Adoption Of Environmental Measures Research Articles

Двухуровневый цифровой экологический мониторинг городов горно-металлургического комплекса Урала

Introduction. The main approach to the development of modern cities is an approach based on the balance of social, economic, and environmental subsystems, within the framework of which plans to achieve sustainable growth are implemented. In the era of digitalization, the most important condition for effective environmental management is the use of advanced tools for analyzing data obtained during the environmental monitoring procedure. Materials and methods. The methodology for monitoring the state of various components of the environment involves a number of sequential operations. The first stage of the study (obtaining a priori information) pursues the goal of creating a landscape-geochemical basis on which information about typical elementary landscapes reflecting the structure of the area is placed. The second stage includes obtaining operational information about the state of selected environmental components using field and laboratory methods. At the third stage, desk processing of information is carried out. Results. The structure of environmental monitoring can be divided into levels in accordance with the degree of detail of the tasks assigned to it. The most appropriate division of environmental monitoring in cities for the conditions of the Urals seems to be the following levels: a) local, examining the state of the environment as a whole in the city or on the border of the sanitary protection zone of an enterprise and b) detailed, examining the state of the environment from the impact of waste disposal facilities. Discussion. In the field of environmental monitoring, a digital database should be created at the local and detailed levels, with the help of which it is possible to conduct analysis and further forecast the state of the environment, with the subsequent development of environmental measures. Environmental monitoring within cities with a mining and metallurgical complex must be carried out comprehensively, including the atmosphere, surface water, soil, snow cover, groundwater and vegetation. Conclusion. Thus, the proposed environmental monitoring system is characterized by high environmental and economic efficiency, which meets the requirements of sustainable development at the present stage. Resume. For the cities of the mining and metallurgical complex of the Urals, it is necessary to conduct two-level environmental monitoring with the development, implementation and dissemination of digital technologies in the environmental sphere. Environmental monitoring within cities with a mining and metallurgical complex must be carried out comprehensively, including the atmosphere, surface water, soil, snow cover, groundwater and vegetation. Conducting local monitoring in the territory of influence of the enterprise and detailed monitoring in the zone of influence of waste disposal facilities presupposes the presence of stable observations in the space-time interval and a stable ingredient composition. The instability of observations leads to deterioration of the analysis, which reduces the quality of the forecast of the situation and recommendations for preventive measures. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The research results can be useful in the formation of a data bank on the state of the environment for the development and adoption of environmental measures with high environmental and economic efficiency at industrial facilities of the mining and metallurgical complex.

Environmental assessment of the Akmola region territories relative to the exposure to diseases of the population by the sigmal deviation method

This paper presents the statistical indicators of the population’ sickness in various districts of Akmola region. The object of the work is to conduct an environmental assessment of Akmola region’s districts on the relative risk of morbidity. The following morbidity indicators were studied: blood, blood-forming organs and individual disorders involving the immune mechanism; respiratory organs; oncopathology; digestive organs and general morbidity. The sigmal deviation method was used to find out environmental assessment and ranking of territories. The conclusion is made about the importance of risk assessment for environmentally related diseases for ranking territories, identifying crisis zones and ensuring the well-being of the population. It was revealed that the territory of Akmola region has an uneven anthropogenic impact. It is shown that in areas with a high level of atmospheric pollution and adverse water supply conditions, the medical and environmental situation is extreme or critical. The necessity of constant monitoring of the incidence rate for environmentally caused diseases and the adoption of environmental measures in the identified crisis areas is substantiated. The methods for assessing the risks of morbidity considered in the article can be used to improve the activities of the executive branch of Kazakhstan.

US – Shrimp: United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products: Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia

This study discusses the ruling of the Appellate Body (AB) in the recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia in the context of the US import prohibition of certain shrimp and shrimp products from a legal and economic perspective. The first part of the chapter (section 2) discusses the background of the case, and, in particular, presents the main issues at stake in the Panel and AB decisions in the original case as well as their main findings. Section 3 discusses the key elements of the compliance panel and its subsequent appeal and identifies a few issues that are discussed in further detail. In section 4, in the context of a simple model, we first consider the consequences of making imports contingent on the adoption of environmental measures in exporting countries. We find that the attractiveness of such measures depends heavily on the characteristics of abatement technology and the range of policies available in the exporting countries. Finally, section 5 briefly discusses the trade-off between flexibility in the imposition of environmental standards and the enforcement of dispute settlements’ rulings.

Legal grounds of European environmental policy

This article examines the legal grounds contained in the EEC Treaty concerning the adoption of environmental measures by Community organisations. It would seem that especially since the entry into force of the provisions of the Single European Act on 1 July 1987 there has been sufficient legal scope for the pursuit of an adequate and high-quality environmental policy. It is pointed out that whether this legal scope will actually be used is primarily an administrative/political question. The restrictions placed by the EEC Treaty on the pursuit of an independent environmental policy by Member States is also examined. In particular the provisions relating to the free movement of goods place certain limits on national environmental policy. It is pointed out, however, that is recognised in European environmental law that environmental protection may justify a departure from these Treaty provisions.