT results for the same adsorbents following data scaling.

High capacity hydrogen storage structure based on a two-dimensional material (Ga2C6) with strong adsorption properties

The use of solid-state devices is a promising approach to address the current technological requirements for sustainable clean energy applications. Within this context, it has become apparent that density functional theory (DFT) has emerged as a powerful tool to study intrinsic electronic characteristics and shows great potential to lead the way to novel materials exploration. Here, we have investigated H2 adsorption on Ga2C6 monolayer, a prospective model for the storage of H2 molecule because of its structural stability. The hydrogen molecules favor being adsorbed at the carbon hexagon center with a binding energy of 0.39 eV. The thermodynamic stability of the Ga2C6 monolayer upon adsorption of 22H2 molecules was evaluated at room temperature using ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. It is found from the electronic structure analysis that the semiconducting Ga2C6 sheet maintain its behavior after 22H2 molecules were adsorbed. Owing to the small activation energy of about 0.0198 eV, the process of H2 molecule migration at the surface easy proceeds. This investigation demonstrates a strong (GC) gravimetric capacity around 9.65 wt%, and a desorption temperature (TD) around 213.68 K. The above findings imply that the Ga2C6 monolayer may serve as a suitable medium for hydrogen adsorption.

Innovative Plant-Derived Biomaterials for Sustainable and Effective Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study

The aim of this study is to purify industrial textile effluents by treating two types of commonly encountered dyes: blue maxilon (BM), of cationic nature, and black eriochrome (NE), of anionic nature. We intend to employ an innovative approach based on the adsorption of these dyes onto a novel vegetal biomaterial derived from Aleppo pine fibers (FPAs). A kinetic and thermodynamic study was conducted. The effect of some physicochemical parameters on both dye adsorption and FPAs was also evaluated. The modeling of the adsorption results was performed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The results indicate that the equilibrium time strongly depends on the initial concentration of the two dyes, being 60 min with pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics for both dyes. Adsorption isotherms under the optimal conditions of adsorbent mass, temperature, medium pH, and dye concentration were used to determine the maximum adsorption efficiency, which was close to 93% and 98% for BM and NE, respectively. The results also show that the adsorption of both dyes on FPAs fits well with Langmuir’s model. The thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption of both dyes on FPAs is spontaneous and exothermic in nature for BM and endothermic for NE.

The absorption effect and mechanism of graphene oxide removal from aqueous solution by basalt stone power

Graphene oxide (GO) is a novel carbon material utilized extensively for diverse industrial applications. When exposed to environmental elements like sunlight and chlorination, GO can undergo a series of physical and chemical transformations, and its presence in water and the environment can endanger ecosystems. Therefore there is a need for methods that can effectively remove GO from water. Accordingly, we delve into the efficacy of basalt stone powder (BSP) as an adsorption medium for purifying aqueous solutions of GO. We examine the impact of various experimental parameters—namely pH, initial solution concentration, adsorbent mass, contact duration, and ambient temperature—on GO adsorption, employing the method of controlled variables. The adsorption efficacy is notably influenced by the pH level. At an acidic pH of 3, an initial GO concentration of 80 mg/L, an adsorbent dosage of 50 mg, and a temperature of 303 K (approximately 30 °C), the adsorption removal efficiency reaches an impressive 99 %, boasting a maximum adsorption capacity of 112 mg/g. Dynamically, the adsorption kinetics align most closely with a pseudo-first-order model, achieving equilibrium after 24 h. Thermodynamic analyses reveal that the Langmuir isotherm model most accurately describes the adsorption behavior, indicating an enhancement in BSP's adsorption capacity for GO as temperature rises. Based on thermodynamic equations, the adsorption of GO onto BSP is deduced to be a spontaneous process. Our findings illustrate BSP's considerable potential in the treatment and removal of GO from water, and therefore it may prove useful in environmental remediation efforts.

Dual-signal amplified electrochemical aptasensor based on Au/MrGO and DNA nanospheres for ultra-sensitive detection of BPA without directly modified working electrode

Rapid and sensitive analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) is essential for preventing health risks to humans and animals. Hence, a signal-amplified electrochemical aptasensor without repetitive polishing and modification of working electrode was developed for BPA using Au-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide (Au/MrGO)-based recognition probe (RP) and DNA nanospheres (DNS)-based signal probe (SP) cooperative signal amplification. The DNS served as a signal molecule carrier and signal amplifier, while Au/MrGO acted as a signal amplifier and excellent medium for magnetic adsorption and separation. Moreover, utilizing the excellent magnetic properties of Au/MrGO eliminates the need for repetitive polishing and multi-step direct modification of the working electrode while ensuring that all detection processes take place in solution and that used Au/MrGO can be easily recycled. The proposed aptasensor exhibited not only good stability and selectivity, but also excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.13 fg/mL (S/N = 3). The aptasensor's practicality was proven by spiking recovery tests on actual water samples and comparing the results with those detected by HPLC. The excellent sensitivity and selectivity make this aptasensor an alternative and promising avenue for rapid detection of BPA in environmental monitoring.

Valorization of sugarcane bagasse cellulose to synthesize novel graphene oxide-based composite for remediation of atrazine – Optimization studies

Atrazine (AZE) is a hazardous herbicide that pollutes drinking water and wastewater at an alarming rate, posturing a somberhazard to the environment and human being. This research is aimed to investigate the valorization of biomass for the synthesis and applicationof novel Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose (SCBC) - Graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite for remediation of atrazine. The novel nanocomposite is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size distribution, Raman spectra analysis, X-ray analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared GOSCBC had high surface area of 189 m2/g, pore volume of 0.13 cm3/g, and inter-particle pore width of 17 nm. The impact of operating constraints such as adsorbent dose (50–150 mg), medium pH (4.5–8.5), contact period (3 h), temperature (15–45°C), and atrazine concentration (10–50 mg/L) were varied and optimum conditions were examined with the help of Box-Behnken statistical design (BBD). The optimum conditions identified were: 90.84 mg/L nanocomposite; pH 5.51; time 180 min; temperature 34.64°C and feed concentration 27.77 mg/L. The adsorption statistical analyses were performed and the values were determined using the isotherms and kinetic models; the optimal parameters were evaluated using sum of normalised errors approach. The maximum adsorption capacity of AZE was found to be 143.29 mg/g. The mechanism of sorption is well represented by PSO model. The exothermic nature of removal process was confirmed through thermodynamic parameters. The reusability of the nanocomposite was identified to be efficient for six cycles.

Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Crude Oil Using High Surface Area Adsorbent Media: Vanadium as a Case Study

Vanadium, one of the heavy metals present in crude oil, harmfully affects the equipment of oil refineries and the quality of petroleum products. As a result, it is important to innovate effective methods for reducing or removing its concentration. This paper aims to study removing vanadium metal from Iraqi crude oil using activated carbon as an effective adsorbent material. Different experimental factors, i.e., the activated carbon dose, contact time, and agitation speed, were regulatory varied to evaluate their impact on vanadium adsorption efficiency. The outcomes revealed an exceptionally good efficacy of activated carbon to eliminate vanadium. The results exhibited that the maximum remediation was 86.33%, recorded at optimum factors, i.e., 0.5 g of activated carbon, 400 rpm of agitation speed, 75 °C temperature, and time of 400 minutes. According to these findings, activated carbon has a great ability to adsorb vanadium from crude oil. Thus, it can be considered a sustainable material for treating petroleum. Furthermore, this approach will help the refineries by reducing costs by eliminating the heavy metals that lead to corrosion or poisoning catalysts.