Adolescent Smoking Research Articles

Cumulative Psychosocial and Health Disparities in US Adolescent Cigarette Smoking, 2002 to 2019.

Understanding disparities in adolescent cigarette smoking is important for effective prevention. We investigated disparities in adolescent smoking based on cumulative reported psychosocial/health risk among respondents ages 12-17 years in the US National Survey of Drug Use and Health from 2002 to 2019. Multivariable regression estimated associations of cumulative risk, survey years, and their interaction predicting past-month and daily smoking. Eleven psychosocial/health variables associated with youth smoking formed composite measures of cumulative risk, categorizing risk as Low (0-2), Moderate (3-4), or High (5+). The main outcomes were weighted past-month and daily smoking by cumulative risk and time, examining prevalence and proportional change across years. Among 244,519 adolescents, greater cumulative risk predicted higher smoking prevalence across all outcomes. Compared to the Low-risk category, past-month smoking odds (adjusted odds ratio, 95%CI) were 9.14 (8.58-9.72) and 46.15 (43.38-49.10) times greater in the Moderate- and High-risk categories. For daily smoking, odds were 14.11 (11.92-16.70) and 97.32 (83.06-114.03) times greater among the Moderate- and High-risk categories. Regarding proportional change, the Low-risk category exhibited the steepest decline in past-month smoking from 2002-2003 to 2018-2019 (-85.1%), followed by the Moderate- (-79.2%) and High-risk (-65.7%) categories. Daily smoking declined more steeply among the Low- (-96.5%) and Moderate- (-90.5%) than High-risk category (-86.4%). Cumulative risk is a robust predictor of adolescent smoking. While record-setting reductions in adolescent smoking extend across risk categories, disparities favoring youth with fewer risks are evident throughout. Recognizing cumulative risk can inform the development of more targeted and effective prevention efforts.

Smoking Pattern among Adult Popultation of a Village in Raozan Upazila, Chattogram

Background: Smoking seems to be a symbol of adulthood during stress and loneliness to many people. It is well established that most adults start tobacco use in late childhood or adolescence and continue lifelong. This study aimed to determine the smoking pattern among adult populations in a selected community of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during May 2022 among adult populations in Raozan Upazila of Chattogram. 120 adults were included in the study by convenience sampling and information were collected by face to face interview. Various statistical analysis were performed. Results: Out of 120 respondents 115(96%) were male, 20(10%) were illiterate, 50(42%) were labor and 60(50%) belonged to lower middle class. Among the total respondents, 93(77%) were married. From the study, it was observed that majority 42(30%) belonged to age between 51-60 years. Out of 120 smokers, almost 90(75%) smoked cigarettes and only 12(10%) used to chew tobacco leaves. Among the smokers, 70(58.3%) used to smoke outside the house while only 6(5%) used any hidden place to smoke. Regarding health related problems, 51(42.5%) had breathing problems and 37(30.8%) had cough. 110(91.67%) used to smoke regularly whereas 10(8.33%) used to smoke ocassionally. Conclusion: In Bangladesh, little is known by the people regarding the harmful effects of smoking and associated risk factors. Special regulations and actions should be implemented to curb current adolescent smoking patterns. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 7(1), June 2024; 40-43

Breastfeeding, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of asthma and allergic diseases in children and adolescents: a retrospective national population-based cohort study.

Asthma and allergic diseases (such as allergic rhinitis) are multifactorial chronic respiratory diseases, and have many common pathogenic mechanisms. This study aimed to assess the joint effects of breastfeeding and genetic susceptibility on asthma, allergic disease in children and adolescents and sought to examine whether the effect of breastfeeding was consistent under distinct levels of genetic risk. A total of 351,931 UK Biobank participants were analyzed. Firstly, Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the relation between breastfeeding and asthma, allergic disease and their comorbidity. Next, we incorporated the polygenic risk score as an additional covariate into the model. Then, we explored the role of breastfeeding at each stage of asthma and allergic disease through a multi-state model. Meanwhile, several sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of our results. Finally, we calculated the attributable protection and population attributable protection of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding was related to a reduced risk of occurring asthma (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86 ~ 0.93), allergic disease (HR = 0.89, 95%CI 0.87 ~ 0.91) and comorbidity (HR = 0.89, 95%CI 0.83 ~ 0.94). The effect of breastfeeding was almost unchanged after considering PRS and did not substantially differ across distinct genetic risk levels. Breastfeeding showed a stronger risk-decreased impact on individuals who developed from allergic rhinitis to comorbidity (HR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.73 ~ 0.93). Further, the influence of breastfeeding was robust against covariates considered and the confounding influence of adolescent smoking. Finally, due to breastfeeding, 12.0%, 13.0% or 13.0% of the exposed population would not suffer from asthma, allergic diseases and the comorbidity, while 7.1%, 7.6% or 7.6% of the general population would not suffer from these diseases. This study provided supportive evidence for the risk-reduced effect of breastfeeding on asthma, allergic diseases, and the comorbidity in children and adolescents, and further revealed that such an influence was consistent across distinct genetic risk levels.

Which reference groups matter for Taiwanese high school adolescent smoking? A card sorting study

BackgroundAdolescence represents a pivotal period for the initiation of smoking behaviours. While family, peer and social groups serve as significant reference groups influencing adolescents’ decision-making process, there remains a paucity of research that examines how diversified reference groups influence their smoking decisions.ObjectiveThe objective is to compare normative and informative influences given by different reference groups on adolescents’ smoking decision-making.DesignThis study applied reference group theory and used the card sorting technique. Adolescents were presented with 16 cards portraying various reference groups and 27 cards portraying different types of reference group influences. They were asked to construct sentences as smoking-elicited and smoking-inhibited cues and ranked these influences based on their relevance to their smoking decision-making.ParticipantsThe participants were recruited from four cities in the North, Central, South and East regions of Taiwan. The study sample consisted of 297 Taiwanese 11th graders drawn from high schools, vocational high schools and night schools.Primary outcome measuresThe most influential reference group among smokers, former smokers and never smokers.ResultsOur results of multivariable logistic regression show that for current smokers, having a smoking best friend (aOR=7.58,p<0.01), having a smoking colleague (aOR=3.83,p<0.01) and participating in ceremonial dance performances (aOR=4.62,p<0.01) are more likely to smoke. Peers play an important role in providing smoking-elicited cues for current smokers. Families provided the most smoking-inhibited cues for former and never smokers. Normative influences such as encouraging adolescent smoking provided more cues for adolescents than informative influences such as releasing stress by smoking.ConclusionsAdolescent smoking behaviour was influenced by peer norms, while former and non-smoking behaviours are associated with family norms. Therefore, tobacco prevention efforts should focus more on family-level interventions to discourage smoking initiation. Smoking cessation programmes for current smokers should address the reduction of peer pressure to smoke. Moreover, schools and community partners should collaborate to develop effective smoking cessation strategies, particularly for high-risk groups such as adolescents who involved in ceremonial dance performance.

Exploring In-School Adolescent Smoking Behaviors: A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Contexts in Anambra, Nigeria

The use of tobacco among adolescents is a big public health issue in low- and middle-income countries of the world including Nigeria. The aim of this study was to compare prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among in-school adolescents’ resident in urban and rural secondary schools in Anambra State. A cross-sectional analytical design was observed using multi stage random sampling to sample 360 students from some selected schools. A pretested, semi structured questionnaire adapted from the Global School Health Survey (GSHS) was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Similar prevalence of tobacco use was found in both the urban (6.3%) and in the rural (6.5%) sites, without significance in either (p=1.000). Participation in protective factors including health education programs in which participants are educated on smoking dangers and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in particular was associated with non-smoking behavior significantly more in urban areas. On the other hand, being urban adolescents who reported tobacco use showed significantly association with risk factors such as poor school environment and bullying. Consequently, no difference in rates of tobacco use occur between urban and rural adolescents, despite differences in protective and risk factors. Recommendations aimed at strengthening health education, and improving school environments and reducing bullying are suggested to reduce adolescent smoking in these settings. Effective tobacco control of Nigerian adolescents requires targeting of public health interventions on the basis of the socio-cultural context.

Risk factors for the gambling, smoking and alcohol consumption triad in Portuguese adolescents

Abstract Background Addiction to gambling, tobacco, and alcohol poses significant risks to mental, social, and physical health, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for habit formation. This study investigates risk factors linked to these habits among Portuguese adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study used the 2019 ESPAD questionnaire, targeting 16-year-old adolescents. The sample comprised 4,365 responses. Descriptive analysis determined the prevalence of gambling, smoking, and alcohol use, as well as social, economic, and behavioral factors. Bivariate associations were assessed using the Exact Fisher test, and multiple logistic regression identified key predictors for the outcome of interest (cumulative presence of gambling, smoking and alcohol consumption). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 29.0, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Among adolescents, 6.2% presented probable problematic gambling according to the Lie/Bet test, with 3.7% spending at least 30 minutes a day gambling. In the past 30 days, 14.3% smoked, 42.7% drank alcohol, and 10.5% engaged in binge drinking. The behavioral triad was observed in 56 individuals. Male gender (OR = 2.024; 95% CI: 1.097-3.734; p = 0.024), problematic online gaming behavior (OR = 2.041; 95% CI: 1.005-4.144; p = 0.048) and going out at night at least once a week (OR = 1.439; 95% CI: 1.242-1.669; p < 0.001) significantly increased the risk of the behavioral triad. In contrast, parental control (parents knowing where the adolescent is on Saturday night) had a significant protective effect (OR = 0.162; 95% CI: 0.086-0.303; p < 0.001). Conclusions The study underscores the importance of parental supervision to curb risky behaviors in adolescents. It suggests implementing public health programs in schools, leveraging gaming for early screening, and tightening online gambling regulations to mitigate future health risks associated with gambling, smoking, and alcohol use. Key messages • Absence of parental supervision, male gender, problematic online gaming and frequently going out at night are risk factors for this behavioral triad. • Public health strategies are needed to prevent gambling addiction, emphasizing parental awareness, identification of at-risk students, and comprehensive school-based approaches.

Understanding compliance with smoke-free environments: a realist review

Abstract Background Local governments increasingly implement outdoor smoke-free environments to decrease adolescent smoking and denormalize smoking behavior. Recent research indicates that compliance with smoke-free outdoor spaces is often lacking. We examined compliance with outdoor smoke-free environments and examined the mechanisms that affect compliance in different contexts. Methods We performed a realist review, an exploratory approach that synthesizes existing evidence into a program theory that links elements of compliance with outdoor smoke-free environments with specific mechanisms and outcomes. A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO, resulting in 25 relevant English language articles. Preliminary results Our analysis showed that the kind of enforcement (voluntary or enforcement with sanction options etc.) influences smokers’ compliance. Additionally, how implementation of the smoke-free environment was done (with supporting signs, size of the environment, attention for smoking cessation etc.) also influenced smokers’ compliance. For instance, with the implementation of an outdoor smoke-free environment (context), smokers get used to non-smoking. They are reminded they can quit smoking at any time (mechanism), leading to more compliance (outcome). If however, their social environment continues smoking (context), they are more inclined to keep smoking (mechanism), which leads to less compliance (outcome). Conclusions Compliance of smokers with smoke-free outdoor environments is influenced by the type of enforcement and the type of outdoor smoke-free environment. These mechanisms are important to understand so that policymakers may consider smokers’ reactions and are better able to anticipate upon them. Key messages • Type of enforcement and type of implementation influence compliance with smoke-free outdoor environments. • This realist review helps policymakers consider smokers’ reactions while implementing smoke-free environments.

Social norms and social opportunities: a qualitative study of influences on tobacco use among urban adolescent girls in Ghana

BackgroundTobacco use is a global public health threat and a leading preventable cause of death in the world. While cigarette use among youth has been decreasing in high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries have contrastingly high rates of adolescent smoking. In Ghana, smoking prevalence is lower than in other parts of the African continent and more common among men than women; however the gender gap in tobacco use among adolescents has narrowed, with shisha use among girls recently surpassing boys. These trends toward increased relative use among adolescent girls are a cause for concern and highlight the need for interventions to prevent and/or reduce tobacco use in this population.MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with girls aged 13–20 (n = 148) and their parents (n = 7) in Ghana’s largest two cities – Accra and Kumasi, to explore the physical, social, and psychological context underlying smoking perceptions and behavior.ResultsWe identified 11 key insights into influences on smoking behavior, organized into the broader themes of perceptions of smoking, environmental factors, and internal factors. Findings underscore that perceptions around smoking are very much driven by girls’ social world, which is generally small and parent-centric for non-smokers at younger ages but can start to expand as girls get farther along in school or leave school entirely. After what may have been a sheltered adolescence, many older girls in Ghana look for ways to express their independence in decision-making and a few may use their developing agency to rationalize limited or infrequent tobacco use if they perceive the benefits to them outweigh the potential consequences.ConclusionsOur findings highlight strong social influences on girls’ perceptions, exposure to opportunities, and decision-making in ways that can often be protective against smoking, particularly at younger ages, but may also leave girls unprepared to manage challenging situations later in life. Understanding this context in Ghana will be important for any future programming aiming to prevent smoking initiation among adolescents.

Bringing the group back in: Social class and resistance in adolescent smoking.

Absolute prevalence of tobacco smoking has fallen in recent decades but inequalities by socioeconomic position (SEP) persist. Adolescence is a critical period for smoking initiation and habits formed during this period likely continue into adulthood. Explanations for inequalities in adolescent smoking have tended to focus on individualistic theories based on differentials in knowledge and psychology. These have been criticised for their blindness to processes of social stratification and social context that influence smoking behaviours. Based on previous social theories, we put forward, and test empirically, two potential structural explanations for inequalities in smoking, using nationally representative longitudinal cohort data on 6039 Irish young people aged 9-18years. Descriptive analyses confirmed the adverse SEP gradient in smoking prevalence as well as SEP gradients in variables representing individual-level characteristics and structural-level explanations. Despite lower self-esteem being associated with a higher likelihood of smoking, there was no significant indirect pathway between SEP and smoking via self-esteem. Path analyses found that differentials in exposure to parental smoking and levels of oppositional values mediate the relationship between SEP and smoking. Our results favour structural and group-based explanations for inequalities, that is, the 'smoking exposure' and 'social resistance' models, over explanations based on individual psychology.

Evaluating the Impact of School-Based Smoking Prevention Interventions on Students' Physical Activity Intentions, Perceived Social Expectations, and Self-Efficacy

This study evaluates the impact of school-based smoking prevention interventions on students' physical activity intentions, perceived social expectations, and self-efficacy. With increasing rates of adolescent smoking and its associated health risks, school-based interventions have been widely promoted as effective strategies to prevent smoking initiation. However, little research has been conducted in Pakistan to assess their broader effects on health behaviors. This study addresses this gap by analyzing data from 240 school students in Lahore, Pakistan, using a structured questionnaire. The respondents were approached while visiting at their schools. The data was obtained using simple random sampling technique from one of the Lahore based elite private school. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between the interventions and all three outcome variables. Smoking prevention programs had the strongest effect on physical activity intentions (β = 0.4441), followed by perceived social expectations (β = 0.3359) and self-efficacy (β = 0.3089). These results suggest that these interventions not only reduce smoking tendencies but also encourage broader health-promoting behaviors among students. By promoting positive social expectations, self-efficacy, and physical activity, these interventions can create a lasting impact on adolescent health. Future research should focus on the long-term sustainability of these outcomes and their potential application to other health areas.

IMPACT OF HABITUAL SMOKING ON THE ORGANISM OF ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN THE NORTH OF RUSSIA

The aim of the work is to analyze the impact of habitual smoking on the physiological systems of adolescents living in the north of Russia (65º N). Materials and Methods. Using generally accepted methods, morphofunctional, physiometric, physiological and psychological parameters were determined in 34 boys aged 14–15 years (11 smokers for at least 2–3 years and 23 non-smokers). The level of physical health was assessed according to Apanasenko method. Results. Compared with non-smokers, smoking adolescents have statistically significantly higher body weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), mean blood pressure (MBP) during exercise, heart rate (HR) during exercise and its increase while working, HR recovery after exercise (Martine-Kushelevsky test), rate pressure product (RPP), and scores of activity (WAM questionnaire). At the same time, they demonstrated lower strength index (SI), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), vital capacity (VC), vital index (VI), Skibinskaya index (SI), level of physical health (LPH), and WAM parameters. Smokers, compared to 11 non-smokers of the same weight, have statistically significantly lower height, strength and SI, Genchi test time, MEP, VC, VI, SI, LPH, and scores of well-being and mood (WAM parameters). However, they have higher HR during exercise, its increase while working, and HR recovery. Excess body weight in smokers leads to hypertension, while long-term smoking in teenagers living in the north of Russia causes physiological decline and physical health deterioration. In some cases, our results (decrease in strength, Genchi test time, VC, VI, increased HR, hypertensive reactions, and health deterioration in smokers) correlate with the data obtained both in our country and abroad.

Atopic dermatitis and tobacco smoke exposure during childhood and adolescence

Tobacco smoke may affect atopic dermatitis (AD) because of its known effects on humoral and cellular immunity, but prior studies lack data on disease severity and biomarkers over time. We investigated the association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) during childhood and adolescence and the activity and severity of AD. A birth cohort of 10,521 individuals was followed through adolescence as part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We used mixed-effect models to determine the risk of AD (based on repeated assessments) with passive smoke exposure during childhood, active TSE during adolescence, and using a serum biomarker of tobacco exposure (cotinine) at 3 time points. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was no evidence of a relationship between passive TSE and concurrent AD activity in childhood (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.83, 1.07) or of an increased risk between active smoking and AD activity in adolescence (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.44, 0.75). Secondary analyses demonstrated no dose-response relationship and no increased severity of AD with passive or active TSE. Furthermore, we found no increased risk of AD with a cumulative measure of passive TSE across childhood (adjusted relative risk ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.96, 1.00). Neither active nor passive TSE was associated with AD during childhood and adolescence.

Adolescent vaping behaviours: Exploring the dynamics of a social contagion model

Vaping, or the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), is an ongoing issue for public health. The rapid increase in e-cigarette usage, particularly among adolescents, has often been referred to as an epidemic. Drawing upon this epidemiological analogy between vaping and infectious diseases as a theoretical framework, we present a deterministic compartmental model of adolescent e-cigarette smoking which accounts for social influences on initiation, relapse, and cessation behaviours. We use results from a sensitivity analysis of the model’s parameters on various response variables to identify key influences on system dynamics and simplify the model into one that can be analysed more thoroughly. We identify a single feasible endemic equilibrium for the proportion of smokers that decreases as social influence on cessation increases. Through steady state and stability analyses, as well as simulations of the model, we conclude that social influences from and on temporary quitters are not important in overall model dynamics, and that social influences from permanent quitters can have a significant impact on long-term system dynamics. In particular, we show that social influence on cessation can induce persistent recurrent smoking outbreaks.

Adolescent smoking as risk factor of decrease in adaptation resources of neutrophil metabolism in oral cavity and progressive recurrent bronchitis

High prevalence of smoking among children and its early onset is an urgent problem in modern pediatrics. For proper health risk quantification, it is extremely important to understand and parameterize relationships between effects of adverse factors and physiological processes in the body, including the cellular level. The aim of this study was to analyze how tobacco smoking influences maladaptive changes in the mucosal immunity system of the oral cavity in adolescents and to assess kinetic trends in the clinical course of recurrent bronchitis (RB) in long-term outlook. The study included 92 patients with RB aged 16.8 ± 3.1 years. Two groups were created of them; the observation group was made of 64 patients, who admitted smoking as a habit, and the reference group included 28 people without nicotine addiction. The control group was made of 23 adolescents of the same age without any signs of the analyzed disease. Oral neutrophils (N) were selected as basic research material. N oxygen metabolism was registered by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL) in spontaneous (sLDCL) and induced (iLDCL) variants. Functional N probing was performed using opsonized zymosan (Σ) and and peptidoglycan from S. aureus strain Cowan. Concentrations of antibodies (AT) to glycolipid (GLP) (Re-mutant Salmonella Minnesota), Candida albicans and S. аureus were determined by ELISA tests. The analyses made it possible to detect a close relationship between levels of ROS generation by neutrophilic granulocytes and the immune components of anti-endotoxic immunity. Immune changes were not established to be universal in the groups of examined patients and were shown to reflect the specificity of destabilizing effects produced by tobacco smoke. A direct moderate correlation was established in the observation group between sLDCL indicators and the concentration of anti-candidosis antibodies (r = +0.59, p = 0.0382), which reflects the level of bacterial stimulation involving dysbiotic shifts in gut microbiota. A direct correlation was detected between levels of biocidal parameters of neutorphil granulocytes and anti-glycolipid levels (r = +0.64 p = 0.417).

Курение подростков как фактор риска снижения адаптационных ресурсов метаболизма нейтрофилов ротовой полости и прогрессирующего течения рецидивирующего бронхита

High prevalence of smoking among children and its early onset is an urgent problem in modern pediatrics. For proper health risk quantification, it is extremely important to understand and parameterize relationships between effects of adverse factors and physiological processes in the body, including the cellular level. The aim of this study was to analyze how tobacco smoking influences maladaptive changes in the mucosal immunity system of the oral cavity in adolescents and to assess kinetic trends in the clinical course of recurrent bronchitis (RB) in long-term outlook. The study included 92 patients with RB aged 16.8 ± 3.1 years. Two groups were created of them; the observation group was made of 64 patients, who admitted smoking as a habit, and the reference group included 28 people without nicotine addiction. The control group was made of 23 adolescents of the same age without any signs of the analyzed disease. Oral neutrophils (N) were selected as basic research material. N oxygen metabolism was registered by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL) in spontaneous (sLDCL) and induced (iLDCL) variants. Functional N probing was performed using opsonized zymosan (Σ) and and peptidoglycan from S. aureus strain Cowan. Concentrations of antibodies (AT) to glycolipid (GLP) (Re-mutant Salmonella Minnesota), Candida albicans and S. аureus were determined by ELISA tests. The analyses made it possible to detect a close relationship between levels of ROS generation by neutrophilic granulocytes and the immune components of anti-endotoxic immunity. Immune changes were not established to be universal in the groups of examined patients and were shown to reflect the specificity of destabilizing effects produced by tobacco smoke. A direct moderate correlation was established in the observation group between sLDCL indicators and the concentration of anti-candidosis antibodies (r = +0.59, p = 0.0382), which reflects the level of bacterial stimulation involving dysbiotic shifts in gut microbiota. A direct correlation was detected between levels of biocidal parameters of neutorphil granulocytes and anti-glycolipid levels (r = +0.64 p = 0.417). Integral assessment of specific humoral immunity to glycolipid and the phagocytic link of the mucosal protection in the oral cavity reflects the degree of endogenous intoxication and kinetic trends in the RB clinical course in adolescents in subsequent years of life. These relationships may provide solid rounds for ‘exposure – response’ stage in the risk assessment procedure for assessing risks of respiratory diseases in smoking adolescents.

Addressing Adolescent Smoking Cessation through Innovative Approaches: A Call for Action

The issue of adolescent smoking represents a significant challenge to global public health, contributing markedly to the burden of disease and mortality on a global scale. Despite the implementation of numerous strategies to reduce tobacco consumption, the prevalence of smoking among adolescents remains a significant concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The use of tobacco during adolescence not only increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer but also presents challenges to smoking cessation due to the addictive properties of nicotine and the sociocultural factors influencing youth behavior. This paper is expected to offer valuable insights into the potential of technology-based solutions to support smoking cessation among adolescents, contributing to broader efforts to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality on a global scale.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Intervention Approaches Related to Adolescent Smoking in Pakistan: A Scoping Review

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Intervention Approaches Related to Adolescent Smoking in Pakistan: A Scoping Review

Are educational aspirations associated with susceptibility to smoking, e-cigarette use, and smokeless tobacco use in adolescence?

The early socio-economic differences in smoking build on the interplay between individual-, family-, peer-, and school-related factors. The present study aimed to add knowledge to this by examining susceptibility to smoking (S-SM), electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use (S-EC), and smokeless tobacco (snus) use (S-SN) by educational aspirations in a country with advanced tobacco control policies. National cross-sectional School Health Promotion study survey was conducted among 8.-9. grade students (av. 15-year-olds) in 2017 with no prior smoking (n = 47589), e-cigarette use (n = 49382), or snus use (n = 53335). Gender-stratified, age-adjusted multilevel logistic regression analyses with S-SM, S-EC, and S-SN were considered as outcomes and student- and school-level (aggregated) factors were considered as independent variables. The highest prevalence was observed for S-EC (girls 29%, boys 35%), followed by S-SM (16%, 15%) and S-SN (10%, 16%). Compared to those planning for general upper secondary education, S-SM was the highest for those without educational aspirations (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04-1.40), S-EC for those planning for vocational education [1.15 (1.05-1.25)], and S-SN for those planning for extra year/discontinuation [1.65 (1.04-2.60)] among girls. Among boys, both S-SM [1.37 (1.23-1.52)] and S-EC [1.19 (1.09-1.29)] were the highest among those planning for vocational education, with no clear associations with S-SN. Current other tobacco/e-cigarette use [OR range 1.27-8.87], positive attitude towards product use in one's age group [3.55-6.63], and liking school [0.58-0.68] consistently associated with susceptibility. Students not planning for academically oriented education had higher susceptibility to different nicotine products. High S-EC warrants monitoring to strengthen policy evaluation and prevention.

The Influence of Adolescent health-related Behaviors on Degenerative Low Back Pain Hospitalizations and Surgeries in Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study.

Retrospective longitudinal study. This study aims to investigate the influence of adolescent health-related behaviors (physical activity, high BMI, drunkenness, smoking), self-reported chronic disease, and low socioeconomic status (SES) on the development of low back pain requiring hospitalization or surgery. The baseline data were surveys gathered biennially in 1981-1997 (the Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey) and individually linked with outcome data, degenerative low back pain hospitalizations, and spine surgeries retrieved from the Care Register for Health Care. A total of 47 724 participants were included. Explanatory variables included physical activity, high BMI, smoking, monthly drunkenness, chronic diseases, and family SES. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of adolescent health-related behaviors (physical activity, high BMI, drunkenness, smoking), self-reported chronic disease, and low socioeconomic status (SES) on degenerative low back pain hospitalization, lumbar disc herniation (LDH) hospitalization and/or spine surgery. Covariates were selected using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). A total of 5538 participants had degenerative low back pain hospitalizations, 2104 had LDH hospitalizations, and 913 had spinal surgery over an average of 27-years follow-up. High BMI (aOR 1.25, CI 1.12-1.38), smoking (aOR 1.53, CI 1.43-1.62), monthly drunkenness (aOR 1.17, CI 1.10-1.26), and chronic diseases (aOR 1.47, CI 1.35-1.61) in adolescence increased the odds of hospitalizations during follow-up. In addition, high BMI (aOR 1.37, CI 1.09-1.72), smoking (aOR 1.40, CI 1.21-1.61), and monthly drunkenness (aOR 1.19, CI 1.01-1.39) increased the odds of spine surgeries. We found that smoking, high BMI, monthly drunkenness, chronic diseases, and low family SES in adolescence increased the likelihood of degenerative low back pain hospitalizations in adulthood. In addition, high BMI, smoking, and monthly drunkenness in adolescence increased the odds of spinal surgeries.

Hypnotherapy Intervention To Reduce Cigarette Consumption Habits In Adolescent Children: Literature Review

Background: The habit of smoking in adolescents is indeed a problem that needs special attention, considering the impact on health where lung function will experience impaired development. The social aspect of smoking behavior for adolescents can cause adverse effects for passive smokers because the risks borne by passive smokers are more dangerous than active smokers.Methods: The research design in this article is a literature review, by searching several literature sources in the form of research journals using databases such as: Ebsco Host, PubMed, Google Schoolar, elsevier, and Springer. By using the search keywords: Hypnotherapy, smoking, and adolescents. The year limitation used is from 2020 to 2024. The language used is Indonesian and English, free journals are not paid.Results: Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, hypnotherapy intervention has an influence on reducing smoking consumption habits in adolescent children.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, hypnotherapy intervention shows the benefits in changing the subconscious of adolescents to stop or reduce the habit of consuming cigarettes