Adoption Of Adaptation Measures Research Articles

Determinants of farmers’ adoption of adaptation measures in carbon-intensive agricultural areas: A case study in An Giang province, Vietnam

Determinants of farmers’ adoption of adaptation measures in carbon-intensive agricultural areas: A case study in An Giang province, Vietnam

Climate change adaptation in smallholder agriculture: adoption, barriers, determinants, and policy implications

Adaptation to climate change is imperative for the resilience of smallholder agriculture in many developing countries. While studies have focused on climatic impacts on crops and adaptation decisions, barriers to the uptake of adaptation measures by smallholder farmers remain largely unexplored. We empirically quantified the adoption of adaptation measures, as well as barriers to adoption and their determinants for smallholder agriculture in Far Western Province, Nepal, based on a survey of 327 smallholder farmers. We established relationships between barriers and adoption for three different agroecosystems: the Mountain, Hill, and Terai. We then used multiple regression to identify the determinants of barriers in the broader study area, as well as across agroecosystems. We found that adaptation measures such as crop adjustment, farm management, and fertiliser management were practised across all regions. Techno-informational, economic, and environmental barriers were strongly and inversely correlated with adoption of adaptation measures. Adoption, barriers, and determinants varied across agroecosystems. The findings indicate that agricultural development policies must consider climate change adaptation measures tailored to specific agroecosystems in order to most effectively alleviate barriers and promote smallholder resilience.

Повышение финансовой устойчивости сельскохозяйственных организаций Республики Татарстан – назревшая проблема

The financial condition of agricultural organizations of the Republic of Tatarstan as a whole has been closer to the crisis for a long time. Therefore, the current situation requires constant analysis and adoption of adaptive measures. This article is devoted to this problem. This paper establishes a functional relationship between the current liquidity ratio and six other coefficients that independently characterize the financial condition of organizations. It is proved that the current liquidity ratio as a complex and integral indicator can be used for the operational assessment of the financial well-being of the organization. It was revealed that all agricultural organizations, regardless of their specialization, the degree of processing of their own products and other conditions, financial well-being is associated with the level of economic efficiency of the invested capital. In this aspect, a closer relationship is established in large, diversified, geographically large agricultural organizations.

The potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of key tree species and Cordyceps in Bhutan: Implications for ecological functions and rural livelihoods

Rural communities in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan are dependant on natural capital for their livelihoods. Climate change impacts on ecosystem could have serious consequences for these communities but little research has been done to explore these potential impacts. In this study, we used Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models to model current and potential future distribution of major timber species (Abies densa, Pinus wallichiana, Tsuga dumosa), fuelwood species (Quercus spp, Betula spp, Betula utilis, Rhododendron spp, Rhododendron arboreum) and an important non-timber resource (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in Bhutan Himalayan region. Models were based on species presence and absence data from 575 plots and a new high-resolution climate dataset developed for Bhutan. Future projections were based on IPCC's representative concentration pathway (RCP 8.5) for the 2080s in Bhutan. Mean annual temperature and precipitation of driest quarters were found to be the most influential variables in modelling the current distribution of these species, with the distribution of most of the species projected to decrease significantly and shift to higher elevations. The current distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis was modelled to decrease by 79% at the national level with only 21% range overlap between current and future distributions. Current distribution of timber species like Abies densa and Tsuga dumosa were modelled to decline by 98% and 99% respectively at national level with very low range overlaps between current and future distribution suggesting high species vulnerability to climate change. In contrast, fuel wood species like Betula spp, Quercus spp, Rhododendron arboreum all exhibited less vulnerability to climate change with over 50% of their current range overlapping with future distribution across Bhutan and in the Nikachu watershed. These potential changes in distribution patterns of these species could impact on the functions and ecosystem services provided by these species and socio-economic conditions of rural communities reliant on these species for their livelihoods in Bhutan. Lower rates of global greenhouse gas emissions and adoption of adaptation measures and management interventions can reduce these potential impacts.

The importance of climate change awareness for the adaptive capacity of ethnic minority farmers in the mountainous areas of Thua Thien Hue province

ABSTRACT To what level are ethnic minority farmers aware of climate change and the importance of their adaptive capacity? This study was conducted in two mountainous districts of Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam, with the involvement of 246 ethnic households, 15 key informants and a group of provincial and district agricultural representatives. A research framework linking climate awareness and adaptive capacity was adopted for this study. The results highlighted that ethnic minority farmers in the mountainous areas of Thua Thien Hue had relative low awareness of climate change and relative low adaptive capacity. Results also showed that awareness of climate change is an important element for households’ adaptive capacity, where farmers who are more aware of climate change have a better adaptive capacity. Strengthening existing formal information channels (from extension and agricultural departments) on climate change with strong interlinkages with local social networks and creating socio-economic incentives to promote individuals’ adoption of adaptation measures were key to the building up farmers’ adaptive capacity.

Advancing climate change adaptation in Ugandas agricultural programming for sustainable development: Key milestones and constraints

Climate change remains a crucial threat to sustainable development, particularly to the farming communities, which are more vulnerable to climate impacts. Uganda has made commendable steps in building an institutional framework for addressing climate change. However, the framework remains scattered in several documents making it difficult to track and conceptualize. This paper provides a one-stop center for understanding how effectively climate change is institutionalized in the agricultural sector and identifies the critical issues for future actions towards effective mainstreaming of climate change in agricultural programming. Findings in this paper are based on data collected through document review and a case study of Bududa district, representing the local governance of climate change adaptation mainstreaming. The paper observes that significant steps have been taken to mainstream climate change adaptation in agricultural programming, but adoption of adaptation measures will necessitate robust institutionalization of agricultural insurance as a climate change adaptation strategy particularly in the context of the rural, resource-constrained farming communities which are also more vulnerable to climate change hazards. Secondly, effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation in agricultural programming in local governments will necessitate increased budget support from the central government towards addressing the critical institutional capacity gaps which hinder climate change adaptation programming and implementation of adaptation measures in local governments of Uganda. Key words: Climate change adaptation, agricultural programming, institutional frameworks for adaptation, Uganda regulatory frameworks for adaptation.

Vulnerability, institutional arrangements and the adaptation choices made by farmers in the Western Cape province of South Africa

From 2015 to 2018, South Africa suffered from the worst drought since 1904. Climate change is predicted to increase both the frequency and intensity of droughts in parts of South Africa. In this light it is evident that agricultural systems must adapt in order to sustain income and food security of rural populations. One set of adaptation measures offered to farmers centred on Conservation Agriculture (CA). Variation in the form and extent to which farmers embrace adaptation measures in response to drought has been observed. A study was set out to explain variation in the adoption of adaptation measures by testing the particular impact of vulnerability attributes, the effects of which – we hypothesise – are mediated by institutional arrangements. Our sample frame consisted of 30 farmers in two drought-stricken regions: the Swartland (n = 15) and southern Cape (n = 15). Variation on vulnerability attributes was guaranteed by the selection of commercial (n = 16) and emerging (n = 14) farmers. Our results showed that vulnerability attributes, especially the lack of financial, natural, human and physical capital, account for variation in form and extent of adopting CA adaptation measures. In order to ensure inclusive agricultural adaptation, efforts are needed to further facilitate equal adaptation opportunities, especially for marginalised farmers.

Efficiency in the design of coastal erosion adaptation strategies: An environmental-economic modelling approach

Coastal zones host between 15% and 40% of the world population, important residential, tourism and port infrastructures, and a wide variety of terrestrial, aquatic and coastal ecosystems. These built and natural capitals, corresponding services and associated values may be lost due to coastal erosion. Coastal erosion adaptation strategies are frequently based on the adoption of adaptation measures at the local scale (i.e. ‘best practices’) – we argue that the factual costs, impacts and benefits of coastal erosion adaptation strategies are determined by the suit of adaptation measures at the landscape scale. Sustainable economic development of coastal regions requires balancing of the marginal costs and associated marginal benefits from coastal erosion adaptation strategies. In this paper, we develop and apply the Coastal Erosion Adaptation Strategies (CEAS) approach, a spatially explicit environmental-economic modelling approach that allows for the identification of efficient (welfare maximizing) coastal erosion adaptation strategies in coastal socio-ecological systems. Results for the case of groin systems along the Central Portuguese coast show that while the protection of urban as well as natural areas may be optimal from an environmental-economic perspective, budget constraints provoke the loss of natural areas in favour of the protection of urban areas.

Mitigation and Adaptation Measures of Peri-Urban Farmers as a Response to Climate Change in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam Region

Mitigation and Adaptation Measures of Peri-Urban Farmers as a Response to Climate Change in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam Region. Samwel P. Lunyelele, Josiah Z. Katani and Kenneth M. K. Bengesi Abstract This paper assessed mitigation and adaptation measures used by peri-urban farmers of Temeke District against climate change. A cross sectional design was applied of which 240 households were randomly selected for the household surveys and focus group discussions. Qualitative data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics while content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. The findings revealed a high level of adoption of both mitigation and adaptation measures. Kruskal Wallis Test results suggest statistically significant difference in the level of adoption of mitigation measures across three age groups at p<0.05. Nonetheless, there was no significant difference in the adoption of adaptation measures across three age groups at p>0.05. The implemented mitigation measures include cultivating cover crops, alternative energy sources, mixed farming and agroforestry. Adaptation measures comprised of drought resistant crops, economic diversification, irrigation, mixed farming, cover crops sequential cropping and intercropping. Conclusively, a high level of adoption of mitigation and adaptation measures indicates that they are inevitable. Some of adaptation measures were also used as mitigation measures indicating that they are complementary to each other. The study recommends on enhancement of existing mitigation and adaptation measures. More studies on determinants of mitigation and adaptation measures are also recommended. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jaes.v7n1a5

Government support, social capital and adaptation to urban flooding by residents in the Pearl River Delta area, China

Increasingly extreme weather events have resulted in massive socio-economic losses and spark great interest in minimizing the impact of such events in the context of climate change. This paper analyses data from a large-scale household survey conducted in 20 cities in the Pearl River Delta area of China to examine how government support and social capital influence urban residents' adaptations to mitigate the effects of urban flooding. The results show that more than 90% of residents would take engineering or non-engineering measures to protect their private assets against flooding. The most popular measures are moving away their valuable goods and reducing travel during flooding. Government support, such as releasing early warning information, post-disaster services, technical assistance, financial assistance and physical support could significantly improve residents' adoption of adaptation measures. Social capital, operationalized as having a local Hukou (citizenship) in the area where one works, is closely associated with adaptation capacity, whereas a blood relative network has no evident influence on their adaptation behaviours. In addition, household and local community characteristic have positive influence on residents' adaptations. In summary, government support and community activities are most significant factors influencing residents’ adaptation to mitigate the impacts of urban flooding but are in great demand in the Pearl River Delta areas.

Factors influencing farmers' adoption of adaptation measures towards climate change and variability in distress prone districts of Vidarbha

This paper analyses the various factors that had influenced the adoption of adaptation measures by the farmers in response to climate change and variability in distress prone districts of Vidarbha region in Maharashtra. The data used in the analysis were obtained through face to face interviews of 300 farmers in 10 villages scattered over 5 tahsils of 2 highly farmers' suicide prone districts in 2012. Influence of 27 independent variables on the adoption of adaptation measures (dependent variable) was studied. The results of regression analysis indicated that the t- value for partial b of adaptive capacity (3.098) was significant. All the 27 variables fitted in a regression equation accounted for 75.30% (R2 = 0.753) variation in adoption of adaptation measures. Regression analysis further revealed that annual income, perception towards climate change, extension contact, farming experience and social participation were the major factors influencing adoption of adaptation measures. Use of different adaptation measures significantly increase for farmers under study area with more access to these factors. Designing policies that aims to improve these factors for small holder farming systems have great potential to improve farmers' adaptation to changes in climate and variability in the region.

Teitiota v The Chief Executive Of Ministry Of Business, Innovation And Employment- A Person Displaced

&lt;em&gt;Small Island States are the most exposed and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly sea level rise. Unfortunately, mitigation measures, building capacity for the vulnerable groups, or even the adoption of adaptation measures may not be a sufficient solution. Instead, resettlement outside their country of origin may in some instances, be the only alternative. With resettlement however comes other issues, not least are the grounds under which they might qualify for another countries protection. In this article, we examine the case of Ioane Teitiota, who in 2013 applied to Immigration New Zealand for refugee status under the &lt;/em&gt;Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees &lt;em&gt;as a ‘climate change refugee’. His application was refused because he failed to meet the current criteria required to demonstrate refugee status. Teitiota’s case, reflects what appears to be the dominant situation of displaced peoples who apply for refugee status on the ground of the impacts of climate change. Aside from the Convention, it is questionable whether the rights of people affected by climate change are protected under international law. There are a number of solutions mooted for resolution of the issue of climate displacement however as yet, none have gained international agreement.&lt;/em&gt;

Insuring future climate catastrophes

The combined influences of a change in climate patterns and the increased concentration of property and economic activity in hazard-prone areas has the potential of restricting the availability and affordability of insurance. This paper evaluates the premiums that private insurers are likely to charge and their ability to cover residential losses against hurricane risk in Florida as a function of (a) recent projections on future hurricane activity in 2020 and 2040; (b) insurance market conditions (i.e., soft or hard market); (c) the availability of reinsurance; and (d) the adoption of adaptation measures (i.e., implementation of physical risk reduction measures to reduce wind damage to the structure and buildings). We find that uncertainties in climate projections translate into a divergent picture for insurance in Florida. Under dynamic climate models, the total price of insurance for Florida (assuming constant exposure) could increase significantly by 2040, from $12.9 billion (in 1990) to $14.2 billion, under hard market conditions. Under lower bound projections, premiums could decline to $9.4 billion by 2040. Taking a broader range of climate change scenarios, including several statistical ones, prices could be between $4.7 and $32.1 billion by 2040. The upper end of this range suggests that insurance could be unaffordable for many people in Florida. The adoption of most recent building codes for all residences in the state could reduce by nearly half the expected price of insurance so that even under high climate change scenarios, insurance premiums would be lower than under the 1990 baseline climate scenario. Under a full adaptation scenario, if insurers can obtain reinsurance, they will be able to cover 100 % of the loss if they allocated 10 % of their surplus to cover a 100-year return hurricane, and 63 % and 55 % of losses from a 250-year hurricane in 2020 and 2040. Property-level adaptation and the maintenance of strong and competitive reinsurance markets will thus be essential to maintain the affordability and availability of insurance in the new era of catastrophe risk.

Assessing the vulnerability of Indian mustard to climate change

Rapeseed-mustard ( Brassica spp.) is a major group of oilseed crop in the world with India being the second largest cultivator after China. Although there has been a significant increase in oilseed production since 1960s, the demand for oilseeds production in the future is likely to go up due to population increase and their income. Mustard is much sensitive to climatic variables and hence climate could have significant effect on its production. There are very limited studies to assess the impact of climate change on oilseed crops as compared to cereals. This paper presents results of a simulation study to evaluate the impact of projected climate change on Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea) in contrasting agro-environments of the tropics. InfoCrop, a generic dynamic crop model, provides integrated assessment of the effect of weather, variety, pests and soil management practices on crop growth and yield, as well as on soil nitrogen and organic carbon dynamics in aerobic, anaerobic conditions and also greenhouse gas emissions. The validated model (InfoCrop-mustard) has reasonably predicted phenology, crop growth and yield of mustard crop. The crop was found to be sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide (CO 2) and temperature. Future climate change scenario analysis showed that mustard yields are likely to reduce in both irrigated and rainfed conditions. However, these reductions have spatial variation in different mustard growing region of India. In both irrigated and rainfed conditions, yield reduction would be higher in eastern India (67 and 57%) followed by central India (48 and 14%) and northern India (40.3 and 21.4%). This was due to maximum temperature rise in eastern part of the country, projected for 2080. In northern India, yield reduction of irrigated mustard was comparatively less due to prevailing lower temperature in this region during the crop growth period. But rainfed crop was found to be more susceptible to changing climate in north India due to projected reduction in rainfall in future scenarios. Adoption of adaptation measures like late sowing and growing long-duration varieties would be helpful in preventing yield loss of irrigated mustard in different locations of the country.

Assessing Mortality Risk from Heat Stress due to Global Warming

With gradually progressing climate change in the future, the frequency and scale of hot summers like those observed in various places around the world in recent years will undoubtedly increase, giving rise to strong concerns over increased risk of death due to heat stress. Based on this background, we have developed a method to assess future changes in mortality due to heat stress with the entire globe as the target, and performed trial calculations using this method. The purpose of this report is to draw people's attention to the possible severe consequences of climate change by presenting the severest estimates in the uncertainty range due to adaptation/acclimation expected in the future, so as to induce further analysis and discussion on policies and measures. For the trial calculations, future changes in temperature were derived from the results of simulation using an Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Model with the highest spatial resolution in the world at the time of the study. Population densities were assumed not to alter in the future. Assuming that no adaptation or acclimation takes place, when the rates of change of excess mortality due to heat stress are examined by country, the results of our calculations show increases of approximately 100% to 1000%. It is confirmed that the burden of climate change impact is quite unequal among countries, at least from the viewpoint of heat stress mortality. When considered together with present population densities, significant increases in excess mortality density can be seen in China, India, and Europe. These regions are characterized by large losses due to climate change in absolute quantitative terms. The need to consider the adoption of adaptation measures is therefore most urgent in these regions.