Adrenotropic Hormone Research Articles

A Case Report on Iactrogenic Cushing Syndrome with Scabies and Oral Candidiasis

Cushing syndrome is a condition characterized by high blood levels of cortisol or other exogenous compounds of glucocorticoids. This can be iatrogenic or endogenous cortisol secretion, due to the either an adrenal tumor or hyper secretion of adrenotropic hormone by the pituitary gland. Due immunosuppression patient are prone to more infectious diseases. Here the patient is diagnoses with oral candidiasis and scabies. Clinical investigation was carried out and laboratory investigations like Cortisol level in morning and evening, complete blood picture. He was provided with treatment of hydrocortisone, anti-fungal agents, anti-parasitic agents and skin moisturizer.
 Keywords: Iactrogenic Cushing syndrome, Candidiasis, Scabies, Cortisol, Corticosteroid.

Adrenal Contribution to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective: To examine further the dynamics of adrenal steroidogenesis in selected groups of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to normal ovulatory women of the same age. Materials and Methods: Serum cortisol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (A), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in the early follicular phase of the period. In addition, 2-day dexamethasone suppression and short adrenotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests were performed for the study group and controls. Results: Serum testosterone (4.3 ± 1.8 nmol/l), LH (7.6 ± 1.9 IU/l), and 17-OHP (4.7 ± 2.3 nmol/l) were higher while SHBG (24.7 ± 14.2 nmol/l) was lower in patients than the control. Testosterone was significantly suppressed after dexamethasone suppression test while the level of 17-OHP increased significantly in patients more than the control after 60 min of ACTH stimulation. In the PCOS, the ratio of 17-OHP/A showed a significant increase after ACTH stimulation while that of DHEAS/A decreased when compared to controls. Conclusion: The study suggests a contribution of adrenal cytochrome P-450C dysregulation in PCOS. This suggestion could lead to another method of treating some PCOS patients when the usual anti-androgens might not be fully effective in controlling most of the symptoms.

Lack of relationship between prolactin and adrenal steroidogenesis in the ovine fetus

The role of fetal prolactin (PRL) as a fetal adrenotropic hormone was investigated in eight chronically catheterized fetal lambs. Catheters were placed for measurement of plasma prolactin (PRL), cortisol (F), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A). Daily (9am) samples were obtained until the onset of labor. In four animals 2-Br-α-ergocryptine (BC) was administered subcutaneously (1 mg/12 hours) for 11 to 21 days prior to delivery. Four animals served as controls. No difference between groups was noted in the duration of gestation. PRL increased in the control animals from 8.4 ± 2.4 to 43.0 ± 5.6 ng/ml (mean ± SEM) at the time of delivery whereas in animals that received BC it decreased within 24 hour of administration and remained below 3 ng/ml throughout the study period. No differences were noted in the concentration of F. DHEA, DHEA-S, and A between groups. These results suggest that PRL dose not play a role in adrenal steroidogenesis or in the initiation of parturition.

Adrenal Weight, Adrenal Ascorbic Acid, Adrenal Cholesterol and Differential Leucocyte Counts as Physiological Indicators of “Stressor” Agents in Laying Hens

IT IS thought that the adrenal cortex assumes an important role in an animal’s ability to overcome environmental influences. Therefore, assays capable of indicating adrenal cortical function following changes in management, feed, lighting schedules and weather, among other factors, would possibly be a step toward the elimination of production decreases.Research with rats and guinea pigs (reviewed by Sayers, 1950) has shown that depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid, cholesterol and lipid contents occurs following an injection of pituitary adrenotropic hormone and following stressful conditions such as excessive muscular work or a non-fatal hemorrhage.Reports involving “stressor” agents and their influence on the avian adrenal have been more inconsistent than the reported influence on the mammalian adrenal. Howard and Constable (1958) and Siegel and Beane (1961) produced adrenal cholesterol depletion in chickens following ACTH injection; however, Elton et al. (1959) reported that adrenal cholesterol remained unchanged following ACTH and cold (0–5 …

A test for qualitative and quantitative estimation of pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 alpha-triol-11-one in urine, and its significance in adrenal disturbances.

IN PREVIOUS publications we described a urinary fraction which exhibits fluorescence when heated with 85 per cent phosphoric acid (1, 2). Urine of both normal males and females contains this material. In males excretion is uniform and (calculated in terms of 17-hydroxycorticosterone) amounts to 2 mg. per twenty-four hours. On the other hand, in the urine of normally menstruating women there are usually two peaks of excretion —one at about the tenth day of the cycle and one at about the twentieth day. The mean variation during the cycle is between 0.5 mg. and. 1.8 mg. per twenty-four hours. The excretion of the fluorogenic material is increased in late pregnancy to 2.5–4.0 mg. per twenty-four hours. In normal subjects excretion can be increased to four times that of the control period, by injecting 300 mg. of adrenotropic hormone in daily doses of 100 mg. Especially pronounced was the high concentration of the urinary fluorogenic material in a case of arrhenoblastoma (4 mg. per twenty-four hours), and excr...

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland. Part I. Growth and Adrenocorticotropic Hormones

The pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri is located in the sella turcica, a concavity in the splenoid bone, and is attached to the base of the brain by a thin stalk. The chapter explores the six recognized hormones of the anterior pituitary that were originally named according to their first observable biological properties, and alternative designations were assigned as additional biological functions were disclosed: growth hormone (GH, somatotropin, somatotropic hormone, STH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin, adrenotropin, adrenotropic hormone); lactogenic hormone (prolactin, mammotropin, luteotropin, luteotropic hormone, LTH); thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH); folliclestimulating hormone (FSH, gametotropic hormone, thylakentrin); and interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH, luteinizing hormone, LH, hormonotropic hormone, metakentrin). An outline of methods generally employed for the bioassay of anterior pituitary hormones is discussed. The anterior pituitary secretes a hormone possessing growth-promoting activity. The chapter presents the multiple functions of growth hormone. The name adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been employed to designate the active principle in pituitary extracts that accomplishes repair of adrenalcortical atrophy in hypophysectomixed animals, and in 1951, the term corticotropin was formally accepted for the preparations that possess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activity. The various extraction procedures that have been employed for obtaining adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrates involve vigorous treatment of fresh or acetonedried pituitary glands.

Corticotropin and cortisone in blood diseases in children.

The effect of corticotropin and cortisone on the blood and bone marrow of normal human beings and persons with diseases not primarily of the hematopoietic system is fairly consistent. 1 There is a temporary decrease in circulating eosinophils and lymphocytes, with a sustained increase in neutrophils. The lymphocyte count usually returns to normal with continued administration of the hormones. There may be transient reticulocytosis. A rise in the erythrocyte count, concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit reading, and red blood cell volume occurs only in patients in whom an underlying disease that produces anemia is favorably affected. The blood platelet count is not altered. Significant changes in the bone marrow are not seen. The response may be more rapid to corticotropin than to cortisone, but there are no essential differences if adrenal function is intact. LEUKEMIA The observations by Dougherty and White 2 of the effects of the pituitary adrenotropic hormones on

Chromatography of adrenotropic hormone on ion-exchange columns.

DURING the past year there have been several observations which have indicated that adrenotropic hormone (ACTH), as measured by the ascorbic acid depletion test1, might be a basic substance. Payne, Raben and Astwood2 observed that its activity could be adsorbed on powdered cellulose from dilute acetic acid solution and eluted again by 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and these experiments agreed with results from preliminary trials in this laboratory on the behaviour of adrenotropic hormone when subjected to solvent partition (some of these initial experiments were carried out in collaboration with Dr. H. G. Khorana, of the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge) and preparative electrophoresis. Astwood, Raben, Payne and Grady3 have since utilized a single-step adsorption of adrenotropic hormone activity on oxycellulose (10.4 per cent COOH). We have concurrently been exploring its behaviour on columns of ‘Amberlite IEC-50’, which have previously been found to permit effective chromatographic purification of low-molecular weight basic proteins, such as ribonuclease4 and lysozyme5.

Influence of adrenotropic hormone fractions on adrenal repair and on adrenal ascorbic acid.

WE have studied1 the activity of pituitary extracts in the Sayers test2, which depends on ability to induce a rapid fall in the ascorbic acid content of the adrenal glands of hypophysectomized rats, and in an adrenal ‘repair’ test based on the increase in the adrenal weight of the rat hypophysectomized one to three weeks previously and given three intraperitoneal injections daily of pituitary extract for three days, the animal being killed on the fourth day. Since an adrenal weight-increasing effect (AW effect) does not necessarily measure only changes in the weight of active cortical tissue, such an effect is necessarily less precisely defined than an ascorbic acid reducing effect (AA effect). In our investigation of these two activities of different pituitary extracts, we have adopted as our standard for the ratio AW/AA the pig pituitary preparation 84–85 U, kindly supplied by Armour Laboratories, Ltd.; this preparation is about 2.5 times as active in the ascorbic acid reduction test as the Armour standard preparation La-1-A, the provisional International Standard. We have followed three main lines of investigation, which it will be convenient to consider separately.

Regulation of secretion of adrenotropic and thyrotropic hormones after stalk section.

Regulation of secretion of adrenotropic and thyrotropic hormones after stalk section.

Inactivation of Adrenotropic Hormone (ACTH) by Plasma

THE rapid disappearance from the blood of administered adrenotropic hormone (ACTH) has been demonstrated by Sayers et al.1 using an infusion technique on human subjects, and Greenspan et al.2, after intravenous injection into rats.

THE MAMMALIAN LYMPHOCYTE

SUMMARY Thoracic duct lymphocytes are for the most part newly formed cells; there is only minor circulation of lymphocytes between blood and lymph. Quantitative studies of thoracic duct lymphocyte production show that, in the cat and rabbit, the number of lymphocytes daily entering the blood via the thoracic duct is sufficient to replace those already in the blood 3‐0‐5‐0 times daily. Occasionally the blood lymphocytes rise during an experiment in which thoracic duct lymph is being collected. This may mean that in these cases a very considerable number of lymphocytes enters the blood from the lymphoid tissues directly. Mitotic counts both in sections and in isolated nuclei indicate that lymphocyte formation proceeds most actively in the thymus, and measurements of the nucleic acid turn‐over of lymphoid tissues confirm this. There is no direct correlation between the total mass of the lymphoid tissues and the level of the blood lymphocytes. Extirpation of 90% of the lymphoid tissues is usually followed by a transient fall in the level of the blood lymphocytes, and sometimes results in the new formation of lymphoid tissue in liver or lungs. Individual lymph nodes which have been removed do not regenerate. Lymphoid tissue seems to be essential to the body. Lymphocytes can disappear rapidly from the blood even in the absence of stomach and intestines. During the first 5 days after removing about 40% of the bone marrow, the blood lymphocytes rise to nearly three times their pre‐operative level. The subcutaneous injection of egg albumin produces a local accumulation of lymphocytes which in the course of 6 hr. becomes transformed into macrophages. Tissue cultures of thoracic duct lymphocytes have yielded conflicting results concerning the developmental potentialities of the lymphocyte. The peculiar nature of lymphocyte movement has been used in an attempt to establish the transformation of lymphocytes into macrophages. Observation of lymphocytes in transparent chambers in rabbit's ears has shown that they can remain alive for as long as 26 days, though they were never observed to undergo transformation into other cells. Chemical and spectrographic studies indicate that small lymphocytes have a very low growth rate. There is a close relationship between the suprarenal cortex and the lymphoid tissues, upon which some of the cortical hormones exert a depressant effect. The adrenotropic hormone of the pituitary exerts a similar action upon lymphoid tissue by stimulating the secretion of the suprarenal cortex. The precise effect of cortical hormones upon lymphocytes is still not clear; some of the degenerative changes which have been described can be observed also in normal lymphoid tissue. Cortical hormones have no action upon lymphocytes in vitro. After subcutaneous injection of antigen, antibodies appear in progressively increasing amounts in the regional lymph nodes and in their efferent lymph, reaching a maximum after 6 days. At the same time the lymph nodes undergo hyperplasia with increase in the number of lymphocytes in their efferent lymph. Tissues and exudates rich in macrophages have a low antibody content. It has been suggested that suprarenal cortical extract is a potent stimulus to antibody formation, but evidence has also been adduced to the contrary. The plasma cell may play a major part in antibody formation, though not in the formation of plasma proteins apart from antibody. The study of the precise cells concerned in antibody formation has revived the controversy concerning the origin of the plasma cell, whether from a lymphocyte precursor or from a specific plasmoblast. Lymphocytes constitute about 10% of the nucleated cells of normal adult human marrow, though in childhood they may be considerably more numerous. The absolute count of lymphocytes in rabbit bone marrow was estimated at 61,000 per cu.mm., and in the guinea‐pig 165,000 per cu.mm. The lymphocyte content of bone marrow is subject to marked variation; this may in part reflect difficulties in cell identification. Lymphoid nodules are found in adult human red marrow in one case out of three. They do not show the usual mitotic activity characteristic of lymphoid nodules, and are probably focal accumulations of haematogenous lymphocytes. Viable lymphocytes, marked with acriflavine and injected into the blood, were subsequently found in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes are found in considerable numbers in the mucous membrane and submucous tissues of the alimentary canal. Experiments to determine whether or not these lymphocytes are excreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal are unsatisfactory. No quantitative data are available on the number of lymphocytes present in the connective tissues of the body.

AMERICAN LARYNGOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

<h3>Factors Influencing the Growth of Lymphoid Tissue.Dr. Abraham White, Philadelphia (by invitation).</h3> The data presented are based on animal experimentation, for the most part, from which three factors influencing the growth of lymphatic tissue are discussed. These factors are endocrine, dietary and those of stimuli arising from without. Injection of adrenotropic hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland results in involution of the thymus and the lymphatic nodes. After removal of the adrenal glands, lymphoid tissues hypertrophy. Experiments on dogs have shown that the tonsils follow the same course. Histologic examination shows shrinkage of the lymphocytes with ultimate dissolution. Secretion of the adrenotropic hormone of the pituitary gland is stimulated by various factors, such as toxins, bacteria and temperature changes. Doses of roentgen rays up to a certain point stimulate adrenocortical secretion, whereas larger doses, beyond this point, cause involution. Changes due to the sex hormones are most

Pituitary Adrenotropic Hormone, Extract of Suprarenal Cortex, Lymph, and Lymphoid Tissue

WITHIN the past few years, attention has been directed to the effect on lymphoid tissue of pituitary adrenotropic hormone1. Dougherty and White1 described a direct depressant effect of the hormone on lymphoid tissue, while Reinhardt and Li1 associated this with an observed diminution in the thoracic duct lymphocytes entering the blood.

Regulatory Effect of Adrenal Cortical Extract on Elaboration of Pituitary Adrenotropic Hormone.

Administration of cortical extract prevents, the decrease in adrenal ascorbic acid which accompanies exposure to cold but does not prevent the decrease which results from administration of exogenous adrenotropic hormone. Since reduction in adrenal ascorbic acid is initiated by pituitary adrenotropic hormone, cortical extract must act to inhibit elaboration of this tropic hormone by the pituitary. These results have been interpreted to mean that rate of release of adrenotropic hormone from the pituitary is regulated by the concentration of adrenal cortical hormones in the blood and tissues.

Observations on Mammary Growth in Parabiotic Rats.

Discussion and conclusionsSince estrogen does not stimulate mammary growth in hypophysectomized rats of the age and size of those used in these experiments,4,5,6 it may be concluded that some pituitary gland substance must have crossed from the partner with hypophysis intact to the hypophysectomized partner and there made possible the mammary growth observed. In this respect the hormone which possesses mammogenic potency is shown to resemble other known pituitary hormones of protein nature. Such passage between parabiotic animals of gonadotropic, adrenotropic and growth hormones has been previously described7,8,9 and was also observed in the present experiments. The steroid hormone estrogen, on the contrary, failed to be transferred to the partner.8 If the pituitary mammotropic substance has a lipoid character as is reported by Lewis and Turner10 it is perhaps surprising that its behavior in parabiosis seems to link it more with the protein hormones than with the chemically more similar estrogen.Since the...

The Effect of Adrenal Cortical and Pituitary Adrenotropic Hormones on Transplanted Leukemia in Rats

The Effect of Adrenal Cortical and Pituitary Adrenotropic Hormones on Transplanted Leukemia in Rats

Effect of Adrenotropic Hormone on Ascorbic Acid and Cholesterol Content of the Adrenal.

SummaryA single dose of pure adrenotropic hormone diminishes both the ascorbic acid and cholesterol content of the adrenals. The level of ascorbic acid is reduced to two-thirds within 20 minutes and one-half of its normal value in one hour. It has again returned to its initial concentration 9 hours after hormone administration. On the other hand the maximum decrease in cholesterol is not reached until 3 hours after injection and its restoration also occurs at a slower rate. It is suggested that the two processes may be related to cortical hormone synthesis in or release from the adrenal gland.

Specificity of the Epiphyseal Cartilage Test for the Pituitary Growth Hormone.

Summary1. Purified anterior hypophyseal hormones other than the growth hormone were administered to hypophysectomized rats for a period of 4 days and measurements made of the width of the uncalcified portion of the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of the tibia. 2. While adrenotropic hormone slightly decreased the cartilage width, thyroxin and the thyrotropic as well as the mammotropic hormones caused slight enlargement of the epiphyseal cartilage. The effect was smaller, however, than the response caused by a single growth hormone unit, at all dose levels tested, and the effect did not show gradation with dosage which is a characteristic of the growth substance.

Effect of Pituitary Adrenotropic Hormone on Lymphoid Tissue.

SummaryInjection of pure pituitary adrenotropic hormone into CBA strain mice produces a decrease in weight of the inguinal, axillary and mesenteric nodes, and of the thymus. The spleen did not show a weight decrease.