Treatment Of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Research Articles

Current issues in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comprehensive narrative review.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of unknown etiology that commonly affects adolescents, imposing significant socioeconomic burdens. Effective management necessitates a comprehensive approach that takes into account multiple factors, including growth potential and psychological issues. Despite significant advancements in AIS management, several questions regarding optimal treatment strategies persist. Recent technological advancements are transforming the treatment landscape, encompassing advancements in bracing, robotic-assisted deformity corrections, and other interventions. This review explores current issues debated in the literature concerning the treatment of AIS, focusing on contemporary high-level evidence (e.g., meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials). Furthermore, this review explores cutting-edge developments and future directions in AIS management, including the integration of artificial intelligence and augmented reality.

Biomechanical Analysis and Modeling of Different Traction Patterns in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Objective: Traction is a valuable treatment for Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; however, assessing its biomechanical effects, particularly with new methods, presents challenges. This study aims to explore the biomechanics using finite element analysis, with the goal of enhancing safety and effectiveness. Methods: Based on CT images, two different boundary and loads were applied to simulate two traction methods. The effects of these two traction methods on stress and deformation of lumbar vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs were compared. Results: Under two traction methods, the stress was concentrated on the posterior side. Multi-point traction resulted in higher stress and deformation, and concentrated stress on the convex side as well. However, there is some stress concentration on the vertebral arch, which may lead to injury. Conclusion: Compared to longitudinal traction, multi-point traction can better reduce stress on the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, focusing the pulling force on the concave side and achieving greater deformation. Multi-point traction might better suit specific patients needing more correction and pressure relief compared to longitudinal traction.

Comparison of Standing Side Bending Using Biplanar Stereography and Fulcrum Bending for Flexibility Assessment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Background: The surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is influenced by factors such as skeletal maturity, curve magnitude, progression, and spinal flexibility. The assessment of spinal flexibility is crucial for surgical planning; supine bending radiographs are commonly used but there is no consensus on the optimal technique. Fulcrum bending radiographs (FBRs) have shown better prediction of post-surgery correction compared to supine bending radiographs. New radiological techniques allow a significant reduction in radiation exposure. This study aims to compare spinal flexibility assessment and radiation exposure between FBRs and standing side-bending radiographs (SSRs) using biplanar stereoradiography. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five consecutive AIS patients scheduled for surgery were included in this prospective cohort study. Exclusion criteria were non-idiopathic etiology, age younger than 12 years, and older than 18 years. Pre-surgery FBRs and SSRs were performed, and the Cobb angles were measured. Flexibility and correction rates were calculated. Dose-area products (DAPs) were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlation. Results: The mean pre-surgery Cobb angle of the thoracic curve was 66.3°. The FBR was superior to SSR for assessing flexibility for thoracic curves and provided a better prediction for post-surgery correction. There was no significant difference in lumbar curves between FBR and SSR. The mean DAP for SSRs was 0.81 Gy*cm2 compared to 3.42 Gy*cm2 for FBR, indicating a lower radiation exposure using SSRs. Conclusions: FBRs are superior for flexibility assessment of thoracic curves in AIS and offers a better prediction of post-surgery correction compared to SSRs. However, FBR is associated with a higher radiation exposure.

Vertebral Body Tethering for Thoracolumbar Curvatures in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes at 2-6-Year Follow-Up.

Background: The gold standard treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is posterior spinal fusion (PSF). However, long-term consequences of PSF can include reduced spinal flexibility, back pain, and intervertebral disc degeneration. Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is a non-fusion alternative that preserves motion. We investigated the outcomes of VBT for the treatment of thoracolumbar (TL) major AIS in the largest single-surgeon series with a minimum 2-year follow-up (FU). Methods: We performed a retrospective single-center review. Inclusion criteria were AIS, Lenke 5/6 curvature, and skeletally immature Variables were compared using Student's t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Results: A total of 37 consecutive patients, age 14.1 ± 1.6 years, 86.5% F, 35.9 ± 11.5-month FU, were examined. Overall, 27 patients (73%) had Lenke 5 and 10 (27%) had Lenke 6 curvatures. Instrumentation of the TL curve alone was performed in 59.5%, and thoracic (T) and TL in 40.5% of patients. Overall, 45.9% of patients had two tethers placed in the TL spine; no patients had double tethers placed at the main thoracic curves. The TL (51 ± 8° to 20 ± 11°; p < 0.0001) and T (37 ± 13° to 17 ± 10°; p < 0.0001) curvatures improved from baseline to the latest FU. Overall, 89% of patients achieved major Cobb < 35°; the three patients who did not experienced at least one cord breakage or required PSF. T5-T12 kyphosis increased (p = 0.0401) and lumbar lordosis was maintained (p = 0.9236). Both the TL inclinometer (16 ± 4º to 4 ± 2°; p < 0.0001) and T (6 ± 4° to 4 ± 3°; p = 0.0036) measurements improved. There was a 49% tether breakage rate as follows: 60% for single-cord TL constructs and 35% for double cords (p = 0.0991). There was an 8.1% re-operation rate as follows: one conversion to T PSF and revision of the TL tether; one release of the T tether and revision of the TL tether; one screw revision for radiculopathy. One patient was re-admitted for poor pain control. Conclusions: Patients with TL major curvature treated with VBT experienced a high rate of clinically successful outcomes with maintenance of lumbar lordosis and relatively low complication rates at the latest FU.

Guideline for rehabilitation assessment and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2024 edition)

Scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine that affects the growth of the spine in adolescent, leading to a heavy burden on families and society. According to the guidelines for the treatment of scoliosis, most adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) requires rehabilitative intervention. So far there has been a lack of scientific, evidence-based, and standardized rehabilitation assessment and treatment for AIS in China. Therefore, in order to promote the standardization of rehabilitation assessment and treatment for AIS, Chinese Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation organized the domestic experts in multiple disciplines such as rehabilitation medicine, orthopedics, pediatric surgery, radiology, evidence-based medicine, etc., who has conformed to the principles of scientificity, safety, efficacy and advancement to propose the 19 recommendations of 8 categories using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT). Through the steps of literature search, evaluation, and establishment of direction and intensity of recommendation opinions, 19 recommendations were formed, involving AIS screening, assessment and treatment.

Conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): A narrative review of current evidence and implications for clinical practice

Introduction and purpose: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by lateral curvature, vertebral rotation, and disruption of physiological curvature of the spine with the Cobb angle ≥10°. AIS affects 1-3% of children aged 10-16 years, representing the most common form of idiopathic scoliosis. Diagnosis of AIS is by exclusion and can be suspected based on Adams forward bend test and scoliometer. Untreated AIS can lead to serious consequences, such as progression of the deformity, back pain, reduced respiratory and cardiovascular function. The aim of this review is to update overview of conservative treatment options. Description of the state of knowledge: AIS treatment guidelines from the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) and the Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) advocate for observation, bracing, or surgery depending on curve severity, with a focus on avoiding spinal fusion when possible. Additionally, SOSORT recommends scoliosis-specific physiotherapy exercises for smaller curves or as an adjunct to bracing. Conservative treatment aims to prevent curve progression, manage respiratory and spinal complications, and improve quality of life. Conclusions: AIS can significantly impair the physical and psychosocial well-being of young patients, with potential long-term consequences extending into adulthood Individualized treatment plans and patient/parent education are crucial for optimal outcomes. Schroth exercises are superior to Core Stabilization (CS) exercises in reducing Cobb angle, trunk rotation and improving spinal mobility, cosmetic trunk deformities and quality of life. CS exercises are more effective in increasing peripheral muscle strength, reducing pain and correcting vertebral rotation.

Effectiveness of bracing combined with exercise-based treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Assessing the synergistic benefits: A systematic review

The purpose of this study was to evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). From inception to April 28, 2022, PubMed and Web of Science searched for randomized clinical and nonrandomized prospective studies reporting Cobb angle (CA), angle of trunk rotation (ATR), quality of life (QoL), and pulmonary function (PF) in AIS patients treated with exercise and braces (10 years-skeletal maturity). Two authors analyzed and extracted data for this review. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias (RoB). Therapy protocols and basic data have been collected. Each CA, ATR, QoL, and PF study’s evidence and strength were also included. A total of 12 studies with 714 patients with AIS were included. Five studies used a control group with exercises and 7 with braces. The results showed that exercise-brace can decrease CA and ATR and increase QoL and PF with AIS; however, the strength of conclusion for all outcomes was moderate. In this review, 4 studies were categorized as low RoB, 3 as moderate RoB, and 5 as high RoB. Level of evidence analysis revealed that 12 studies were classified as level of evidence B. The current studies do not sufficiently support the effects of exercise and brace therapy on CA, ATR, QoL, and PF in patients with AIS.

Lessons from the pandemic era: do we need new strategies to improve conservative treatment adherence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A retrospective analysis.

This study aims to examine whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected the adherence to conservative AIS treatment. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine of at least 10 degrees. Compliance rates in conservative treatments are influenced by various factors. From a database of AIS patients, we selected 30 AIS patients who were assessed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data regarding Cobb's angle, brace prescription, prescribed brace wear time, brace wear compliance, and time dedicated to sports activities were collected over a six-year period from January 2018 to December 2023, divided into three 2-year time periods (before, during, and after COVID-19). There was an increased percentage of AIS patients prescribed with a brace during the pandemic. However, no significant differences in Cobb's angle were observed. Additionally, the prescribed wear time showed a significant decrease from the pre-COVID period to the post-COVID period (p-value = 0.03). Wear compliance exhibited a decreasing trend from pre- to during- and post-COVID-19 periods without reaching statistically significant differences, and the time dedicated to sports statistically significantly decreased. These differences were statistically significant when comparing the pre- vs. post- and pre- vs. during-COVID-19 periods (p-values 0.01, 0.04, respectively). Our study highlights changes in AIS conservative treatment during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in the number of patients prescribed with a brace during the pandemic, although not supported by an increase in Cobb's angle, may be attributed to the concerns about regular monitoring during the reduction of rehabilitation services. The observed decreases in brace compliance and involvement in sport activities, which persisted even in the post-pandemic period, emphasizes the lasting impact of the pandemic on AIS management, necessitating innovative approaches to address these ongoing concerns.

Selective Apical Convex Rod Derotation: A Fast and Secure Technique for the Correction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis-A Case Series of 38 Patients.

We present a novel technique of selective apical convex rod derotation as an effective and safe maneuver for the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and give the clinical results of our patients. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the three-dimensional deformity of the spine of more than 10° affecting children from 10 to 18 years. The gold standard for the correction of larger curves is posterior fusion. With the help of osteotomies, the spine becomes mobile and the ideal alignment can be achieved with correction maneuvers. Derotations from the concave side harvest numerous complications such as exacerbation of apical rotation, screw pullout, and implant failure. After the transpedicular screws are placed, a short titanium rod is put on the convex-side screws just covering the apex and the screw nuts are loosely tightened. The convex apical rod is held with 2 rod holders and derotation is applied to the rod and the convex spine is pulled toward the midline. After the desired correction is reached, a permanent rod is placed to the concave side and screw nuts are tightened. A total of 38 patients have been included in this study. Preoperative median Cobb angle was 47.19°, postoperative Cobb angle was measured as 18.45°, and 1 year follow-up was 17.25°. Thoracic kyphosis values were 19.07°, 30.52°, and 33.05°, respectively. Lumbar lordosis were measured as 42.63°, 43°, and 45.75°, respectively. Selective apical convex rod derotation is an effective treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with minimal risk for screw pullout, pedicular bursting, or hypokyphosis. Correction results are similar to classic correction maneuvers.

Transitional and spectrum-based care for idiopathic scoliosis.

The goal of this study is to discuss the transitional nature of idiopathic scoliosis and the variation in treatment and management across the spectrum of age presentation. This is a review article that discusses the evaluation, management, and classification of idiopathic scoliosis. The authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane database for articles published up to April 2024. Keywords and MeSH terms relevant to the topic were used, including adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS), adult degenerative scoliosis, young adult idiopathic scoliosis, early-onset scoliosis (EOS), classification, management, follow-up, outcomes, natural history, Cobb angle, and transitional care. Reference lists of selected articles were also searched to identify further articles. Inclusion criteria included English language articles that summarized any type of study design, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, case-control/series, or metaanalysis, with study populations ranging from infants to > 50-year-old patients. Inter-reviewer disagreement on inclusion of particular articles was resolved through discussion. Related information was analyzed, and relevant concepts related to the transitional period dilemma have been discussed. Each idiopathic scoliosis case needs independent assessment with regard to the age, degree of the curve, and patient-specific presentation. An accurate prediction of the curve progression by considering the patient's remaining growth potential is paramount to the treatment strategy. The classification system for EOS, AIS Lenke classification, AdIS classification, and the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification are important for reliable communication between surgeons treating deformities. Untreated progressive idiopathic scoliosis warrants multidisciplinary management during the transition from EOS stage to AIS and then to AdIS. Also, surgical treatment of untreated AIS transitioning to AdIS is specific and nuanced. AdIS needs to be differentiated from adult degenerative scoliosis because the latter is associated with multiple comorbidities and anatomical differences. Idiopathic scoliosis presents across the age spectrum with specific age-related decisions that transition into adulthood. Integrated models of both surgical and nonsurgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis are warranted.

Pelvic rotation correction combined with Schroth exercises for pelvic and spinal deformities in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized controlled trial.

Individualized treatment of spinal deformity is needed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and the integration of pelvic rotation correction based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) into regular physiotherapy may be a promising approach. However, few high-quality studies have investigated its effects. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pelvic rotation correction combined with Schroth exercises in the treatment of mild AIS. This was a randomized controlled trial. Forty-two AIS patients were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Both groups underwent 20 therapeutic sessions over 24 weeks. All patients (n = 42) performed Schroth exercises at each session. In addition, the experimental group (n = 21) also participated in a pelvic rotation correction program based on PNF at each session. The primary outcome was the concave/convex ratio of hipbone widths, and the secondary outcomes included the Cobb angle, trunk rotation angle, self-perception, apical vertebral translation, and apical vertebral rotation. Patients were evaluated before and after 24 weeks of intervention. There was a significant between-group difference in the change from baseline between the experimental and control groups for the following parameters: concave/convex ratio 2.89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58 to 4.20, P<0.001), trunk rotation angle -1.26° (95% CI, -2.20 to -0.32; P = 0.01), and apical vertebral rotation improved by at least one class from baseline in 3 patients (14.3%) in the control group and 9 patients (42.9%) in the experimental group (P = 0.04). While Cobb angle -1.60° (95% CI, -7.75 to 0.54; P = 0.14), self-image 0.149 (95% CI, 0.001 to 0.297; P = 0.049), apical vertebral translation -0.58 mm (95% CI, -3.83 to 2.67; P = 0.72), and pelvic obliquity 0.10° (95% CI, -0.21 to 0.41; P = 0.52) did not differ significantly. Pelvic rotation correction combined with Schroth exercises more effectively improved pelvic axial rotation and other spinal deformities, including trunk rotation and apical vertebral rotation, than Schroth exercises alone in the treatment of mild AIS.

The morphological discrepancy of neuromuscular junctions between bilateral paraspinal muscles in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A quantitative immunofluorescence assay.

Prior studies suggested that neuromuscular factors might be involved in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the important pivot where the nervous system interacts with muscle fibers, but it has not been well characterized in the paraspinal muscles of AIS. This study aims to perform the quantitative morphological analysis of NMJs from paraspinal muscles of AIS. AIS patients who received surgery in our center were prospectively enrolled. Meanwhile, age-matched congenital scoliosis (CS) and non-scoliosis patients were also included as controls. Fresh samples of paraspinal muscles were harvested intraoperatively. NMJs were immunolabeled using different antibodies to reveal pre-synaptic neuronal architecture and post-synaptic motor endplates. A confocal microscope was used to acquire z-stack projections of NMJs images. Then, NMJs images were analyzed on maximum intensity projections using ImageJ software. The morphology of NMJs was quantitatively measured by a standardized 'NMJ-morph' workflow. A total of 21 variables were measured and compared between different groups. A total of 15 AIS patients, 10 CS patients and 5 normal controls were enrolled initially. For AIS group, NMJs in the convex side of paraspinal muscles demonstrated obviously decreased overlap when compared with the concave side (34.27% ± 8.09% vs. 48.11% ± 10.31%, p = 0.0036). However, no variables showed statistical difference between both sides of paraspinal muscles in CS patients. In contrast with non-scoliosis controls, both sides of paraspinal muscles in AIS patients demonstrated significantly smaller muscle bundle diameters. This study first elucidated the morphological features of NMJs from paraspinal muscles of AIS patients. The NMJs in the convex side showed smaller overlap for AIS patients, but no difference was found in CS. This proved further evidence that neuromuscular factors might contribute to the mechanisms of AIS and could be considered as a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of progressive AIS.

Use of Drains in Spine Surgery Systematic Review &amp; Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background Wound suction drains have been used to decrease the rate of postoperative hematoma formation and thus wound infections for many years throughout all surgical subspecialties. Although the use of surgical drains dates back to the years of Hippocrates, in the orthopedic literature these drains have not been shown to be beneficial in decreasing the rates of these complications, especially in orthopedic procedures including fracture fixation or arthroplasty surgeries. However, these drains are still commonly used throughout the orthopedic community, including spine surgery. Aim of the Work This study aims to review the use of closed suction drains in spine surgery. It aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the outcome of use of drains, their method and provide intervention recommendation by the best available evidence. Material and Methods We followed the PRISMA statement guideline during this systematic review and meta-analysis preparation and performed all steps according to the Cochrane handbook of systematic reviews of intervention. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct till September 2021 relevant keywords. We used the following search strategy for searching different databases. “Wound drain” OR “Suction drainage” OR “Drain” OR “Spine Surgery” OR “Spine” OR “SSI” OR “Surgical Site Infection” OR “Hematoma”) AND (“Vertebral Column” OR “Column, Vertebral” OR “Columns, Vertebral” OR “Vertebral Columns” OR “Spinal Column” OR “Column, Spinal” OR “Columns, Spinal” OR “Spinal Columns” OR Vertebra OR Vertebrae). All the references of the included studies were searched for relevant studies. Results In contrast to other spine procedures, posterior spinal fusion as a surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis necessitates big skin incisions, a lengthy operating duration, and a higher rate of blood transfusion. This meta-analysis comprised four studies. Surprisingly, drains had no effect on total blood loss, the rate of post-surgical infection, the rate of post-operation hematoma, or hospital stay. The drain group required greater blood transfusion than the non-drain group, according to. A drain could also result in a post-durotomy fistula. Drain use is not required after intra-dural spinal cord tumor surgery. Regarding the difference in hemoglobin between preoperative and day 3 postoperative 3 studies, no difference was found between the drain group and the no drain group in all spine surgeries. Conclusion The routine use of a drain in post-operative spine surgery appears to have no effect on the likelihood of post-operative surgical site infections or post-operative epidural hematoma, according to this study. It does, however, increase total estimated blood loss without lowering hemoglobin levels, and has no effect on hospital stay length. To further strengthen any meta- analysis in the future, high-quality studies addressing their use in the spine are require.

Observation on the therapeutic effect of laser acupuncture combined with Schroth therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

To explore the clinical effect of laser acupuncture combined with Schroth therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This was a retrospective study. Eighty AIS patients were admitted to The Second People's Hospital of Dalian from March 2021 to March 2022 and divided into control group and experimental group according to the treatment method, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received Schroth therapy, and the experimental group received Schroth therapy and laser acupuncture therapy (MLS® laser). All treatments are performed five times a week for four consecutive weeks we compared the clinical effects of the two groups before treatment, six months and 12 months after treatment, and compared the improvement of Cobb angle, axial trunk rotation (ATR), musculoskeletal stiffness(The PulStarG3 system), and gait evaluation (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) between the two groups of patients. After four weeks of treatment, the spinal condition of both groups of patients improved. After treatment, the experimental group showed greater improvement in Cobb angle, ATR, spinal range of motion, gait parameters, and clinical efficacy compared to the control group (p<0.05). Laser acupuncture combined with Schroth therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of AIS, and is more effective in correcting scoliosis and related problems of AIS.

From Rib Hump to Baby Hump-Common Questions of Patients Suffering from and Undergoing Treatment for Scoliosis-A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Background: Scoliosis, the most prevalent spinal deformity in children, is often associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Curves surpassing 50 degrees can deteriorate, especially thoracic curves, leading to pulmonary limitations. Surgical intervention is usually advised for curvatures exceeding 50 degrees to halt further progression. Severe AIS is notably more frequent in females, yet knowledge regarding subsequent pregnancies and associated risks is scarce. Female patients often inquire about conception, pregnancy, labor, and future back pain (BP) concerns. Reports on the long-term outcomes after pediatric AIS treatment and pregnancy consequences remain limited. Uncertainty looms over the likelihood of increased back pain (BP), cesarean sections (CSs), or other pregnancy-related issues following surgical AIS management. In this investigation, an attempt was made to scrutinize the existing research on individuals afflicted with scoliosis who received either conservative or surgical treatment, with the aim of delineating crucial and pragmatic findings that can serve as a compass for spine surgeons when counseling young patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis regarding the ailment, its repercussions, the available treatment modalities, and the associated outcomes. A comprehensive analysis pinpointed the optimal data at hand. Consequently, the primary objective of this investigation was to assess the patient-reported and clinical consequences in scoliosis patients who have undergone segmental posterior fusion and subsequently conceived. Conclusions: While the majority of individuals with AIS are capable of conceiving and bearing children, they may encounter greater challenges in fertility than healthy women unaffected by AIS. Pregnant women with a prior history of spinal fusion for AIS can undergo pregnancy and childbirth with no significant escalation in perinatal complications. Women who have undergone surgical procedures for AIS have been observed to exhibit a prevalence of back pain comparable with that of healthy pregnant women; however, a higher incidence of low back pain is evident when spinal fusion is extended to the L3 or L4 vertebra. Although back pain is a common occurrence in pregnant women with AIS, the spinal alterations induced by pregnancy are typically minor and transient. In comparison with healthy women, individuals with a history of spinal fusion necessitate cesarean sections more frequently. The degree of correction loss during pregnancy is lower in previous reports involving pedicle screw instrumentation than in previous reports involving Harrington or hybrid segmental instrumentation.

The Efficacy of Night Bracing in the Treatment of Adolescent İdiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review.

Background/Objectives: The effectiveness of night braces alone or in combination with other treatments for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis remains unclear. This systematic review study aimed to review and analyze the available literature to determine whether night braces are an effective treatment for idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: A total of 162 databases, including Cochrane Library (reviews, protocols, trials), Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, PEDro, CINAHL (EBSCO), Ovid and Google Scholar, were searched for published articles from inception to February 2024. The available literature was screened by the following terms: "scoliosis and night-time brace", "scoliosis and night brace", "scoliosis and part-time bracing", "scoliosis and Providence" and "scoliosis and Charleston". Results: Twenty studies were included; only one study was a randomized controlled trial, and most of the studies were retrospectively designed. Providence, Charleston and Boston braces were used as night braces. The Cobb angle was evaluated in all studies, and Cobb angle change after treatment and surgical treatment rates were the parameters that were evaluated the most. In one study, the angle of trunk rotation, quality of life, perception of spinal appearance, and physical activity level were measured. In one study, sagittal plane assessments were performed in addition to the Cobb angle. Conclusions: The results of this review suggest that there is no evidence to support the use of night braces in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Randomized controlled trials with a well-designed methodology are needed to determine the efficacy of night braces.

Patient-specific 3D-printed Brace for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Prospective Cohort Study

To evaluate the efficacy, safety of patient-tailored 3D printed brace in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients treated with two different types of brace. From September 2017 to August 2020, 103 AIS patients requiring non-operative management were prospectively recruited in this study. All patients were followed up every 6 months, clinical and radiological examination were assessed at each follow-up time. Full-length anteroposterior X-ray of the spine in the standing position was performed obtained. At the last follow-up, each patient completed a standardized HRQoL questionnaire. Compliance is defined as that the patient insists on wearing the brace for ≥ 23h every day (full-time wearing) and follow-up every 6 months until bone maturity.The rate of major curve Cobb progression was defined that maximum Cobb Angle of major curve greater than 6° compared with that at the initial diagnosis, or aggravated to more than 45° so that orthopedic surgery was recommended during treatment, which was defined as the rate of conversion to surgery. The effects of these two types of braces on the rate of major curve Cobb progression and HRQoL were analyzed by independent sample t-test ad Chi-square test. The thickness was 4 mm for thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) and 3 mm for 3D-printed brace (3DPB). In addition, compared with the material used in TLSO, the weight (600-800 grams) of the 3DPB materials with the same area is reduced by about 25-30%. 55 patients (49.1%) and 48 patients (33.1%) were respectively included in the 3DPB cohort and the TLSO cohort.The maximum Cobb angle of major curve in the 3DPB cohort was significantly lower than those in the TLSO cohort at 6 months, 12 months and the last follow-up (p < 0.01). The thoracic kyphosis (TK) and lumbar lordosis (LL) of the two cohorts at the last follow-up were lower than those before brace treatment, in addition, there was a significant difference in TK (p = 0.001) and LL (p = 0.004) between the two cohorts at the follow-up. The scores of physical function, pain, self-image, mental health and treatment satisfaction in the Chinese version of SRS-22 in the 3DPB cohort were higher than those in the TLSO cohort (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The scores of the 3DPB cohort were significantly higher than those of the TLSO group in the four dimensions (p = 0.008, 0.013, 0.015, and 0.002, respectively) of the EuroQol-5D health description system except for mobility, and the overall health status of EuroQol-5D was higher for the 3DPB cohort (p < 0.001). At the last follow-up, One patient in the 3DPB cohort and ten patients in the TLSO cohort had major curve Cobb progression of greater than 6°, and the rate of major curve Cobb progression in 3DPB cohort was significantly lower than that in the TLSO cohort (OR 14.2, 95% CI 1.7∼115.8, p < 0.01). One patient in the 3DPB and seven patients in the TLSO cohorts received subsequent surgery or was recommended for surgery, and the rate of conversion to surgery was significantly lower than in the 3DPB cohort (OR 9.2, 95% CI 1.1∼77.9, p < 0.05). Patient-tailored 3D-printed brace is lighter, thinner, and more comfortable than conventional braces in the treatment of AIS. It can substantially improve the HRQoL of patients and can significantly reduce the progression of major curve Cobb progression and rate of conversion of surgery.

Ponte osteotomies for treatment of spinal deformities: they are not all made equal.

To compare surgical outcomes of Ponte's osteotomies for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK), and adult scoliosis (AdS). We conducted a retrospective review of patients with AIS, SK, and AdIS who underwent posterior spinal instrumented fusion (PSIF) at our Institution from January 2019 to December 2022. Demographics, imaging, and intraoperative data (including number of osteotomies performed, blood losses, surgical timing, and complications) were extracted from patient charts. A total of 80 patients (62 AIS, 7 SK, and 11 AdS) were enrolled in the study. All patients were treated with a PSIF and a total of 506 Ponte osteotomies were performed (5.8 ± 4.1, 9.3 ± 2.4, and 7.5 ± 2.5 average osteotomies per patient in the AIS, SK, and AdS group, respectively; p = 0.045). Average time per osteotomy was 6.3 ± 1.5min in the AIS group, and 5.8 ± 2.1 and 8.7 ± 4.0 in the SK and AdS group, respectively (p = 0.002). Blood loss was significantly smaller in the SK group (8.6 ± 9.6ml per osteotomy) compared to AIS group (34.9 ± 23.7ml) and AdS group (34.9 ± 32.7ml) (p = 0.001). A total of 4 complications were observed in the AIS group (1.1%) and 2 complications in the AdS group (2.4%), but this was not statistically significant. Our study shows that Ponte's osteotomies are safe and effective in surgical treatment of AIS, SK, and AdS. Blood loss and execution time per osteotomy are significantly smaller in the SK group compared to AIS and AdS. No significant differences were noted in terms of complications between the three groups.

Long-term follow-up of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery with Harrington instrumentations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In the 1960s, Harrington instrumentation (HRI) revolutionized the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Despite the transition to more innovative techniques, concerns regarding its impact on sagittal alignment, associations with low back pain, and correction loss have consistently persisted. The aim of this meta-analysis is precisely to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes, as well as the complications of patients treated with HRI over an extended follow-up period. A systematic search of articles about AIS patients who underwent HRI and reported long-term outcomes (> 10years) was conducted on electronic databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Data regarding radiographic and clinical outcomes were extracted and meta-analyses were performed. Eleven studies comprising 644 patients were included. The mean follow-up ranged from 10.8 to 51.7years. Radiographic analysis revealed a decrease in the main curve Cobb angle from 60.6° to 38.3°, with a correction loss of - 9.49° between postoperative and last follow-up. Concerning sagittal parameters, preoperative thoracic kyphosis was 19.65° at last follow-up, and preoperative lumbar lordosis was 42.94°. Additional spine surgeries were required in 42% of patients. Clinical outcomes varied among studies, but overall, HRI patients showed comparable quality of life and function to controls, although a higher incidence of low back pain was reported. Patients who underwent HRI exhibited suboptimal correction of rib deformity and a flattened sagittal spinal alignment. However, they generally displayed favourable long-term functional outcomes. Despite the implant's tendency to reduce lumbar curvature, patients achieved good clinical outcomes and functional scores comparable to age-matched individuals, suggesting that disability is not an inevitable consequence of lumbar flattening.

A novel approach to surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in skeletally immature patients

PurposeDescribe the surgical technique and experience using the LSZ growing system in skeletally immature patients for two–stage surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). MethodsEleven skeletally immature patients who underwent two-stage surgical treatment of AIS in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Patients initially treated with the LSZ growing system were observed for an average of 40.5 months (range 23–64 months) and for 4 years after planned replacement of the LSZ growing system with a standard pedicle screw system. ResultsThe average preoperative angle of the main thoracic curve was 64.55 ± 3.21°, and that of the lumbar curve was 46 ± 5.52°. After instrumentation using the LSZ growing system, the thoracic curve was corrected to 17.63 ± 5.14°, and the lumbar curve to 9.2 ± 5.45°. The correction percentages were 72.52 ± 8.35 and 80.59 ± 10.77, respectively. After planned replacement of the LSZ system with a pedicle screw system, the angle of the thoracic curve changed to 11.45 ± 4.84°, and the lumbar curve to 6.4 ± 4.72°. The percentages of final correction were 82,1 ± 7,91 and 85,64 ± 5,47, respectively. The difference in the “LSZ growth coefficient” was 0.063 ± 0.037, which indicates continued growth of the spine along the instrumented region. None of the patients had neurological or infectious complications. ConclusionOur study demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of 2-stage treatment of AIS using the LSZ system, which allows for spine growth during the period between stages.