Adoption Of Protective Measures Research Articles

Criminal Organizations and Hybrid Governance in South America: The COVID-19 scenario

This essay discusses how criminal organizations in South America have reconfigured themselves in the face of the pandemic scenario experienced since late 2019. In particular, it examines how the practices and actions carried out by these associations were carried forward in the pandemic, maintaining or even giving force the influence of crime on the life of South American society. It is argued that in order to understand criminal governance, it is essential to consider the discussion of how the territories in which these organizations operate are not in conflict with the state, but rather there is a hybrid governance in which criminal organizations and the state coexist as two sources of legitimacy. and authority. There is a complementarity of actions, in which criminal organizations were seen during the pandemic occupying state functions in the adoption of protective measures, and provision of assistance, but always with a clear objective of maintaining the status quo of their illicit activities. In the end, it is clear that criminal organizations have consolidated themselves as a governance space recognized as legitimate during the pandemic, complementing and, perhaps even, eclipsing the role of state bureaucracy in the face of the seriousness of the health emergency experienced, especially in the cases of Brazil and Colombia.

Frequency of Damage of Low Voltage Apparatus Due to Lightning Flashes to Ground Nearby HV Overhead Lines

The paper deals with a simplified approach to evaluate the frequency of damage of low voltage apparatus powered by a in housing HV/LV transformer against overvoltages due to nearby lightning flashes (source of damage S4 according to IEC 62,305 standard). The approach is based on computer simulations with validated models according to the current state of the art. The paper evaluates: the overvoltages stressing the HV/LV transformer due to lightning-induced over-voltages on the supplying HV overhead line; the voltage transferred to low voltage circuit through the power transformer and the influence of the transformer characteristics and of the LV circuits feeding the apparatus; the influence of the characteristics and the number of LV circuits on the frequency of damage of the apparatus. The different contributions to the voltage at the apparatus terminals, namely, the voltage transferred by the HV/LV transformer and the voltage induced by lightning current in the circuit downstream the transformer, are recognized. The voltage drop along the earthing system between the points where the transformer and the apparatus are earthed is, in the case considered, not effective because the apparatus and the transformer are bonded at the same point to the earthing system of the electrical installation. Even if these voltage components exhibit different shape and time at peak, for safety, they are added. When the resulting voltage is higher than the rated impulse voltage of apparatus insulation, damage of apparatus occurs. The evaluation allows to conclude that the frequency of damage of the LV apparatus supplied by circuits in a multipolar cable is about a thousand times lower than the one relevant to circuits in plastic conduit. If the tolerable frequency of damage of the LV apparatus is kept in the range of 0.01 damage/year, the adoption of protection measures against overvoltages caused by the source S4 is practically not necessary, except for the case of long circuits in conduit, powered by long HV overhead lines in areas with high values of lightning flash density. As this matter has not yet been considered in the IEC 62305 standard series, the results presented in this paper will be useful in the light of the revision of requirements of this standard.

Международная товарная торговля 2021: феноменальные тренды

The article examines the most significant aspects of the evolutionary dynamics of international commodity exchange over the past five years, with an emphasis on the extraordinary shifts in this area noted by official statistics in 2021. The author analyzes significant changes in modern global trade, reflected in the sinusoidal trajectory of its development against the background of increasing turbulence, uncertainty of prospects for its transformation in the current and upcoming period. In a historically short period, the rise of 2018 was noted with the subsequent decline of 2019 and the crisis shocks of 2020 in direct connection with the widespread dissemination of a new viral infection in the world, the corresponding adoption of protective measures in many countries. Based on the latest official statistical materials and author's calculations, the most relevant trends that have manifested themselves in international commodity trade during the recovery period after the global crisis, that is, in 2021, are shown. Against the background of the general expansion of foreign trade activities of the leading subjects of international commodity exchange, the largest beneficiaries of the past year in the field of exports were identified, the rating of which was headed by the Russian Federation, Belgium, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and the USA. The analysis undertaken is based on the methodology of comparative statistical research. The current materials, calculated data of the author, actually introduced into the domestic scientific circulation for the first time, are given.

Hesperetin-Based Hydrogels Protect the Skin against UV Radiation-Induced Damage.

UV radiation can cause damages, such as erythema, skin photoaging, and carcinogenesis. The adoption of protective measures against sun exposure is essential to prevent these damages, and the interest in using natural substances as an alternative for photoprotection is growing. Thus, hesperetin with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties is a promising substance to be used with photochemopreventive action and to protect the skin from damage induced by UV radiation. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a topical formulation based on AAMVPC gel containing hesperetin and evaluate its photoprotective effect on the skin of rats exposed to UVA-UVB radiation. The animals were submitted to the irradiation protocol UVA-UVB, and at the end, erythema, lipid peroxidation, and activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase and superoxide dismutase were evaluated. Additionally, it evaluated the activity of myeloperoxidase and histological changes. The formulation presented a rheological and spreadability profile suitable for cutaneous application. In vivo results demonstrated that the topical formulation of AAMVPC gel containing hesperetin at a concentration of 10% protected the skin from damage induced by UVA-UVB radiation, with the absence of erythema, lipid lipoperoxidation, and inflammation (low myeloperoxidase activity), and increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The morphology and architecture of the dermo-epidermal tissue of these animals were like those observed under normal conditions (non-irradiated animals). Thus, the results showed that hesperetin was able to protect the animals' skin against UV radiation-induced skin damage and the protection mechanisms may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this natural product.

Appropriateness of high-priority criteria and safety of endoscopy procedures during the COVID-19 lockdown.

During the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic, gastroenterology guidelines recommended the suspension or reduction of non-urgent endoscopy. We aimed to assess the appropriateness and safety of endoscopic activity during the pandemic first wave lockdown using European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) recommendations. We identified scheduled patients from the onset of the lockdown in Spain since March 16, 2020) to April 14, 2020. Daily hospital COVID-19-related burden was also registered. A similar cohort from a period immediately before the lockdown was studied (pre-lockdown cohort) to compare appropriateness. 454 endoscopy procedures were performed during the studied period, comprising a 49.7% reduction compared to the pre-lockdown cohort (n = 913). There was a significant increase in ESGE high-priority indications (62.1% vs. 45.6%, p<0.001) associated with an increase in relevant endoscopic findings (p = 0.006), advanced neoplasia/cancer (p = 0.004) and cancer detection rate (p = 0.010). There were no differences in the rate of admissions or infection among scheduled patients in the lockdown cohort. None of the staff members tested positive for COVID-19 in the 7 days after the adoption of protective measures. A prioritized endoscopic activity is not associated with higher contagion after adopting protective measures. In addition, a triage of procedures that follow the ESGE criteria increases the rate of relevant endoscopic findings. These considerations may reduce the impact of the delays of diagnosis after the pandemic.

Application of Protection Motivation Theory to Quantify the Impact of Pandemic Fear on Anticipated Postpandemic Transit Usage.

The COVID-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on transit usage, primarily owing to the fear of infection. Social distancing measures, moreover, could alter habitual travel behavior, for example, using transit for commuting. This study explored the relationships among pandemic fear, the adoption of protective measures, changes in travel behavior, and anticipated transit usage in the post-COVID era, through the lens of protection motivation theory. Data containing multidimensional attitudinal responses about transit usage at several pandemic stages were utilized for the investigation. They were collected through a web-based survey in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. Two structural equation models were estimated to examine the factors influencing anticipated postpandemic transit usage behavior. The results revealed that people taking relatively higher protective measures were comfortable taking a cautious approach such as complying with transit safety policies (TSP) and getting vaccinated to make transit trips. However, the intention to use transit on vaccine availability was found to be lower than in the case of TSP implementation. Conversely, those who were uncomfortable taking transit with caution and who were inclined to avoid travel and rely on e-shopping were most unlikely to return to transit in the future. A similar finding was observed for females, those with vehicle access, and middle-income individuals. However, frequent transit users during the pre-COVID period were more likely to continue to use transit after the pandemic. The study's findings also indicated that some travelers might be avoiding transit specifically because of the pandemic, implying they are likely to return in the future.

The Relationships Between Socioeconomic Status, COVID-19 Risk Perceptions, and the Adoption of Protective Measures in a Mid-Western City in the United States.

An individual's perception of risk plays an influential role in the behaviors they engage in, which could reduce or increase exposure or transmission of a certain disease. Since risk perceptions vary by social identities (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, age) they are believed to influence the interpretation and likelihood of following guidance from risk-communication efforts. This study aims to understand how COVID-19 risk perceptions vary by social identity (with an emphasis upon socioeconomic factors), how such identities influence behavior adoption through risk-communication pathways, and how findings can be practically applied in messaging. Previous studies have investigated the role of social factors on risk perceptions, but SES has not been modeled as the main factor. Guided by the Health Belief Model and Social Determinant of Health Frameworks, findings from our 326 participants suggest those with high-risk COVID-19 perceptions identified as higher income and held more advanced educational degrees, suggesting a positive relationship between risk perceptions and SES. Individuals with high-risk perceptions more frequently reported practicing protective behaviors against COVID-19 and reported greater severity, susceptibility, barriers, benefits, trust, confidence, and health literacy in adopting behavior changes against the virus. When applying such findings to create a local risk-communication plan (logic model), it was found that messaging should be culturally relevant, in-plain language, and consistent to improve health literacy. In addition to using the most trusted and frequently used communication sources self-identified by residents, we recommend uniting trusted formal and informal community leaders to provide information in diverse pathways and formats.

Making it Real: The Role of Parasocial Relationships in Enhancing Perceived Susceptibility and COVID-19 Protective Behavior

ABSTRACT Formation of accurate risk perceptions and adoption of protective measures play a key role in reducing transmission and stopping the spread of infectious diseases. Extant research, however, has shown that perceptions of risk are not necessarily correlated with the level of actual risk, including that of COVID-19. Informed by the social amplification of risk framework (SARF), we test whether having a parasocial relationship with a celebrity who has COVID-19 makes the risk of contracting the virus more real, thus amplifying the perceived susceptibility to the virus and reducing the biased sense of optimism that one is safe. Findings from Study 1, a national survey (N = 493), suggest that having a parasocial friend contract COVID-19, is related to increased perceived susceptibility, especially for those for whom it would otherwise seem abstract and vague. Study 2 (N = 228) complements these findings by identifying a potential underlying mechanism for the observed relationship between PSR and perceived susceptibility – attenuation of the optimism bias. Findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to understanding the underlying mechanisms of the potential role played by celebrities in health and risk communication.

Engagement Analysis of Canadian Public Health and News Media Facebook Posts and Sentiment Analysis of Corresponding Comments during COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic, key stakeholders have used social media to rapidly disseminate essential information to the public to help them make informed health-related decisions. Our research examined how the public responded to official actors’ Facebook posts during COVID-19 and examined the comment sentiment and post engagement rates. CBC News and CTV News received a greater proportion of negative comments and a lower average post engagement rate compared with Healthy Canadians. Additionally, the proportion of negative and positive comments varied over time for all sources; however, over 30% of the comments for all three actors were consistently negative. Key stakeholders should monitor the public’s response to their social media posts and adapt their messages to increase the effectiveness of their crisis communication efforts to encourage the adoption of protective measures.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Effect on Confidence Levels of Portuguese Towards People of Different Professions.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic is emerging in a world where science is highly developed. Nevertheless, science is not the only resource that people resort to when they have difficulties. In this pandemic context, some professions became more relevant, including front-line professionals, such as medical doctors and nurses, and those who may have an indirect role. The aim of this study is to understand whether there is a strengthening of people’s confidence, in politicians, journalists, science-based activities, and in more mystical dimensions.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out to understand the levels of confidence of the Portuguese population in several professional groups, measured in two pandemic moments. Participants were recruited to participate in the study through online platforms. The sample was randomly collected from the Portuguese population. The sample was composed of 1455 Portuguese people with a mean age of 44 years, and 1080 were female.ResultsWe found high levels of confidence in medical doctors and nurses, as well as in other health professions, science, and education. We detected the opposite trend for politicians and journalists. Measured in two pandemic moments, we found confidence levels in these professionals were lower in September than in July with statistical significance differences [(politicians (t = 3.15, p = 0.00); journalists (t = 2.49, p = 0.01)].ConclusionIt is important to improve a joint action between politicians, journalists, health and science professionals to communicate measures to increase confidence from people. There is a need for the engagement of the population in the adoption of protective measures and contribute to easier control in pandemic situations.

The influence of responsible leadership on protective behavior: organizational perspective of COVID-19 crisis

PurposeEmergence of COVID-19 has posed a big challenge around the world demanding responsible behavior at all levels for effective mitigation of its adverse effects on humanity. Despite deadly nature of the pandemic, people yet tend to violate the lockdowns, social distancing, and related protective measures. This study presents a critical view and identifies underlying causes of the deviant behavior of masses. It highlights specific areas where responsible leadership can make a difference in fighting the pandemic from organizational perspective.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data collected through in depth interviews from three different countries - Pakistan, Turkey and Malaysia. The data was collected thrice with time lags and integrated view has been presented in this study.FindingsThe study finds that perceptual dissonance, cost of protective behavior, reactive attraction and perceived triviality of protective measures are some of the main causes of deviant behavior.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the data have been collected from three countries, yet smaller sample size remains a limitation of the study. Similarly, the longitudinal data was collected once in each wave of COVID-19 and its increased frequency could make findings more reliable.Practical implicationsThe findings provide an “analysis template” for responsible leaders to analyze any crisis situation in future. In the light of findings, leaders can locate causes of deviant behavior and the way they can influence behavior of employees in a crisis.Social implicationsThe study is highly valuable in analysis of social dimension of COVID-19 crisis at organizational level. It clearly highlights the significance of social and financial support by responsible leaders for influencing the protective intentions of employees in an emergency situation.Originality/valueThe organizational perspective and the responsibilities of leaders for fighting the pandemic has not been adequately explored. This study has investigated the likely causes of deviant behavior of employees in adoption of protective measures. It also highlights the areas where responsible leaders can make a difference in inducing protective behaviors.

Risk perception and preventive behaviors among Turkish medical students during early period of the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 related risk perception, preventive behaviors among Turkish medical students within the two weeks after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 646 medical students (1st-6th year) in Pamukkale University with an online questionnaire. Forms were collected between 23rd to 31st of March 2020 via Google form. The questionnaire consisted of 39 questions including 12 items about sociodemographic information, 6 questions regarding COVID-19, 11 items about risk perception and 10 items regarding preventive measures about COVID-19.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of students was 21.77±2.28 years and 413 (63.8%) of them were female. The mean risk perception score of students was 22.70±4.68 (out of 44) and the mean preventive behavior score of students was 32.20±4.70 (out of 40). There was a significantly positive correlation between risk perception and preventive behavior scores. Female students, students with lower income, students whose mothers were highly educated, students who evaluated their health status as poor and who evaluated their knowledge about COVID-19 as insufficient had higher risk perception. Adoption of protective measures were higher in female students, married students, students who have chronic diseases and students who evaluated their health status as poor.&#x0D; Conclusion: Medical students in Turkey had a moderate risk perception and high preventive behaviors about COVID-19. In order to enhance students’ risk perception, educators should be more involved in the process of medical education regarding the pandemic.

Behaviours and attitudes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from a cross-national Facebook survey

BackgroundIn the absence of medical treatment and vaccination, individual behaviours are key to curbing the spread of COVID-19. Here we describe efforts to collect attitudinal and behavioural data and disseminate insights to increase situational awareness and inform interventions.MethodsWe developed a rapid data collection and monitoring system based on a cross-national online survey, the “COVID-19 Health Behavior Survey”. Respondent recruitment occurred via targeted Facebook advertisements in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We investigated how the threat perceptions of COVID-19, the confidence in the preparedness of organisations to deal with the pandemic, and the adoption of preventive and social distancing behaviours are associated with respondents’ demographic characteristics.ResultsWe analysed 71,612 questionnaires collected between March 13-April 19, 2020. We found substantial spatio-temporal heterogeneity across countries at different stages of the pandemic and with different control strategies in place. Respondents rapidly adopted the use of face masks when they were not yet mandatory. We observed a clear pattern in threat perceptions, sharply increasing from a personal level to national and global levels. Although personal threat perceptions were comparatively low, all respondents significantly increased hand hygiene. We found gender-specific patterns: women showed higher threat perceptions, lower confidence in the healthcare system, and were more likely to adopt preventive behaviours. Finally, we also found that older people perceived higher threat to themselves, while all respondents were strongly concerned about their family.ConclusionsRapid population surveys conducted via Facebook allow us to monitor behavioural changes, adoption of protective measures, and compliance with recommended practices. As the pandemic progresses and new waves of infections are a threatening reality, timely insights from behavioural and attitudinal data are crucial to guide the decision-making process.

Intellectual Property: Issues of Introduction into Circulation

The article discusses organisational and economical methods of implementing intellectual property into civil circulation. The introduction of intellectual property will be legal and can be used for commercial purposes in the future. The ultimate goal of commercialisation of intellectual property is to profi from scientifi, technical and innovative activities by organising the production of high-tech competitive products. It is necessary to have a qualifid team of managerscapable of developing and implementing the most optimal business strategy, within which a large number of tasks related to market research (marketing and patent research), the formation of a portfolio of intellectual property objects, the choice of economical ways of their maximum legal protection will be solved, as well as the choice and implementation of specifi ways of introducing the IPO into civil circulation, continuous monitoring on the market and, if necessary, the adoption of protective measures.

Novel coronavirus disease-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the residents of Al-Jouf region in Saudi Arabia.

Efforts have been made to contain COVID-19. Human behavior, affected by knowledge and perceptions, may influence the course of disease. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 422 participants. It consisted of 28 questions in four sections; seven questions about sociodemographic characteristics of participants, 12 questions to estimate level of knowledge about COVID-19, six questions to evaluate attitudes toward disease, and three questions to assess practices to prevent disease transmission. Their overall understanding of COVID-19 was satisfactory. 69% of the participants had satisfactory levels of knowledge, and the main sources of information were social media platforms (79.70%) and television (70.90%). There was a significant difference in knowledge as a function of gender (p = 0.50), occupation (p = 0.012), and smoking (p = 0.041). The participants held optimistic attitudes and adopted appropriate protective measures. Most participants agreed that COVID-19 can cause death (64.7%), poses greater risks to elderly (93.4%) and those with chronic diseases (96.7%), it is mandatory to quarantine infected individuals (98.1%), preventive health measures are important (97.6%), and health authorities will succeed in controlling the pandemic (67.5%). There was a statistically significant association between satisfactory levels of knowledge and the practice of wearing masks and the adoption of protective measures (avoiding crowded places, frequent hand washing). Residents of Al-Jouf region in Saudi Arabia have satisfactory levels of knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and good practice during the rapid rise period of the pandemic. Awareness campaigns will improve any misbeliefs and risky behaviors.

Acceptance and adoption of protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of trust in politics and trust in science

The United Nations have described the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as the worst global crisis since the second world war. Behavioral protective measures, such as good hand hygiene and social distancing, may strongly affect infection and fatality rates worldwide. In two studies (total N = 962), we aimed to identify central predictors of acceptance and adoption of protective measures, including sociodemographic variables, risk perception, and trust. We found that men and younger participants show lower acceptance and adoption of protective measures, suggesting that it is crucial to develop targeted health messages for these groups. Moreover, trust in politics and trust in science emerged as important predictors for the acceptance and adoption of protective measures. These results show that maintaining and ideally strengthening trust in politics and trust in science might be central for overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic.

Risk Factors For Respiratory Disorders Among West African Workers In The E-Waste Sector

Introduction : In sub-Saharan Africa, the management of e-waste is increasingly involving workers who may not always be aware of the health risks related. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of respiratory diseases and their risk factors among workers in this informal sector in the West African region. Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical survey was conducted in the economic capitals of Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali on e-waste collection, treatment and recycling sites from November 13 to December 9, 2019. A total of 638 reclaimers, repairers and recyclers were selected by stratified sampling taking into account their representativeness by country. The risk factors for respiratory disorders were identified by mixed-effects logistic regression with a random effect on the country variable. Results : Among e-workers, the prevalence of respiratory disorders expressed is 47.9%. Their predictive factors were non-participation in e-waste sorting (p&lt;0.001), participation in smelting lead batteries (p=0.001), previous exposure to mining (p&lt;0.001), cooking in the living room (p&lt;0.001), living in an open space (p=0),003) or in the family home (p=0.004), history of respiratory problems (p&lt;0.001), feeling abnormal heartbeats in the last two weeks (p=0.016), occurrence of fever in the last two weeks (p&lt;0.001) and not washing hands with soap (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion : Awareness-raising interventions should be developed for this category of workers to reduce practices that pose a risk to their respiratory health and the adoption of protective measures. Key words: risk factor, respiratory disorder, informal sector, e-waste, West Africa.

Social Psychological Correlates of Protective Behaviours in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence and Recommendations from a Nationally Representative Sample.

BackgroundA clear picture of people’s adoption of protective behaviours, and a thorough understanding of psychosocial correlates in the context of contagious diseases such as COVID‐19, is essential for the development of communication strategies, and can contribute to the fight against epidemics.MethodsIn this paper, we report a survey on the adoption of the recommended protective behaviours before and during the epidemic. We also assessed demographic correlates, and beliefs (towards COVID‐19 and protective behaviours, towards SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, social dilemma variables, and perceived external cues) of a representative sample of British residents. Data were collected during the early stage of the COVID‐19 epidemic that spread worldwide in 2020.ResultsResults showed a marked increase in the adoption of protective behaviour. We also identified targets for intervention in variables related to transmission of the virus and social dilemma‐related beliefs. Sex differences in the adoption of protective measures, as well as differences associated with the frequency of social contacts, were associated with differences in beliefs.ConclusionsThese findings suggest changeable determinants, which could be targeted in global communication about COVID‐19, or in interventions targeting specific sub‐groups not following the protective measures.

Smallholder oil palm farmers’ pro-adaptation behaviour under climate impact scenario: application of protection Motivation Theory

ABSTRACT Persistent climate impacts in Malaysia pose severe difficulties for smallholder farmers, whose livelihoodsare primarily dependent on resources from agriculture. Adaptation policies are essential to adapt to the Motivation Theory (PMT) was applied to fill this gap as an underpinning for identifying the major contributing factor of farmers' adaptation behaviour to climate effects. A study of 382 smallholder farmers in the Malaysian peninsula was conducted using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique, revealing that specific farmers were postponing protection actions in the face of serious continuous impact. A low tendency to adopt policies suitable for decreasing climate impacts has been noted. Partial least square (PLS) path design and Bayesian system analysis were used to reveal the responsiveness, perceived severity, cost of reaction, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, earnings, and social norms considerably affected the adaptation behaviour. The feeling of controlling climate effects on the farm can increase the adoption of protective measures. Hence, collaborative programmes need to be developed to support farmers, and foster feelings of control over climate change and its impacts.

Cura ut Valeas! Múltiplos usos e faces das máscaras em tempos de pandemia

A COVID19, pandemia que se alastra "oficialmente" pelo planeta desde janeiro do ano em curso, não só tem provocado vítimas como também evidenciado a necessidade de adoção de medidas de proteção por parte de diversos profissionais e da população em geral. No presente artigo, objetiva-se abordar o uso de máscaras em espaços públicos e privados de uso coletivo, onde tal equipamento se impõe como fundamental para proteção e contenção do coronavírus. Antes, porém, faz-se uma análise acerca do uso de máscara em outros espaços-tempos, enfocando-se alguns de seus significados e simbologias naqueles contextos sociais. Metodologicamente, o texto se baseia em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental de diversas fontes (sites, livros, revistas, reportagens, blogs). Nas conclusões, apresentam-se principalmente alguns questionamentos ao invés de proposituras fechadas e antecipadas, proposituras estas não condizentes com a prevalência de tantas incertezas.&#x0D; Palavras-chave: COVID-19, Pandemia, Espaço Público, Espaço Privado de Uso Coletivo.