Admission Prices Research Articles

Analysis of the Relationship Between Admission Prices and Line-Ups Artist on Visitor Purchasing Decisions to Attend the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 Music Festival

<p><em>The purpose of this study and research was made to determine and analyze the relationship that exists between the admission ticket price variable on visitor purchasing decisions at the K-Pop themed music festival event, namely Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024, the relationship between the artist line-up variable on visitor purchasing decisions at the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 music festival event, and the relationship between admission ticket prices and artist line-ups on visitor purchasing decisions at the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 music festival event.</em></p><p><em>Through data collection conducted by means of survey research. The participants in this study were visitors who attended the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 event, and the sample selection was 100 respondents. The technique of collecting data using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability, and with data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression analysis. The study showed positive and significant results, as follows: (1) There is a positive influence of the admission ticket price on consumer purchasing decisions at the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 event. This is evidenced by the T test value, and getting a t value of 8.034 with a significance value of 0.001 <0.05, and a regression coefficient value of 0.407. (2) There is a positive influence of the artist line-up on consumer purchasing decisions at the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 event. This is evidenced by the T test value, and getting a t value of 10.685 with a significance value of 0.001 <0.05, and a regression coefficient value of 0.768. (3) There is a positive influence of the admission ticket price and artist line-up on consumer purchasing decisions at the Saranghaeyo Indonesia 2024 event. This is evidenced by the F test value, and obtained a calculated f value of 71,778 with a significance value of 0.001 <0.05</em></p>

Charles Fleetwood, the 1744 Drury Lane Riots, and Pricing Practices in Eighteenth‐Century British Theatre

AbstractIn November 1744, a series of riots broke out at Drury Lane theatre, forcing its proprietor, Charles Fleetwood, to sell his majority share of the theatrical patent. Theatre scholarship has long held that the riots were caused by Fleetwood's attempt to raise admission prices for old pantomimes, yet also, somewhat contradictorily, has maintained that admission prices definitively increased at London's patent theatres in the period around 1740. This article shows both points to be mistaken: prices did not rise in the period, and Fleetwood was forced out due to a range of grievances that had developed over the preceding decade. By revealing how pricing practices, Fleetwood's tenure, and the riots developed, this article provides new insights on a crucial period in London's theatre history (the 1730s–40s) and on the wider social and economic dynamics of Georgian theatregoing.

The Windmill Row Theatre and the Irish (1796–1804): Civilizing Sydney Cove’s Convict Society

This essay examines the role of the Irish, and the performance of Irishness, in the Windmill Row Theatre (1796–1804), which opened a mere eight years after the penal colony of Sydney Cove was established. Influenced by revisionist histories such as Grace Karskens’ The Colony: A History of Early Sydney (2010), and by recent research about the performativity of Irishness on the eighteenth-century London and Dublin stages, it enriches the view that the colony was intended to be ‘a society, not a gaol’. While it offers a corrective to the idea that Sydney Cove was ‘a subsistence colony that would transform felons into farmers’, it takes issue with Robert Jordan's argument in The Convict Theatres of Early Australia (2002) that the theatre would have had little impact on the Irish. It proposes that several plays that were staged constituted a social experiment to manage the gender imbalance in the colony, and also considers the impact of Irish political protest, the role of the 1798 Rising and the effect of the contentious ‘Union of Hearts’ of 1800 on the theatre. It further speculates about Irish convict access to Australia's first commercial theatre, which had its own specifically designed building, booking system, regime of admission prices, and paid staff and actors.

Do State Bans of Most-Favored-Nation Contract Clauses Restrain Price Growth? Evidence From Hospital Prices.

Most-favored-nation (MFN) contract clauses have recently garnered attention from both Congress and state legislatures looking for ways to curtail market power abuses in health care and rein in prices. In health care, a typical MFN contract clause is stipulated by the insurer and requires a health care provider to grant the insurer the lowest (i.e., the most-favored) price among the insurers it contracts with. As of August 2020, 20 states restrict the use of MFN clauses in health care contracts (19 states ban their use in at least some health care contracts), with 8 states prohibiting their use between 2010 and 2016. Using event study and difference-in-differences research designs, we compared prices for a standardized hospital admission in states that banned MFN clauses between 2010 and 2016 with standardized hospital admission prices in states without MFN bans. Our results show that bans on MFN clauses reduced hospital price growth in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with highly concentrated insurer markets. Specifically, we found that mean hospital prices in MSAs with highly concentrated insurer markets would have been $472 (2.8%) lower in 2016 had the MSAs been in states that banned MFN clauses in 2010. In 2016, the population in our sample that resided in MSAs with highly concentrated insurer markets was just under 75 million (23% of the US population). Hence, banning MFN clauses in all MSAs in our sample with highly concentrated insurer markets in 2010 would have generated savings on hospital expenditures in the range of $2.4 billion per year. Our empirical findings suggest banning MFN clauses between insurers and providers in highly concentrated insurer markets would improve competition and lead to lower prices and expenditures.

Revenue maximization in service systems with heterogeneous customers

In this paper, we consider revenue maximization problems for service systems with heterogeneous customers. To extract meaningful insights, we consider a simplified two queue system where each server charges an admission price to its customers. The customers differ in their cost for unit delay and this customer heterogeneity is modeled as a random variable with distribution F. On arrival, the customers must choose a server that offers the lowest sum of admission price and the expected delay cost.Given the admission prices at the two servers and the explicit knowledge of the distribution F, we first characterize the Wardrop equilibrium routing for the heterogeneous customers. We then consider a monopoly system where both the servers belong to a single operator. For this system we characterize the revenue maximizing program for the monopoly operator and outline its properties. We then consider the duopoly problem where each server competes with the other server to maximize its revenue rate. For the special case when the servers have identical service capacity, we obtain the necessary condition for existence of symmetric Nash equilibrium prices.For the analysis of the monopoly and the duopoly problem, the heterogeneity distribution F is assumed to be explicitly known. However, for most practical scenarios, the functional form of F may not be known to the system operator and in such cases, the revenue maximizing prices cannot be determined. In the last part of the paper, we provide an elementary method to estimate the distribution F. This method relies on suitably varying the admission prices based on the properties of the Wardrop equilibrium. We also illustrate this method with some suitable numerical examples.

Strategic arrivals to queues offering priority service

We consider strategic arrivals to a FCFS service system that starts service at a fixed time and has to serve a fixed number of customers, for example, an airplane boarding system. Arriving early induces a higher waiting cost (waiting before service begins) while arriving late induces a cost because earlier arrivals take the better seats. We first consider arrivals of heterogenous customers that choose arrival times to minimize the weighted sum of waiting cost and cost due to expected number of predecessors. We characterize the unique Nash equilibria for this system. Next, we consider a system offering L levels of priority service with a FCFS queue for each priority level. Higher priorities are charged higher admission prices. Customers make two choices—time of arrival and priority of service. We show that the Nash equilibrium corresponds to the customer types being divided into L intervals and customers belonging to each interval choosing the same priority level. We further analyze the net revenue to the server and consider revenue maximizing strategies—number of priority levels and pricing. Numerical results show that with only a small number of queues (two or three) the server can obtain nearly the maximum revenue.

Dynamic Pricing Control for Open Queueing Networks

Pricing control is an important problem in service systems and it aims to control customer behaviors through an economic way, instead of administrative commands. In this paper, we study a dynamic pricing and service rate control problem in an open Jackson network with limited capacity. The goal is to determine the optimal admission prices and the optimal service rates at every state such that the long-run average social welfare is maximized. The original problem is decomposed into a rate-setting problem plus a price-setting problem. To solve the rate-setting problem, we derive a difference formula based on the sensitivity-based optimization theory. When the cost rate function is convex in service rates and the value rate function is concave in arrival rates, we decompose the rate-setting problem into a series of convex optimization subproblems. When the rate functions have linear structure, these subproblems are even simpler and a bang–bang control is optimal. For the price-setting problem, we determine the state-dependent prices so as to induce the optimal arrival rates obtained by the rate-setting problem. We propose a recursive algorithm to numerically compute the conditional expected delays at every state. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments to explore the optimality properties and some useful insights for this dynamic pricing control problem.

Insurer Market Power Lowers Prices In Numerous Concentrated Provider Markets.

Using prices of hospital admissions and visits to five types of physicians, we analyzed how provider and insurer market concentration-as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)-interact and are correlated with prices. We found evidence that in the range of the Department of Justice's and Federal Trade Commission's definition of a moderately concentrated market (HHI of 1,500-2,500), insurers have the bargaining power to reduce provider prices in highly concentrated provider markets. In particular, hospital admission prices were 5percent lower and cardiologist, radiologist, and hematologist/oncologist visit prices were 4percent, 7percent, and 19percent lower, respectively, in markets with high provider concentration and insurer HHI above 2,000, compared to such markets with insurer HHI below 2,000. We did not find evidence that high insurer concentration reduced visit prices for primary care physicians or orthopedists, however. The policy dilemma that arises from our findings is that there are no insurer market mechanisms that will pass a portion of these price reductions on to consumers in the form of lower premiums. Large purchasers of health insurance such as state and federal governments, as well as the use of regulatory approaches, could provide a solution.

Optimal Control of Admission Prices and Service Rates in Open Queueing Networks

Pricing control is an important problem in service systems. In this paper, we study a dynamic pricing and control problem in an open Jackson network. The goal is to determine the optimal admission prices and the optimal service rates at every state such that the long-run average welfare of the whole system is maximized. We prove that the original problem is equivalent to a rate-setting problem plus a price-setting problem. To solve the rate-setting problem, we derive a difference formula based on the sensitivity-based optimization theory. When the cost rate function is convex in service rates and the value rate function is concave in arrival rates, we decompose the rate-setting problem into a series of convex optimization sub problems. When the rate functions have linear structure, these sub problems are even simpler and a bang-bang control is optimal. For the price-setting problem, we determine the state-dependent prices so as to induce the optimal arrival rates obtained by the rate-setting problem. We propose a recursive algorithm to numerically compute the expected delays at every state. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments to explore properties of the optimal arrival rates, service rates, prices, and expected delays obtained by our approach.

Adolfo Bustamante’s María la O (1948) and the Cinematic Transformation of Cuban Zarzuela

Abstract Cuban zarzuela flourished for a brief period of time, from the late 1920s to the early 1940s, providing the Western hemisphere with some of its best-loved melodies. The musical and dramatic codes of the zarzuela represented both hegemonic power and social marginality. Composers took preexisting racialized theatrical types and created a phenomenon that was as pedagogical as it was entertaining, instructing Cuba’s growing bourgeoisie about the need for social and racial stability. The zarzuela trafficked in desire, supporting a white-supremacist ideology while simultaneously advocating the consumption of blackness, a strategy that it shared with the larger afrocubanismo movement. The short lifespan of zarzuela in Cuba has frequently been blamed on the rise of cinema, which offered lower admission prices and greater realism. This article contends that rather than replacing the zarzuela, the emerging Cuban and Mexican film industries absorbed and transformed it, appropriating its plots, performance practices, composers, technical designers, and even performers. I explore the zarzuela’s transformation from stage to screen through Mexican filmmaker Adolfo Bustamante’s 1948 adaptation of Ernesto Lecuona’s 1930 zarzuela, María la O. The film’s negotiation of its borrowed content is instructive in understanding how the racialized codes of the zarzuela were reworked to speak to a larger Latin American audience. In removing cultural markers, filmmakers effectively excised any sense of subversive ambivalence from their original source material, engaging in a “flattening out” of racialized discourse and performance practice that mirrored trends emanating from the U.S. and Europe.

High Museum Shows Work From New York Streets to Children’s Books

High Museum Shows Work From New York Streets to Children’s Books

Managing revenue in Scottish visitor attractions

Revenue management is often identified as a potentially valuable tool for addressing some of the challenges currently facing visitor attractions. This article sets out to investigate the adoption of revenue-management practices by Scottish paid-entry attractions and examines how this usage has changed over the period 1999–2009. It begins with a review of the literature published over that decade and then outlines the research methods used to gather the data used in the study. Key findings indicate that while there is significant potential for Scottish visitor attractions to employ revenue-management practices, their current use is limited both in terms of scope and sophistication. Greater adoption of revenue-management practices, such as price differentiation and the management of revenue information, is evident across the sector. However, attractions charging higher admission prices and with greater levels of turnover tend to be those adopting the more advanced revenue-management practices. The range of revenue-generation streams employed by Scottish attractions has widened over the decade, as has the range of pricing mechanisms employed. The findings indicate the value of longitudinal research and indicate the need for further work in this area.

An Investigation into the Determining Factors of Zoo Visitor Attendances in UK Zoos

The debate as to which animals are most beneficial to keep in zoos in terms of financial and conservative value is readily disputed; however, demographic factors have also been shown to relate to visitor numbers on an international level. The main aims of this research were: (1) To observe the distribution and location of zoos across the UK, (2) to develop a way of calculating zoo popularity in terms of the species kept within a collection and (3) to investigate the factors related to visitor numbers regarding admission costs, popularity of the collection in terms of the species kept and local demographic factors. Zoo visitor numbers were positively correlated with generated popularity ratings for zoos based on the species kept within a collection and admission prices (Pearson correlation: n = 34, r = 0.268, P = 0.126 and n = 34, r = −0.430, P = 0.011). Animal collections are aggregated around large cities and tourist regions, particularly coastal areas. No relationship between demographic variables and visitor numbers was found (Pearson correlation: n = 34, r = 0.268, P = 0.126), which suggests that the popularity of a zoo's collection relative to the types and numbers of species kept is more indicative of a collection's visitor numbers than its surrounding demographic figures. Zoos should incorporate generating high popularity scores as part of their collection planning strategies, to ensure that they thrive in the future, not only as tourist attractions but also as major conservation organizations.

Searching for the Concentration-Price Effect in the German Movie Theater Industry

Summary The empirical relationship between market concentration and prices has been well established for a long time and for numerous industries. Recently it was confirmed for the US movie theater industry. This paper investigates, whether such a price-concentration relationship can be found on local cinema markets in Germany as well, focusing on up-to-date mainstream movies. First, we develop a model of monopolistic pricing and estimate its parameters using data of monopoly markets from a new set of German micro data. Then we apply the estimated model to simulate monopoly prices on local markets with two or more operators and compare them to the prices actually observed in these markets. We find no significant difference in admission prices, which puts our study in contrast to the results found on local US markets. Searching for an explanation, we test whether movie theater operators even though being located in the same geographic area, are local monopolists, but find no hint of that, either.

Differentiation for competitive advantage in a small family business

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report how a small, family‐owned children's play centre can achieve competitive advantage by developing a differentiated service. The aim is to show how this differentiation strategy is operationalized in a small family business using safety critical and work critical regulatory practices, and to examine their impact on operations and customers.Design/methodology/approachA case study approach was taken, collecting data through observation over a 24‐month period from design, through construction, to the first 18 months of operations. A survey of customers was undertaken after the centre had been open for 12 months.FindingsFrom startup in 2005, the centre has attracted between 1,500 and 2,000 children per week. It charges premium admission prices (twice those of competitors) and also charges for accompanying adults. Customers travel up to 20 miles to the centre, extremely high customer satisfaction levels are achieved, over 99 per cent of customers would recommend the centre to others and repeat visits are the norm.Research limitations/implicationsThe research covers a single case and therefore is only generalisable back to theory rather than to the population of free‐standing children's soft play area businesses.Practical implicationsWhen organizations within a particular industry sector operate within the confines of that industry's legal requirements, it is the voluntary practices that are likely to lead to differentiation of the service.Originality/valueThe paper provides a detailed case study on how a small family business achieves competitive advantage by utilising safety critical and work critical practices to strategically differentiate its service offering.

Disney's Return to Theme Park Dominance in Florida

This paper investigates the increasing evidence that Disney has restored its market share dominance and price leadership power in the Central Florida theme park market, while reasserting this region as the base for its global empire. Disney appears to have weathered deep-pocketed challenges from Universal Studios and Las Vegas Hotels successfully, as well as addressing concerns about its ageing brands, adverse demographic trends and post-9/11 international travel restrictions. After analysing attendance data series and updating ticket price patterns, the authors design a classical attendance demand model to investigate alternative explanations for Disney's surprising re-emergence. The model generates estimates of critical elasticities with rival theme park admission prices, gasoline prices, airfares, income and currency exchange rate fluctuations. These findings are pitted against conventional wisdom in explaining Disney's resurgence.

The Melodramatic Nation: Integration and Polarization in the Argentine Cinema of the 1930s

The Melodramatic Nation: Integration and Polarization in the Argentine Cinema of the 1930s

The Effect of Local Competition on Admission Prices in the U.S. Motion Picture Exhibition Market

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the relationship between local market structure and the prices charged to consumers in the U.S. motion picture exhibition market. I find that there is a statistically significant relationship between the geographic distribution of movie theaters in a market and the admission prices that they are able to charge. However, the magnitude of the price‐reducing effect of local competition appears to be economically modest. Moreover, I find no evidence that increases in geographic concentration lead to increased adult admission prices. The findings are directly relevant to merger policy in the industry and pertinent because of the dramatic changes in industry structure resulting from mergers that occurred during 2002. I conclude that the available evidence suggests that popular and governmental concerns about horizontal mergers in the industry leading to dramatically increased admission prices are likely misplaced.

The Australian Football League's Recent Progress: A Study In Cartel Conduct And Monopoly Power

Over the last twenty-five years, the Australian Football League (AFL), and its predecessor, the Victorian Football League (VFL) has become a central feature of the Australian sporting landscape by creating and managing a national competition. However, in the 1980s it was a Melbourne-based league facing serious structural and financial problems as player costs exploded. At the same time, a number of clubs were unable to trade profitably, and the richer clubs were toying with the idea of forming a break-away competition. The transformation of the AFL from a parochial suburban competition to heavily commercialised national league is analysed through the prism of cartel structure and conduct. It is concluded that first, even in its previous guise as the VFL, it adopted many cartel-like features, including controls over player transfers, fixed admission prices, and gate equalisation policies. Second, the establishment of a governing Commission in 1984 strengthened its monopoly power, and enabled it to set a singular vision for the game's development. This vision, in turn, enabled the AFL to create a national participation program that became the envy of every other sport association in Australia. Third, in achieving this outcome, the AFL tightened its authority over its member teams, administrators, coaches and players. Finally, within this cartel arrangement, member clubs surrendered their autonomy in return for an assurance that they would share the benefits from the AFL's growth and national expansion. In short, the AFL has strategically exploited its cartel features and monopoly power to become Australia's dominant sports league.

Attendance and pricing at sporting events: empirical results from Granger Causality Tests for the Melbourne Cup

This study applies Granger causality tests to examine the relationship between attendance, admission prices and real income at the Melbourne Cup, which is Australia’s premier horseracing event and one of the world’s leading handicap races. The motivation for the paper is that while market demand suggests that causation should run from admission price to attendance, it is equally plausible that sporting authorities could alter admission prices in response to a change in demand reflected in attendance. The main findings are that in the short-run there is unidirectional Granger causality running from income to attendance, attendance to admission price and income to admission price, while in the long run both admission price and income Granger cause attendance.