Adolescent Behavioral Development Research Articles

Evaluation of the Effect of Parental Participation on Chinese Adolescent Behavioral Development Through the Mediating Effect of Peers: A Moderated Mediation Model.

With the rapid changes in the social environment, adolescents are facing increasing academic pressure and challenges to their physical and mental development in the socialization process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence mechanisms of parental participation on adolescent behavioral development (learning persistence, expressive language ability and knowledge absorption ability), revealing the mediation role of adolescent positive and negative peer interactions between parental participation and behavioral development, and whether differences in parents and children's educational expectations moderate this process. This study was measured using the Parental Participation Questionnaire, Peer Interaction Questionnaire, Behavioral Development Scale, and Educational Expectancy Gap from the China Education Panel Survey. A total of 7730 seventh-grade students and their parents were invited to participate, to establish a moderated mediation model, and the significance of the mediation effect was tested using the bias-corrected percentile Bootstrap method. (1) High frequent parental participation has a significant positive effect on adolescent behavioral development, including behavioral participation, emotional participation, and educational participation all exerting varying degrees of positive influence, as well as positively influencing adolescents' peer interactions. (2) Positive and negative peer interactions play the mediation role of 12.3% and 2.5% respectively in the process of parental participation affecting adolescent behavioral development. (3) Comparing "educational expectation gap - equal", the "educational expectation gap - high" negatively moderates the effect of parental participation on adolescent behavioral development and positive peer interaction (inhibitory effect), the "educational expectation gap - low" positively moderates the effect of parental participation on negative peer interaction (facilitation effect), which meant that the "educational expectation gap - equal" between parents and children is a more desirable state. These findings provide empirical support and effective operational suggestions to further promote positive adolescent behavioral development. Particularly for developing countries, it is recognized that positive parental participation and peer interaction, as well as equal educational expectation of parents and children, are protective factors for adolescent development.

Building towards an adolescent neural urbanome: Expanding environmental measures using linked external data (LED) in the ABCD study

Many recent studies have demonstrated that environmental contexts, both social and physical, have an important impact on child and adolescent neural and behavioral development. The adoption of geospatial methods, such as in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, has facilitated the exploration of many environmental contexts surrounding participants’ residential locations without creating additional burdens for research participants (i.e., youth and families) in neuroscience studies. However, as the number of linked databases increases, developing a framework that considers the various domains related to child and adolescent environments external to their home becomes crucial. Such a framework needs to identify structural contextual factors that may yield inequalities in children’s built and natural environments; these differences may, in turn, result in downstream negative effects on children from historically minoritized groups. In this paper, we develop such a framework – which we describe as the “adolescent neural urbanome” – and use it to categorize newly geocoded information incorporated into the ABCD Study by the Linked External Data (LED) Environment & Policy Working Group. We also highlight important relationships between the linked measures and describe possible applications of the Adolescent Neural Urbanome. Finally, we provide a number of recommendations and considerations regarding the responsible use and communication of these data, highlighting the potential harm to historically minoritized groups through their misuse.

Food Insecurity, Adolescent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors, and Country-Level Context: A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Analysis

PurposePreventing adolescent suicide is a global priority. Inequalities in adolescent suicide and attempt rates are reported across countries, including a greater risk in adolescents experiencing food insecurity. Little is known about the extent to which country-level contextual factors moderate the magnitude of socio–economic inequalities in suicidal thoughts and behavior. We aimed to examine the cross-country variability and national moderators of the association between food insecurity and suicidal thoughts and behavior in school-attending adolescents. MethodsWe analysed data on 309,340 school-attending adolescents from 83 countries that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey between 2003 and 2018. We used Poisson regression to identify whether suicidal thoughts and behavior were more prevalent in adolescents experiencing food insecurity compared to food-secure adolescents. Meta-regression and mixed-effects regression were used to determine whether country-level indicators moderated the magnitude of inequality. ResultsSuicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts were more prevalent in food-insecure adolescents compared to food-secure adolescents in 72%, 78%, and 90% of countries respectively; however, the magnitude of these associations varied between countries. We observed wider inequalities in countries with greater levels of national wealth and universal health coverage and lower prevalence of adolescent food insecurity. Economic inequality had no moderating role. DiscussionFood insecurity could contribute to the development of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behavior, and this association is likely to be moderated by country-level context. Food insecurity may be a modifiable target to help prevent adolescent suicide, especially in countries where food insecurity is less common.

80 Longitudinal Development of Response Inhibition in Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Associations with Gray Matter Architecture

Objective:The present study explored how individual differences and development of gray matter architecture in inferior frontal gyri (IFG), anterior cingulate (ACC), and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) relate to development of response inhibition as measured by both the Stop Signal Task (SST) and the Go/No-Go (GNG) task in a longitudinal sample of healthy adolescents and young adults. Reliability of behavioral and neural measures was also explored.Participants and Methods:A total of 145 individuals contributed data from the second through fifth timepoints of an accelerated longitudinal study focused on adolescent brain and behavioral development at the University of Minnesota. At baseline, participants were 9 to 23 years of age and were typically-developing. Assessment waves were spaced approximately 2 years apart. Behavioral measures of response inhibition collected at each assessment included GNG Commission Errors (CE) and the SST Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT). Structural T1 MRI scans were collected on a Siemens 3 T Tim Trio and processed with the longitudinal Freesurfer 6.0 pipeline to yield cortical thickness (CT) and surface area values. Regions of interest based on the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville atlas included IFG regions (pars opercularis (PO) and pars triangularis (PT)), ACC and IPL. The cuneus and global brain measures were evaluated as control regions. Retest stability of all measures was calculated using the psych package in R. Mixed linear effects modeling using the lme4 R package identified whether age-based trajectories for SSRTs and GNG CEs best fit linear, quadratic, or inverse curve. Then, disaggregated between- and within-subjects effects of regional cortical architecture measures were added to longitudinal behavioral models to identify individual differences and developmental effects, respectively.Results:Both response inhibition metrics demonstrated fair reliability and were best fit by an inverse age trajectory. Neural measures demonstrated excellent retest stability (all ICCs > 0.834). Age-based analyses of regional CT identified heterogeneous patterns of development, including linear trajectories for ACC and inverse age trajectories for bilateral PT. Individuals with thinner left PO showed worse performance on both response inhibition tasks. SSRTs were related to individual differences in right PO thickness and surface area. A developmental pattern was observed for right PT cortical thickness, where thinning over time was related to better GNG performance. Lower surface area of the right PT was related to worse GNG performance. No individual differences or developmental patterns were observed for the ACC, IPL, cuneus, or global metrics.Conclusions:This study examined the adolescent development of response inhibition and its association with cortical architecture in the IFG, ACC and IPL. Separate response inhibition tasks demonstrated similar developmental patterns with steepest improvements in early adolescence and relationships with left PO thickness, but each measure had unique relationships with other IFG regions. This study indicates that a region of the IFG, the par opercularis, relates to both individual difference and developmental change in response inhibition. These patterns suggest brain-behavior association that could be further explored in functional imaging studies and that may index, in vulnerable individuals, risk for psychopathology.

Effects of Materialism on Adolescents' Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Empathy.

Materialism plays a critical role in adolescent behavioral development, yet whether it affects prosocial and aggressive behaviors and the internal mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, this longitudinal research examined the relationships between adolescent materialism and prosocial and aggressive behaviors, and tested the mediating effect of empathy. In 2015, we recruited 543 adolescents from four junior high schools in Beijing, China (284 girls, 259 boys; M = 11.27 years, SD = 0.51). The participants completed the measures of materialism and demographic information at the initial time point, completed the measure of empathy about one year later, and completed the measures of prosocial and aggressive behaviors after about another year. The hypotheses were tested using a structural model using maximum likelihood estimation. The mediating effects were estimated by taking 1000 bias-corrected bootstraps. The results revealed that materialism was associated with aggressive behavior directly and positively, but had no significant correlation with prosocial behavior. Materialism had an indirect and negative correlation with prosocial behavior via empathy, while no indirect effect of materialism on aggressive behavior was found. The findings add to our knowledge of the dehumanizing nature of materialism by revealing its effect on adolescent behavioral development, as well as the underlying mechanism.

Latent Profiles of Sleep Patterns in Early Adolescence: Associations With Behavioral Health Risk

PurposeThe present study characterized sleep profiles in a national longitudinal sample of early adolescents and examined whether profiles predicted later behavioral problems. MethodsThree waves of data (2016–2021) were obtained from the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development study, including 3,326 participants with both weekday and weekend sleep data measured by Fitbit wearables (age range 10.58–13.67 years; 49.3% female). Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify sleep profiles using multiple sleep indicators (duration, latency, efficiency, wake minutes, wake counts, and midpoint). We then explored whether demographic predictors predicted profile membership and tested the latent sleep profiles' predictive utility of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. ResultsFour profiles were identified: average sleep (40.39%), high duration & high wakefulness (28.58%), high efficiency, low duration &low wakefulness (16.86%), and low duration & low efficiency (14.17%). Participants with older age, males, higher body mass index, and advanced pubertal status were more likely to be classified in the low duration & low efficiency profile than the average group. Participants with lower income, minority identification, older age, and higher body mass index were more likely to be classified in the high efficiency, low duration &low wakefulness than the average group. Participants with lower parental education and males were more likely to be in the high sleep duration & high wakefulness than the average group. The low duration & low efficiency group had the highest attention problems, social problems, and rule-breaking behaviors. DiscussionOur findings highlight unique sleep patterns in early adolescence and their prospective links with internalizing and externalizing problems.

Peran Pembina Remaja untuk Perkembangan Perilaku Remaja di Jemaat GMIM Golgota

Abstract: This paper is a theological analysis for holding a youth worship meeting which is held once every two weeks face to face. So the authors want to conduct research scientifically by studying the "Role of Youth Coaches for the development of the behavior of the GMIM Golgotha Youth congregation For Youth Fosters, Youth Fosters. Youth Coaches have a very strategic role to be able to develop potential in the future growth and development of Youth. However, youth coaches must have very specific requirements or criteria, namely a youth coach before entering the world of youth service is someone who already has a new life, meaning that a youth coach has had a new life first. So that the life of a youth coach will become a role model or role model / public figure for their students. With the way of life that is shown in the daily life of youth guidance, such as diligently reading the Bible, diligently praying and diligently participating in fellowship, it will become a living sermon for the lives of teenagers, because strong preaching today is no longer in the form of advice / words but is the behavior / behavior displayed by the youth coach. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, where the data obtained is in the form of explanations of concepts or text and not numbers. The results of the study concluded that the role of youth coaches for the development of adolescent behavior is able to develop behavioral potential to shape the character of adolescents by building all abilities and abilities of youth coaches by building partnerships related to all aspects of church service in a holistic manner."

The suppression effect of subjective social status and tolerance for uncertainties on the relationship between family socioeconomic status and prosocial risk taking

BackgroundThe influence of social status on the prosocial behavior of adolescents is very profound, especially in China, where the socioeconomic development is very rapid and the social class is constantly evolving. Prosocial risk-taking (PSRT) behavior is a kind of prosocial behavior which also involves many potential risks, leading to difficulty for adolescents in decision making. Therefore, this study determined the relationship between family socioeconomic status and prosocial risk taking and the mechanism. MethodsTo explore the influence mechanism of family socioeconomic status (FSS) on adolescent prosocial risk taking (PSRT), 2313 adolescents were surveyed using FSS questionnaire, subjective social status (SSS) questionnaire, tolerance for uncertainties (TFU) questionnaire, and PSRT questionnaire. Then, descriptive data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, and a structural equation model was constructed using Mplus software to verify the relationship between variables. ResultsThe results showed that (1) FSS could positively predict adolescents’ PSRT. (2) SSS not only had a suppression effect on the influence of FSS on PSRT alone, but also had a suppression effect on the influence along with TFU. Besides, the mediating effect of TFU was not significant. (3) There were significant gender differences in the structural models. The FSS had a greater impact on the SSS of females than that of males. ConclusionFor adolescents, the development of PSRT behavior is greatly influenced by their subjective perception of their social status and tolerance to uncertainties. This study deepens our understanding of the development of adolescent PSRT behavior.

The development of adolescent trust behavior

Interpersonal trust shows developmental changes during adolescence. The current study used a longitudinal design to examine the development of trust behavior, the presence of gender differences in these developmental trajectories, and the association between individual differences in these developmental trajectories and perspective-taking abilities. The participants played a trust game with a hypothetical trustworthy partner and a trust game with a hypothetical untrustworthy partner in 3 consecutive years (Mage = 12.55 years, Mage = 13.54 years, and Mage = 14.54 years). Concerning the development of trust behavior, the results showed an age-related increase in initial trust behavior and indicated increasingly adaptive trust behavior with age during untrustworthy interactions, whereas no evidence was found for age-related changes in the adaptation of trust during trustworthy interactions. Gender differences were found for the development of initial trust behavior (with boys showing a stronger increase with age than girls), whereas no support was found for the presence of gender differences in the developmental trajectories of adaptive trust behavior during trustworthy and untrustworthy interactions. Furthermore, no evidence was found for perspective-taking abilities to explain individual differences in the development of initial trust behavior or in the development of adaptive trust behavior during trustworthy and untrustworthy interactions. The results provide evidence that, during adolescence initial trust behavior increased with age, more for boys than for girls, and that both boys and girls showed a stronger adaptive response to the untrustworthy partner but not to the trustworthy partner.

Parental, Teacher and Peer Effects on the Social Behaviors of Chinese Adolescents: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.

Adolescent behavior is closely related to academic and long-term personal development, and adolescents are vulnerable to the influences from people around them. This study aimed to analyze the factors and mechanisms that influence the behavior of adolescents. It examines the impact of family, teachers, and peers on adolescent prosocial behavior and misconduct. Data were obtained from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) follow-up data (2014-2015 school year) and 7835 middle school student participants were used for analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the influence and mechanisms of family, teachers, and peers on the development of adolescent social behavior. The findings showed that parental relationships, parental discipline, teacher supervision, and positive peer behavior were positively associated with adolescent prosocial behaviors and reduced the incidence of delinquent behaviors, while frequent home-school contact was associated with misconduct (all p < 0.01). These results remained significant after controlling for gender, residence, only-child status, family financial situation, and paternal education. Significant others in an adolescent's life play multiple essential roles in forming and developing adolescent behavior and in directly influencing them. To guide the prosocial behaviors of middle school students and reduce delinquent behavior, we should build harmonious parent-child, peer, and teacher-student relationships, teach according to their aptitudes, pay attention to particular groups and strengthen psychological health education to develop their self-esteem and self-confidence.

Family function and adolescent altruistic behavior: the multiple mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience.

The current study aimed to explore the relationship between family function and adolescent altruistic behavior, as well as the mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience in this relationship. A survey was conducted on 972 high school students in Guangdong Province using the Family APGAR, GHQSense of Adequacy, Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Altruistic Behavior Scale. Results found that the score of psychological resilience of males was significantly higher than that of females, but the score of altruistic behavior was significantly lower than that of females. Family function had a positive predictive effect on altruistic behavior. Psychological resilience played a mediating role between family function and altruistic behavior. Self-affirmation and psychological resilience played chain mediating roles between family function and altruistic behavior. This study indicated that family care is crucial for the development of adolescent altruistic behavior, and that it can promote the development of altruistic behavior through the enhancement of self-affirmation and psychological resilience.

Increasing Knowledge About the Dangers of Pornography on Adolescent Brain Development in Students of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Pinang, Ogan ilir Regency

The development of adolescent behavior is influenced by various factors of knowledge, attitude and exposure to sources of information. Conditions Adolescent sexual behavior is increasingly faced with exposure to pornography which continues to threaten, especially with easy access in various media to sources of pornography and the influence of association. This community service activity is carried out to increase knowledge and insight to students and teachers about the dangers of pornography in adolescent brain development. The activity was carried out using the counseling method for SMAN 1 Sungai Pinang students about the impacts and dangers of pornography using power point media. In addition, participants were given a leaflet containing a summary of the accompanying material. The activity was carried out for 30 participants in September 2022. The results of the activity had a positive impact on student knowledge after the assessment before (68) and after the activity (83.3), there was an average increase in student knowledge of 15.3%. The importance of increasing behavior in terms of knowledge and the presence of positive information on adolescent knowledge regarding the dangers of pornography is always being increased by involving health workers or related parties so that they can maintain adolescent behavior in a more positive direction.

Associations of emotional/behavioral problems with accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior, physical activity and step counts in children with autism spectrum disorder.

BackgroundThe evidence for associations of emotional/behavioral status with sedentary behavior (SB), physical activity (PA) and step counts is scarce in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Also, ASD-related deficiencies may affect actual levels of PA. We aimed to describe accelerometer-measured SB, PA and step counts in children with ASD, and to examine the associations of emotional/behavioral problems with SB, PA and step counts after assessing associations between accelerometer-measured SB, PA and step counts and ASD-related deficiencies.MethodsA total of 93 ASD children, aged 6–9 years, were recruited from the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychology and Behavioral Development of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China. Participants wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Of the original 93, 78 participants' accelerometer-measured valid PA were obtained, and the data were shown as time spent in SB, light, moderate, moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous PA, and step counts. Participants' emotional/behavioral problems were assessed via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and anxiety symptoms were evaluated by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). ASD-associated deficiencies include restricted repetitive behaviors (Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised), poor social competence (Social Responsiveness Scale Second Edition) and motor development restrictions (Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire).ResultsOf the 78 participants, daily vigorous PA (VPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) averaged 15.62 and 51.95 min, respectively. After adjustment for covariates, SDQ emotional symptoms (β = −0.060, p = 0.028) were inversely associated with the average daily minutes in VPA. Meanwhile, SDQ emotional symptoms (β = −0.033, p = 0.016) were inversely associated with the average daily MVPA minutes in the crude model. After adjustment for covariates, SCARED somatic/panic (β = −0.007, p = 0.040) and generalized anxiety (β = −0.025, p = 0.014) were negatively associated with the average daily VPA minutes; SCARED total anxiety (β = −0.006, p = 0.029) was conversely associated with daily MVPA duration. After adjustment for covariates, no significant associations between accelerometer-measured SB, PA and step counts and ASD-related deficiencies were found (p > 0.05).ConclusionsAccelerometer-measured SB, PA and step counts showed no associations with ASD-related deficiencies. On this basis, we further found that the emotional symptoms were inversely associated with VPA and MVPA. These results emphasize the importance of VPA and MVPA in children with ASD. The longitudinally investigations on the directionality of these associations between emotional symptoms with VPA and MVPA are needed in the future.

Contextualizing Potential Factors Impacting on Behaviors of Primary School Adolescents in Northern Uganda.

Our study contextualized empirical factors influencing adolescent behaviors. An assessment using focus group discussion (FGD) was done with randomly selected adolescents in primary schools in Northern Uganda to explore the influence of child poverty and parenting among other factors on adolescents' behaviors. A semi-structured interview guide and in-depth interviews were also conducted for parents/guardians and teachers, respectively. Adolescents expressed desirable developmental outcomes contrary to teachers' concerns regarding achieving them. Parenting and places of residence had a significant positive impact on adolescent behaviors, with the village residence having a much earlier influence compared to parenting. Our findings revealed a scanty understanding of child poverty, parenting, and adolescent development among parents/guardians. Any action-oriented toward awareness would promote adolescent behavioral development.

Pornography Addiction on Adolescent: A Systemic Review of Reported Impact on Brain and Sexual Behavior

This review aimed to systematize empirical research published between 2014 to present on the implications of adolescents' use of pornography. As the phenomenon of pornography addiction among adolescents today is increasing significantly it raises the question of the impact of exposure to pornography on adolescents. Specifically, the influence on the development of adolescent brain function and sexual behavior. To achieve the goal of the study, a systematic search was conducted, and a simple thematic analysis approach was used to identify the effects of pornography addiction as discussed by previous researchers on similar topics on Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, and Google Scholar throughout August 2021 to determine the latest evidence and observations. A literature review of 20 relevant studies was thoroughly proved that the effects of pornography addiction on adolescents is a hotly debated topic, it can be addicted and stimulated the reward pathway in the brain, and negatively associated with increased sexual behavior. As several empirical studies definitively examine this problem. Some themes and implications of these findings are discussed.

The Parent Effect. How Parenting Style Affects Adolescent Behavior and Personality Development. Joanne E. Carlson

The rich content found in The Parent Effect provides great insight and guidance, during what can be a difficult time with parents and their adolescent teenagers. Carlson shines a bright light on how parents can observe the association with their parenting style and their adolescent behavior. In the introduction of the book, Carlson lays out Erik Erikson’s theory of the eight stages of development and then explains in detail what is “normal adolescent behavior.” Then she presents the five types of parenting styles that are the focus of her book. A quiz is provided for readers who are parents to explore their parenting style. In my social work experience, Carlson is spot on when she explains how the adolescent is affected by parenting styles; I see it in the behaviors of the adolescents I work with. However, parenting styles are half of the problem of an adolescent’s behavior. The parents’ behavior can and does cause huge problems within an adolescent’s life and may result in adolescents living in foster care, living with friends, going to juvenile facilities, or entering inpatient hospitalization. Overall, parental figures’ irresponsible actions cause additional problems in what is an already troubled situation in the environment of the home for the adolescent.

DAMPAK PORNOGRAFI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PERILAKU REMAJA

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood with an age range of 12-22 years, during which a maturation process occurs, both physical and psychological. According to WHO, anemia is the biggest nutritional problem in adolescents which can have a negative impact on their performance and cognitive growth. Increased knowledge through a health education approach is an activity to provide and improve cognitive, affective to individuals in this case young women in order to maintain and strengthen their own health. Health education about anemia in young women can provide knowledge about nutrition in adolescents in order to prevent anemia in young women. Exposure to pornography in children is mainly obtained through the internet which is exacerbated by "lifestyle" and lack of supervision, no communication, demands are too high, violence against children. children, not knowing the potential of children, as well as discrimination from parents and the environment can trigger teenagers to be exposed to pornography. The sophistication of technology makes it easy to access sex-laden content, namely pornography, so that many teenagers enjoy this and become addicted. The method in implementing community service is carried out by lecture, discussion and question and answer methods using a flipchart while the output obtained is increased awareness and knowledge of adolescents about the impact of pornography on the development of adolescent behavior in SMA N 1 Tegal. The outputs obtained are education and understanding to children about the dangers of pornography and teenagers so that there are no deviations and bad behavior in the process of developing adolescent behavior at SMA N 1 Tegal.

Internet Addiction and Emotional and Behavioral Maladjustment in Mainland Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Lagged Panel Analyses.

Adolescence is a developmental stage when adolescents are vulnerable to addictive behaviors, such as Internet addiction (IA), which refers to pathological use of the Internet. Although there are views proposing that the links between IA and adolescent problem behavior may be bidirectional in nature, few studies have examined the reciprocal relationships between IA and other maladjustment indicators, and even fewer studies have simultaneously employed both emotional and behavioral maladjustment indicators in a single study. To address the above research gaps, the present study investigated how IA is associated with both depression and delinquency among Chinese adolescents. Two waves of data were collected at two consecutive years, respectively, with 1year apart, from 3,010 students (Mean age=13.16, SD=0.81; 57.48% boys) in four junior high schools in mainland China. These students completed the same questionnaire containing measures of IA, depression, and delinquency at each wave. The proposed cross-lagged panel model fitted the data very well, and there were significant positive reciprocal effects between IA and depression as well as delinquency after controlling for background socio-demographic factors. Gender differences were also observed in multi-group comparisons. Specifically, IA showed a stronger longitudinal impact on delinquency among boys than among girls. While depression significantly predicted IA in 1year among boys, such a prediction was not significant among girls. These findings delineate the bidirectionality of the associations between IA and emotional and behavioral maladjustment indexed by depression and delinquency, respectively. The findings also suggest that researchers and practitioners have to take gender differences as well as different developmental indicators in understanding the bidirectional influences between IA and adolescent behavioral and emotional development.

Shared Genetic Etiology between Cortical Brain Morphology and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with brain morphology and substance use behaviors (SUB). However, the genetic overlap between brain structure and SUB has not been well characterized. We leveraged GWAS summary data of 71 brain imaging measures and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use to investigate their genetic overlap using linkage disequilibrium score regression. We used genomic structural equation modeling to model a "common SUB genetic factor" and investigated its genetic overlap with brain structure. Furthermore, we estimated SUB polygenic risk scores (PRS) and examined whether they predicted brain imaging traits using the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We identified 8 significant negative genetic correlations, including between (1) alcoholic drinks per week and average cortical thickness, and (2) intracranial volume with age of smoking initiation. We observed 5 positive genetic correlations, including those between (1) insula surface area and lifetime cannabis use, and (2) the common SUB genetic factor and pericalcarine surface area. SUB PRS were associated with brain structure variation in ABCD. Our findings highlight a shared genetic etiology between cortical brain morphology and SUB and suggest that genetic variants associated with SUB may be causally related to brain structure differences.

The Influence of Social Media on the Behavior of Teenagers at SMK Bina Satria Medan

Broadly speaking, social media can be said as an online media, where users (users) can share, participate, and create accounts in the form of blogs, forums, and social networks using internet-based applications supported by information technology to create virtual world spaces. The emergence of various kinds of social media has a direct influence, both positive and negative. For vocational students who belong to the category of teenagers, they are part of social media users with a high percentage level. Because adolescence is a period of transition from children so that curiosity is very high, it is possible that social media can become an addiction so that they lose time for other more important activities. There is a lot they can see and get from using social media, whether it's social media or social media. positive and not a little negative that they can imitate so that there are many impacts resulting from the use of social media for teenagers without direct monitoring from family or parents. Therefore, with this training, it can provide insight and knowledge to students that social media has a major influence on the development of adolescent behavior so that they can manage their time and themselves in using social media so as not to reduce enthusiasm and student learning achievements to continue to achieve their goals. his wish.