Adrenaline Autoxidation Research Articles

POLYPHENOLIC STATUS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE HERB THYMUS SERPYLLUM L.

Phenolic compounds are the most numerous and the most studied group of plant biology activity compounds. Phenolic compounds participate in various metabolic processes, which cause their biological activity. All natural phenolic compounds are low toxicity and show a wide range of effects on the human body. The most promising area of applied research is the study of the antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic properties of phenolic compounds in order to obtain safe drugs of natural origin for the pharmaceutical industry. The search for new sources of plant phenolic compounds can be an effective, environmentally and economically advantageous alternative to their synthetic analogues. Compounds of polyphenolic nature are almost the most numerous class of biologically active substances that exhibit a high antioxidant status and, as a result, have a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic activity. For the analysis, an alcohol-water extract of thyme herb obtained by infusing for 7 days was used. The content of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and the amount of polyphenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically in terms of rutin, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid, respectively. It was shown that the content of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and the sum of polyphenolic compounds in terms of rutin, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid in the investigated samples of thyme herb is 1.531, 0.505 and 5.478%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro. A 0.1% solution of adrenaline hydrochloride was used as a system that produces the superoxide radical, taking the autoxidation of adrenaline into adrenochrome in an alkaline environment. During the study of antioxidant activity, a sufficiently high level of it was found in the thyme herb extract, the indicators were 50% at the beginning of exposure, increased to 57,45% after 15 seconds and, gradually decreasing further, still remained sufficiently pronounced. It was calculated that the rate of the autoxidation reaction of adrenaline in the experimental sample with the addition of creeping thyme extract was 0.0310 ou/min, against the control sample – 0.0446 ou/min, where pure adrenaline was used, while the indicator of the percentage of reaction inhibition when using the tested extract was 30.33%.

ФИТОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА И АНТИОКСИДАНТНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ТРАВЫ КЛЕВЕРА ЛУГОВОГО, ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕГО НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Objective: to analyze the quantitative content and assess the severity of the total antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants of the herb of Trifolium pratense L., growing in the Orenburg region. Methodology: Herb of Trifolium pratense L. collected in Sakmarsky, Tyulgansky, Buzuluksky and Ponomarevsky districts of the Orenburg region was used as objects of research. The quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids and the sum of hydroxycinnamic acids was evaluated by differential UV spectrophotometry, the content of the sum of tannins and the sum of organic acids was found by titrimetry, the level of ascorbic acid was determined by redox titration. The severity of the total antioxidant activity of the studied plant raw materials was judged by the ability to inhibit the autoxidation of adrenaline. Statistical processing of primary data was carried out using the Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statistica 6.0 software package. Results. The analysis of the quantitative content of biologically active substances and the severity of the total antioxidant activity revealed the maximum accumulation of flavonoids, tannins, organic, hydroxycinnamic acids and the severity of the total antioxidant activity in the herb of meadow clover growing on the territory of the Ponomarevsky district, the largest accumulation of ascorbic acid – in the raw materials of meadow clover growing in the Tyulgansky district. Conclusion. The herb of Trifolium pratense L. which grows in the Orenburg region can be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants (organic acids, phenolic compounds).

STUDY OF ADRENALIN AUTOOXIDATION WITH UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY METHODS

The process of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium (pH=10.65) in the presence of sulfite was experimentally studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The absorption spectra of the final product of autoxidation (λm = 290—300 nm, εm = 8400 М–1 · cm–1 ), the intermediate adduct of adrenochrome with sulfite (λm = 343 nm, εm= 68000 М–1 · cm–1), and the reactive an intermediate product, presumably adrenolutin (λm = 311, εm = 140000 М–1 · cm–1 and λm = 373 nm, εm = 129000 М–1 · cm–1) were determined with experimental data processing. The estimated equilibrium constant for the formation of adrenochrome adduct with sulfite 5000 M-1
 agrees with the literature data for carbonyl compounds. The results obtained explain the contradictions in the results of various authors concerning the oxidation and autoxidation of adrenaline in an alkaline medium.

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. prevents hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in CCl4-induced ovariectomized rats

Summary Plant-derived natural products have shown beneficial effects in many diseases associated with liver. The present study aimed to appraise the effects of Trichosanthes dioica (TD) peel extract on oxidative stress, inflammation as well as fibrosis exhibited by the ovariectomized rats in which hepatic damage had been induced by the administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The CCl4 administration in the ovariectomized rats elevated the plasma ALT, AST, and ALP level in comparison with the control while TD peel extract showed significant reduction of those activities. Besides, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation also increased in CCl4-treated rats. TD peel extract significantly reduced the oxidative stress marker's concentration and improved the catalase and SOD activities in CCl4-administered ovariectomized rats. These results suggest that TD peel extract is capable of protecting the liver from CCl4induced damage through preventing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, fibrosis and boosting the diminished cellular antioxidant defense.

A Chain Reaction of Adrenaline Autoxidation is a Model of Quinoid Oxidation of Catecholamines

This review is focused on literature data and our own research of the nontrivial quinoid pathway for the oxidation of adrenaline. All catecholamines can be oxidized similarly with formation of corresponding aminochromes. This process is simulated in vitro in an alkaline medium and is known as the adrenaline autoxidation chain reaction, whose products are adrenochrome and radical compounds, superoxide anions ( $${\text{O}}_{2}^{{ - {\kern 1pt} \centerdot }}$$ ), and other. This reaction was previously used to determine the activity of superoxide dismutase as a model of superoxide generation. We have proposed various new methodical approaches that allow the determination of the enzyme activity and reveal the anti/prooxidant properties of various compounds and materials. This pathway of conversion of one of the catecholamines (dopamine) is currently described as a “preclinical model of Parkinson’s disease.” In this regard, we have proposed the reaction of adrenaline autoxidation to be used in search for substances that can inhibit the process of quinoid oxidation, that is, to identify potential neuroprotective agents. Experimental and theoretical studies of this reaction expand the understanding of the mechanisms of free radical processes that occur in the body.

Medium and time conservation affect follicular morphology and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of bovine preantral follicles during storage at 4ºC

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology and superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity of bovine preantral follicles (PFs) preserved in TCM 199, saline solution or PBS at different conservation periods. Cow ovaries (n=6) were divided into 7 fragments. One small piece of each ovarian fragment was randomly removed to evaluate SOD activity, while the remainder was immediately fixed for morphological evaluation as a control group. The other 6 fragments were randomly distributed in tubes containing TCM 199, saline solution, or PBS and maintained at 4ºC for 6 or 24 h. For histological evaluation, the fragments were fixed in Carnoy and stained with PAS-hematoxylin, following being classified PFs in relation to their follicular morphology in normal or degenerated. Determination of SOD activity was based on the ability to inhibit autoxidation of adrenaline in adrenochrome. Evaluation of follicular morphology showed that follicles preserved in TCM 199 for 6 h did not differ from the control (P > 0.05). In contrast, preservation in saline solution and PBS for 6 or 24 h and TCM 199 for 24 h decreased normal PFs compared to the control (P < 0.05). SOD showed a lower activity in ovarian cortical tissue kept in TCM 199 for 6 h and saline solution for 24 h than in the other groups. Our study shows that incubation using TCM 199 at 4°C for 6 h can be used to efficiently conserve female bovine PFs in situ.

Spectroscopic Investigation and Nanoscale Characterization of Epinephrine Autooxidation under Alkaline Conditions.

Melanins are intriguing biomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties. Due to the insoluble nature of the synthetic melanins prepared from different precursors, such as 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) and dopamine (DA), it is still challenging to reveal the structure-property relationships. In this work, the autoxidation of epinephrine (EP) under basic conditions was investigated from the perspective of supramolecular chemistry, and the formed soluble epinephrine-melanin (EPM) was characterized on the nanoscale. The supramolecular aggregate nature of oxidation products has been identified on the basis of spectroscopic investigations. A two-dimensional sheet-like morphology with highly ordered in-plane stacking structures was observed for the first time, and the thickness of the nanosheet increased with increasing EPM concentration. More importantly, in contrast to the well-known monotonic absorption profiles of synthetic melanins, EPM shows featured and unusual pH-responsible absorption profiles in the near-ultraviolet region (UVA). The decrease in pH can induce the disappearance of the absorption in the lower-energy band and the reduction of aggregate size. The oxidative and aggregation kinetic processes of EP were investigated in three different alkaline systems by the combination of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The oxidation process of EP shows concentration- and buffer-dependent behaviors. The unusual absorption properties of EPM were exploited for the fabrication of transparent UV-shielding chitosan biofilms and gelatin hydrogels. Extensive research on the molecular structures, supramolecular exciton coupling, and material-oriented property exploitation of EPM is highly anticipated.

The Effect of Sulfur-Containing Compounds on the Quinoid Process of Adrenaline Autoxidation; Potential Neuroprotectors

The Effect of Sulfur-Containing Compounds on the Quinoid Process of Adrenaline Autoxidation; Potential Neuroprotectors

Application of Electronic Spectroscopy and Quantum-Chemical Modeling for Analysis of Products of Autoxidation of Adrenaline

The spontaneous oxidation of adrenaline in an alkaline medium was investigated by electronic spectroscopy. It was shown that the pH of the medium has an effect on the position of the maxima in the absorption spectrum of adrenaline. Analysis of the absorption spectra of the reaction medium during the oxidation process revealed the dynamics of change in the optical density of the products. The spectra of adrenaline, adrenolutine, and adrenochrome were calculated theoretically by quantum chemical methods within the scope of density functional theory. A procedure was developed for quantitative analysis of the products from autoxidation of adrenaline.

Effect of the sulfur-containing compounds on the quinoid process of adrenaline autoxidation; potential neuroprotectors

The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium, used in vitro to identify the antioxidant properties of various compounds, simulates the complex multistep process of quinoid oxidation of catecholamines (CA) in the body. Sulfur-containing cysteine (Cys) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), have been shown to inhibit this process. The studied substances were considered as inhibitors of quinoid oxidation and are evaluated as antioxidants. The IC50 values for Cys and GSH were close to 7.5 mM. Inhibition by GSSG was weaker; represented approximately 50-70% of Cys and GSH. Other sulfur-containing compounds that differ in chemical structure, the amino acids taurine and methionine were ineffective. The interest in this model and the search for effective compounds acting on this reaction is associated with one of the mechanisms of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) discussed in the literature, which occurs when the biochemical transformations of dopamine CA and its quinoid oxidation process are violated. Cys, GSH and GSSG in the model system inhibit quinoid oxidation of adrenaline, as a result of which the formation of superoxide (O2 ·-) is also inhibited. Experiments with the superoxide-generating enzymatic reaction xanthine xanthioxidase, the chemistry of which is different and not related to formation of quinoid metabolites, showed that the studied substances did not inhibit O2 ·- formation in this model. Thus, it was established that the biologically active sulfur-containing compounds Cys, GSH and GSSG are specific inhibitors of quinoid oxidation of CA, and are likely to be able to play the role of a neuroprotector. It is proposed to use these compounds in the treatment and prevention of PD by activating their biosynthesis in the body.

The Antioxidant properties of para-Aminobenzoic acid and its sodium salt

The antioxidant properties of para-aminobenzoic acid, a substance from the group of vitamins, and its sodium salt has been found using the reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium as a superoxide-generating model system. These compounds inhibited the accumulation of adrenochrome, which is a product of adrenaline oxidation, and the formation of superoxide anions, detected by their reaction with nitro blue tetrazolium. Approaches have been developed to produce a true solution of para-aminobenzoic acid and conditions were established to measure the antioxidant activity of para-aminobenzoic acid and its sodium salt. The antioxidant properties of these compounds indicate their possible participation in the redox reactions of the cell and can also be one reason that they are essential.

Standardization and regulation of the rate of the superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation used for evaluation of pro/antioxidant properties of various materials

The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation is widely used for determination of superoxide dismutase activity and pro/antioxidant properties of various materials. There are two variants of the spectrophotometric registration of the products of this reaction. The first one is based on registration of adrenochrome (a product of adrenaline autoxidation) at 347 nm; the second approach employs nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and registration of diformazan (a product of NBT reduction) at 560 nm. In the present work, recommendations for the standardization of the reaction rate in both variants have been given. The main approach consists in the use of a pharmaceutical form of 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride solution. Although each of two adrenaline preparations available in the Russian market has some individual features in kinetic behavior of adrenaline autoxidation, they are applicable for the superoxide generating system. Performing measurements at 560 nm, the reaction rate can be regulated by lowering concentration of added adrenaline, whereas during spectrophotometric registration at 347 nm, this is not applicable. These features of the adrenaline autoxidation reaction may be attributed to the multistage process of adrenaline conversion to adrenochrome and also to coupled electron transfer from adrenaline and intermediate products of its oxidation to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbonate bicarbonate ions. This results in formation of corresponding radicals detectable by adding NBT.

Study of antioxidant activity of fullerenols by inhibition of adrenaline autoxidation

Study of antioxidant activity of fullerenols by inhibition of adrenaline autoxidation

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ЗАБАРВЛЕНИХ РОСЛИННИХ ЕКСТРАКТІВ IN VITRO

DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN COLOR PLANT EXTRACTS IN VITRO G.R. Lamazian, I.M. Sytnik, P.A. Chernovol, I.S. Chekman, M.V. Khaitovych Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv Introduction. To date, the relationship between free radical oxidation and the development of most pathological processes - endocrinology and cardiovascular diseases is proved. Modern living conditions, the negative impact of environmental factors, emotional stresses, genetic factors - all these are a prerequisite for initiating redox balance disturbances in the body. A key role in this regard belongs to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause development of oxidative stress (OS). Recently, the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants (MP) in the prevention and correction of the OS are actively studied. It is commonly known that MP is a source of polyphenolic compounds - powerful natural antioxidants that inhibit free radical oxidation chain reaction through inhibition of oxidative enzymes, the formation of metal chelates or neutralization of radicals. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant activity (AOA) of Hypericum perforatum (L.) and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Shrad. extracts on the model of superoxide radical inhibition in vitro. Investigation methods. Determination of AOA was carried out spectrophotometrically according to the change in absorbance of studied extracts in a model test system of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium at a wavelength of 340 nm. Assessment of AOA was conducted by the degree of inhibition of superoxide radical, taking into account the impact of extracts’ color that absorbs certain wavelength in the visible spectrum. Results and discussion. Investigated extracts show high AOA in a range of all concentrations, preventing the formation of superoxide radical in vitro. It was somewhat higher in H. perforatum versus C. colocynthis. It should be noted that the AOA of extracts depends on their concentration. The highest value of AOA for H. perforatum (95,77%) is detected at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. C. colocynthis showed maximum AOA (88.62%) at a concentration of 0,5˟10-3 mg/ml. Values of absorbance after ten minutes exposure indicate that with time the AOA of extracts decreases due to their multi-component composition and interinfluence of biologically active substances, which can be both antagonists and synergists. It is known that the antioxidant effect of MP is achieved due to nonenzymatic molecules represented mainly by polyphenolic compounds – flavonoids, phenolcarbonic acids, catechins, stilbenes etc. Activation of cell protective mechanisms by plants polyphenols significantly reduces the manifestations of the OS. Thus, a number of epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that regular action of natural polyphenols improves the quality of patients’ lives with diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome. Conclusions. 1. In was established that the plant extracts of H. perforatum (L.) and C. colocynthis (L.) Shrad. possess AOA in a range of all concentrations. 2. Extracts activity depends on the concentration. The highest value of AOA for H. perforatum (95,77%) is detected at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and for C. colocynthis (88.62%) - at a concentration of 0,5˟10-3 mg/ml. 3. The decrease in AOA with time (10 minutes exposure) was revealed, which may be due to the interinfluence of biologically active substances in extracts.

Standardization and regulation of the rate of the superoxide-generating adrenaline autoxidation reaction used for evaluation of pro/antioxidant properties of various materials

The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation is widely used for determination of the activity of superoxide dismutase and pro/antioxidant properties of various materials. There are two variants of the spectrophotometric registration of the products of this reaction. The first is based on registration of adrenochrome, as adrenaline autooxidation product at 347 nm; the second employs nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and registration of diformazan, a product of NBT reduction at 560 nm. In the present work, recommendations for the standardization of the reaction rate in both variants have been proposed. The main approach consists in the use of the pharmaceutical form of 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride solution. Although each of two adrenaline preparations available in the Russian market has some features in kinetic behavior of its autooxidation; they are applicable in the superoxide generating system based on adrenaline autooxidation. Performing measurements at 560 nm, the reaction rate can be regulated by lowering the concentration of added adrenaline, whereas during spectrophotometric registration at 347 nm, this cannot be done. These features of adrenaline autoxidation may be due to the fact that the intrinsic multistage process of the conversion of adrenaline to adrenochrome, which is recorded at 347 nm, is coupled with the transition of electrons from adrenaline and intermediate products of its oxidation to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbonate bicarbonate ions, which is detected in the presence of added NBT.

Involvement of carbonate/bicarbonate ions in the superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation

An important role of carbonate/bicarbonate ions has been recognized in the superoxide generating reaction of adrenaline autooxidation in an alkaline buffer (a model of quinoid adrenaline oxidation in the body). It is suggested that these ions are directly involved not only in formation of superoxide anion radical (О(2)(-)) but also other radicals derived from the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Using various buffers it was shown that the rate of accumulation of adrenochrome, the end product of adrenaline oxidation, and the rate of О(2)(-)· formation depend on concentration of carbonate/bicarbonate ions in the buffer and that these ions significantly accelerate adrenaline autooxidation thus demonstrating prooxidant properties. The detectable amount of diformazan, the product of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, was significantly higher than the amount of adrenochrome formed; taking into consideration the literature data on О(2)(-)· detection by NBT it is suggested that adrenaline autooxidation is accompanied by one-electron reduction not only of oxygen dissolved in the buffer and responsible for superoxide formation but possible carbon dioxide also dissolved in the buffer as well as carbonate/bicarbonate buffer components leading to formation of corresponding radicals. The plots of the dependence of the inhibition of adrenochrome and diformazan formation on the superoxide dismutase concentration have shown that not only superoxide radicals are formed during adrenaline autooxidation. Since carbonate/bicarbonate ions are known to be universally present in the living nature, their involvement in free radical processes proceeding in the organism is discussed.

Estimation of serum superoxide dismutase and serum malondialdehyde in oral submucous fibrosis: a clinical and biochemical study.

To estimate the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the correlation of these parameters in Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSF). Estimation of MDA and SOD levels in OSF patients and controls. Patients above 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as OSF based upon thorough history, clinical examination and histopathological examination without any underlying systemic diseases, were included in the present study. Equal number of healthy subjects without any deleterious habits and without any clinically obvious oral lesions or systemic diseases were selected as the control group. The estimation of MDA in serum was done by thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. SOD was assayed by inhibition and autoxidation of adrenaline method. The data were analyzed with Student's t-test. Comparison of MDA, SOD among the OSF group and control group showed statistically significant increased levels of malondialdehyde and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase among the OSF groups. Significant changes were not seen in MDA and SOD levels between the different grades of OSF. From the present study, estimation of lipid peroxidation like MDA was done, which showed increased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group and antioxidant enzyme levels like SOD showed decreased levels in the OSF group compared to the control group. These can be considered as a subject of interest for their possible role in many of the precancerous and cancerous conditions.

Redox Modulation by Amaranth Oil in Human Lung Fibroblasts

Amaranth oil has several health benefits. It has lipid lowering, anti-diabetic, immune modulatory and cytoprotective properties, activates the function of mitochondria and improves heart rate variability. It has been suggested that the effect of amaranth oil on redox status is involved in this multitude of cellular and clinical influences of the oil. We examined whether amaranth oil can modify free radical production. EPR experiments with amaranth oil dissolved in DMSO showed scavenging of carbon centered radicals but not of oxygen centered radicals. Moreover, a concentration dependent scavenging effect of amaranth oil on ultrasound-induced radicals was observed. However, in adrenaline autoxidation experiments amaranth oil showed a strong prooxidant action through activation of superoxide anion formation. This two-sided effect of amaranth oil, i.e. both anti- and pro-oxidant action, was corroborated in human lung fibroblasts that were exposed to amaranth oil. At low concentrations of amaranth oil, fibroblasts were protected against oxidative stress, whereas in incubations with high amaranth oil concentrations more H2O2-induced intracellular radical damage was found. We suggest that mild pro-oxidant activity could be the underlying mechanism in the health beneficial effect of amaranth oil.

Use of nitro blue tetrazolium in the reaction of adrenaline autooxidation for the determination of superoxide dismutase activity

Addition of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) into the reaction of adrenaline autooxidation allows to identify directly superoxide anion formation (02.-) in this superoxide-generating system. The kinetics of formation of adrenochrome and 02.- were compared under the same conditions. Three possible approaches to the use the adrenaline autooxidation reaction for determining the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and revealing the antioxidant properties of various compounds are discussed. Two of these approaches have been described previously: the spectrophotometric method of the registration of adrenochrome, the final product of adrenaline autoxidation, at 347 nm (Sirota, 1999) and the polarographic method, based on determination of oxygen consumption for 02.- formation (Sirota, 2011). Here, a novel approach to this problem is presented; it consists in the spectrophotometric determination of 02.- using NBT. The application of this approach enables one to lower the pH of carbonate buffer from 10.5 to 9.7 and to decrease (4-fold) the amount of added adrenaline, i.e., to generate milder and more effective conditions for revealing and studying the antioxidant properties of examined materials.

Kinetics of the autoxidation of adrenaline and [copper(II)(adrenaline)]2+ in alkaline aqueous and micellar media

The kinetics of autoxidation of adrenaline and [Cu(adrenaline)]2+ complex by dissolved oxygen in alkaline aqueous and micellar media has been studied. The reaction is initiated by the removal of amino-H+ protons of adrenaline by hydroxide ion, followed by cyclization. The values of (1/k obs) for the autoxidation of both species were found to be linearly dependent upon 1/[OH−]. The reaction follows a consecutive pathway in which the intermediate adrenochrome remains stable for few minutes, and then undergoes further reactions to yield adrenolutin and other products. The [Cu(adrenochrome)]+ complex is stable for a few hours. Studies on the effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the reactivity of both species revealed different behaviors. The micelles of CTAB catalyzed the rates of autoxidation for both species, whereas SDS micelles inhibited the autoxidation of adrenaline but catalyzed the rate of autoxidation of [Cu(adrenaline)]2+. Addition of the reactive counterion surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTAOH) initially increased the rate constant with the increasing [CTAOH], until it reached a plateau for k ψ −[CTAOH]. Salts such as NaCl, NaBr, tetramethyl ammonium bromide, and tetraethyl ammonium bromide increased the rate when added at lower concentrations, but had negligible effect at higher concentrations. The results obtained in micellar media were treated according to Berezin’s Pseudophase Model. The various kinetic parameters for the reactions occurring in aqueous and in micellar media are reported.