Administrative Restriction Research Articles

Review: Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and U.S.-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932, by Benjamin C. Montoya

Risking Immeasurable Harm makes an important contribution to the historiography by delineating the role that diplomatic pressure from the Mexican government played in limiting U.S. anti-immigrant measures in the pivotal period from 1924 to 1932. This period included the end of the so-called “Roaring Twenties” as well as the Great Depression. As historian Mai Ngai has argued, the 1920s featured attempts on a global scale to centralize the power of the nation-state—and specifically the notion of state sovereignty—by means of immigration restrictions. In 1926, B. Traven, a foreign-born resident of Mexico whose origins remain subject to debate, drove this point home in a possibly autobiographical novel, The Death Ship, which features a decrepit boat sailing the sea with a cargo of undocumented workers in search of a country to accept these migrants.Indeed, immigration restrictions were as powerful a political issue in the late 1920s and early 1930s as they are now. For Mexico, emigration to the United States served as an important escape valve at a time when three major rebellions—de la Huerta (1923–1924), Cristero (1926–1929), and Escobar (1929)—pitted citizens against a central government only gradually strengthening after the ravages of the first decade of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). At the same time, Mexican exiles threatened the stability of that government by plotting revolts, as Julian Dodson and others have demonstrated in recent scholarship. A well-regulated immigration policy hence benefited both governments.However, deep racial resentments precluded rational immigration policies. A State Department official considered Mexicans “backward, intellectually infantile, illiterate, prone to violence, inherently undemocratic” (p. 27). Advocates of legal restrictions believed Mexicans to be “a hazard to U.S. society and its institutions” (p. 126). Nonetheless, initial U.S. restrictions against immigrants from Mexico were “administrative” rather than “legislative” restrictions. In other words, restrictions were the result of a nascent immigration enforcement apparatus (much of which shared such ideas) rather than the product of legislation, and adherents of a quota did not get their wish, even after the onset of the Great Depression. In 1930, when a U.S. senator from Georgia, William J. Harris, proposed a bill instituting the first-ever quota system on Mexican immigration; administrative restrictions were so effective that “not a single common laborer…gained legal admittance into the United States for over a year” (p. 234). Thus, the Harris Bill failed precisely because administrative restrictions had been so effective. Not only had Mexicans been kept out, but the Great Depression had also eliminated the jobs that had attracted them in the first place. In addition, the U.S. government also removed U.S. citizens of Mexican descent from the national territory.One strength of the book is its binational lens on a topic that has usually been examined chiefly through an exclusively U.S. perspective. Montoya brings the Mexican perspective to life by drawing upon Mexican archival sources. However, these sources make fewer appearances in the notes than their U.S. counterparts. The author omits one important archive—the Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca, which houses the papers of several Mexican presidents and policymakers of the 1920s and 1930s and is particularly valuable for the study of foreign relations. Montoya only uses English-language scholarship, thus eliding the perspective of important Mexican scholars such as Lorenzo Meyer and many others. Therefore, Risking Immeasurable Harm is valuable as a study of U.S. immigration policy and the input in it provided by agents of the Mexican state and by the Mexican immigrants themselves. Montoya summarizes this input on p. 250 in explaining why the U.S. government opted for administrative restrictions over legislative strictures when it came to immigration from Mexico: “administrative restriction was the perfect compromise between a Westphalian sense of national sovereignty and a Wilsonian notion of more cooperative diplomatic relations.” From the Mexican perspective, the reality of how many Mexicans crossed the border was not as important as the absence of a formal discriminatory quota system and limits to a racialized discourse that discriminated against Mexicans.Taking an expansive view of immigration policies and practices beyond immigration law, this book is a valuable contribution to specialists interested in the history of immigration into the United States. It shows the complexity of the internal debates in the United States over immigration policy, as well as the role in Mexican diplomats and agents in these debates.

In-Hospital Mortality in Non-COVID-19-Related Diseases before and during the Pandemic: A Regional Retrospective Study.

Italy was one of the nations most affected by SARS-CoV-2. During the pandemic period, the national government approved some restrictions to reduce diffusion of the virus. We aimed to evaluate changes in in-hospital mortality and its possible relation with patient comorbidities and different restrictive public health measures adopted during the 2020 pandemic period. We analyzed the hospital discharge records of inpatients from public and private hospitals in Apulia (Southern Italy) from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. The study period was divided into four phases according to administrative restriction. The possible association between in-hospital deaths, hospitalization period, and covariates such as age group, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) class, and length of hospitalization stay (LoS) class was evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model. The risk of death was slightly higher in men than in women (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07) and was lower for every age group below the >75 years age group. The risk of in-hospital death was lower for hospitalizations with a lower CCI score. In summary, our analysis shows a possible association between in-hospital mortality in non-COVID-19-related diseases and restrictive measures of public health. The risk of hospital death increased during the lockdown period.

An anti-corruption value of administrative and legal restrictions of joint work of near persons in justice system

The article focuses on the formulation of an urgent comprehensive scientific thought on the anti-corruption value of the administrative and legal restriction of the closely affiliated persons’ collaboration in the justice system of Ukraine. It is a justified restriction of the citizens’ rights to access professional public service in the justice system, provided by national administrative legislation, to continue public service and to exercise a career in this system, by preventing the conclusion of a service contract, blocking the promotion of persons, if this predetermines about direct subordination to a closely affiliated person; termination of official legal relations with persons who are in a relationship of direct subordination to a closely affiliated person. It is noted that the general anti-corruption essence of the restriction under consideration is manifested in the fact that this restriction appears as a «personnel barrier» for increasing corruption risks in the justice system due to the implementation of personnel policy, as well as a “personnel instrument” for correcting situations when a violation of the corresponding restrictions takes place. Considering the concept and essence of limiting the collaboration of closely affiliated persons in the justice system, the author proves that the anti-corruption value of such a limitation is that it: while restricting the joint work of closely affiliated persons in the justice system, makes it impossible for nepotism as a separate manifestation of corruption to arise in this system; is a real barrier that reduces the dynamics of the spread of corruption and limits its scale (primarily, in the form of nepotism) in the system of public administration subjects in Ukraine in general and in the justice system in particular; contributes to increasing the authority of judges, professional public service in general and the level of respect and trust of society in the judiciary, the state, as well as reducing legal nihilism in society; maximizes positive incentives for lawful behavior of citizens in general and professional public servants in the justice system, in particular; is the actual result of a public demand for a decrease in the level of tolerance to corruption in the public administration system in general and in justice system, in particular. In the conclusions to the article, it is noted that non-compliance with the administrative and legal restrictions on the collaboration of closely affiliated persons in the justice system creates a situation in which the public service bodies in this system are filled with close persons, who may enter into a corruption conspiracy to use the common good and public interest in their own (personal) interests, which is unacceptable because it distorts the purpose of the existence of the state in general and the judicial power, in particular. Keywords: administrative and legal restrictions, anti-corruption value, corruption in the justice system, joint work of closely affiliated persons, justice system, personnel barrier, personnel tool.

Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and US-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932

In Risking Immeasurable Harm, Benjamin Montoya examines the factors behind, and the response to, a campaign in the United States during the late 1920s and early 1930s to impose tough restrictions on Mexican immigration. Though measures enacted between 1917 and 1924 had significantly curtailed the flow of migrants to the United States from Europe and Asia, the national quotas introduced by this legislation did not apply to the countries of the Western Hemisphere. A concern over Mexican immigration in particular—fueled largely, as Montoya shows, by the view that Mexican migrants were racially inferior and unassimilable—prompted restrictionists to seek to remedy this omission. Calls by some legislators for an extension of the quota were opposed by the State Department, which argued that such a move would damage an improving relationship with Mexico's postrevolutionary government. In a bid to defuse congressional efforts to write new limits on Mexican immigration into law, consular officials resorted to “administrative restriction”—the much stricter application of existing rules and regulations—to bring about a substantial reduction in the legal cross-border movement of Mexican workers. With the successful application of this strategy, followed by a reversal in the flow of migrants with the massive repatriation of Mexicans during the early years of the Great Depression, the push for additional legal curbs on Mexican immigration dissipated, and a potential crisis in bilateral relations was averted.Montoya's study captures a moment at which immigration was at once becoming increasingly prominent as a domestic political issue and emerging as a phenomenon that could affect relationships between states. He provides a valuable account of the way in which the United States resisted acknowledging that immigration could be a legitimate foreign policy issue, insisting to other governments that bilateral or multilateral approaches to managing migration would impinge on US sovereignty to an unacceptable extent. Nonetheless, top officials such as Secretary of State Frank Kellogg were mindful of the potential consequences for US foreign relations of a less welcoming immigration regime for citizens of Mexico and other American nations. Indeed, Kellogg told a Senate committee in 1928 that the introduction of a quota would “adversely affect the present good relations” enjoyed by the United States across the Western Hemisphere and that it would be especially unfortunate to imperil an improved relationship with Mexico that was “a source of considerable satisfaction to [the US] government” (pp. 75–76).A central contention of Risking Immeasurable Harm is that it was largely “diplomatic pressure”—rather than economic considerations—that “prevented congressional efforts to curb Mexican immigration” (p. 1). There is little evidence, however, that Mexican diplomatic representations or activism by Mexican officials had a significant bearing on the course or outcome of the debate over immigration restriction. Though Foreign Minister Genaro Estrada is said to have warned US ambassador Dwight Morrow that the imposition of a quota would give rise to “considerable feeling” on the part of the Mexican people, Mexican leaders generally accepted the right of the US government to regulate immigration as it saw fit and were ambivalent about the phenomenon of migration to the United States in any case (p. 89). US officials recognized, however, that Mexican public opinion would deeply resent the insult of an immigration quota that was justified on the grounds of the supposed inferiority and undesirability of the Mexican people. (It is noteworthy that Montoya's citations of Mexican press comment on proposals for immigration restriction show that he encountered the relevant clippings in US diplomatic files, giving an indication of the way in which US officials monitored and assessed Mexican views on the issue.) Administrative restriction was therefore seen as a preferable way to assuage congressional concerns. Though the effect—a massive reduction in Mexican immigration—was the same, the rigid application of literacy, health, and passport requirements did not carry with it the same relationship-damaging sting of legislation founded on an assertion of racial superiority.Risking Immeasurable Harm draws on significant research in both US and Mexican archives to provide original analysis of an early and little-known episode in the history of immigration as an issue in the relationship between the two countries. (Perhaps unsurprisingly given the focus on a policy debate centered in Washington, there is a greater reliance on US sources than Mexican ones, and engagement with relevant secondary literature in Spanish is limited.) For historians of US foreign policy, this book also provides a fascinating early case study of an executive branch effort to avoid having constraints placed by Congress on its ability to conduct foreign relations.

COVID-19 Pandemic - New Stage of Social Digital Transformation

The authors focus on the problems of social digital modernization, with COVID-19 pandemic being another stage in it. The pandemic crisis is considered by them as one of the global network threats of a new type. It is emphasized that amid the administrative restriction of physical contacts, digital networks fully unlock their communication potential and demonstrate the capacities of online formats of information consumption. At the same time, the network nature of virtual communication determines the specifics of social response to coronavirus crisis challenges which is expressed in infodemiological contamination of the media space. The context of the pandemic boosts innovative technological developments in different areas of human activity and encourages the spread of various useful online social practices, however, at the same time it allows assessing the degree and scope of risks connected with the forced digitalization of the sphere of the humanities. A new digital stratification of society, technologization and dehumanization of the social fabric, blurring the borders of human life privacy pervaded with different forms of external digital control are becoming real threats. The question of acceptable limits of state digital interference in civil rights and freedoms and, generally, the question of preserving the fundamental democratic values amid the global digital transformation are becoming relevant. The authors discuss the reinterpretation of the social contract main parameters at the new stage of social and technological development, also touching upon the project of its modification in the globalist sense, and make a conclusion about the need to focus on the cultural matrix and the existing social values when accomplishing the objectives of its digital reformatting.

Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and U.S.–Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932 by Benjamin C. Montoya

Reviewed by: Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and U.S.–Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932 by Benjamin C. Montoya Aaron W. Navarro Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and U.S.–Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932. By Benjamin C. Montoya. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020. Pp. 342. Tables, notes, bibliography, index.) The first great change elucidated in this fine new book is the pressure that Mexico and other Latin American countries brought to bear on the United States to begin treating immigration as an international rather than a domestic matter. The second is the way that the importance of U.S.–Mexican relations swayed immigration policy, with the State Department itself demolishing the case for a numerical quota on Mexican immigrants. As Montoya notes, "administrative restriction was the perfect compromise between a Westphalian sense of national sovereignty and a Wilsonian notion of more cooperative diplomatic relations" (250). U.S. immigration policy was traditionally handled as a domestic matter, taking into account economic needs, expanding territorial boundaries, and explicit concerns about supposed racial characteristics. The Immigration Act of 1924 tightened the existing quota-based system that sought to constrict the flow of migrants from large sending nations such as Italy and Poland. Cultural arguments were paramount in limiting these groups, and overt racism abounded. This model of a quota on what were considered undesirable migrants was the goal of restrictionists who "believed Mexicans [End Page 492] were racially inferior and a hazard to U.S. society and its institutions" (126). Montoya ably discusses the variables that made Mexican immigration different: it was seasonal, it was critical to agriculture in the Southwest and Texas, and it was locally common but invisible in Washington, D.C. In addition, Mexico's geographic position, with a long land border, made the bilateral relationship with the United States a special diplomatic and strategic environment. Plus, after the population dislocations of the Mexican Revolution, Mexico was attempting to consolidate its national government, a process that would benefit U.S. interests. The twist in Montoya's story is that restrictionists in Congress were opposed by the State Department, which argued that singling out Mexico for an immigration quota "would bring embarrassment on the Mexican people, poison U.S.–Mexican relations, and threaten U.S. diplomacy with the rest of Latin America" (66–67). The State Department pushed for a non-confrontational way to reduce Mexican immigration: administrative restriction. The strategy was "to enforce strictly existing immigration laws that excluded the entry of immigrants into the United States who were illiterate, diseased, or likely to become public charges" (245). Experts like Manuel Gamio testified before Congress in 1930 with the geopolitical argument that "the quota would undermine the long-term structural solution to the immigration problem—Mexico's political stability" (199). The second front against the quota was full of Latin American diplomats. In one of the most intriguing parts of the book, Montoya dissects U.S.–Mexico negotiations at the Second Conference on Emigration and Immigration in Havana in 1928, writing that it was "the closest both nations would come to brokering a bilateral treaty on immigration before the 1940s" (123). By dragging the issue of immigration into the international arena, Latin American states acted in unison to limit Washington's latitude to go it alone with its own numerical (and racial) goals. Mexican diplomat Francisco Suástegui's notes from congressional hearings in February 1928 offer readers a microscopic view of the restrictionists' 'kitchen sink' strategy of arguing for a quota. The push to enforce a quota on Mexican immigration ended in 1932 for several reasons. The pressure of the State Department was effective, "Administrative restriction slowed legal immigration … [and] the Great Depression curbed illegal immigration" (128). The U.S. would not revisit the issue of Mexican immigration until the Bracero program began in 1942 under wartime pressures. Montoya has written an elegant study of the deep historical roots of immigration policy and the challenges of asymmetric diplomatic engagement. His ability to weave together U.S. and Mexican diplomatic sources is exemplary. This analysis will surely be enlightening for students, scholars, and policymakers alike. [End Page 493] Aaron W. Navarro Texas Christian University Copyright © 2021 The Texas...

Russian Experience in Transforming Teaching Methods in Legal Disciplines in Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of the present research is to analyze specific features of educational process in legal sphere in course of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research objectives comprise the following issues: firstly, depiction of the initial state of teaching in legal sphere at the beginning of the pandemic; secondly, transformation process of teaching methods taking into account distinguishing features of the Russian legislation in the field of education; thirdly, correlation of administrative restriction practices with academic freedoms on the example of the Russian Federation. One of the results of this study is the conclusion that it is necessary to prioritize the study of the fundamental theory of law in comparison with commenting on the current legislation in order to be able to substantiate the regulation of non-standard situations in the life of society. The principal outcome of the present survey is a consideration that the Russian legislation in the sphere of education that requires implementation of such educational procedures components as training, education, scientific activity and upbringing cannot be completely implemented under conditions of the imposed administrative restrictions in course of the pandemic.

공인중개사법상 행정제재처분과 시적 한계

Extinctive prescription and exclusion period that realize the temporal limitation regarding rights in private law require to be applied to public law. Nevertheless licensed real estate agents act prescribes exclusion period only for suspension of service measure among administrative restriction measures. This study examined three types of issues that can be raised about the temporal limitation for administrative restriction measures for licensed real estate agents act. Firstly, it is an issue of interpretation of article 39 clause 3 and 40 of licensed real estate agents act. Secondly, a problem whether to extend temporal limitation to other administrative restriction measures apart from suspension of service measure is valid or not. Thirdly, in the case in which exclusion period is introduced to the general rules as basic administrative law, how it will be applied to the administrative restriction measures for licensed real estate agents act becomes problematic. Advisable de lege ferenda would be to specifically require the exclusion period for the general administrative restriction measures for licensed real estate agents act. When basic administrative law is established the same exclusion period is applied to the licensed real estate agents act as a general law. Yet it is desirable to place concrete regulations about exclusion period by administrative restriction measures types considering the purpose of the legislation of the licensed real estate agents act, the importance of the violation of obligations and the possiblity of criticism.

GAPS IN ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION UKRAINE AND THEIR IMPACT ON FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN MEDICAL FIELD SPHERE

The article explores the peculiarities of administrative liability for corruption offenses established by the Code of Administrative Offenses. Taking into account the material examined, it is concluded that there are some clear shortcomings in the legal regulation of these issues, which is unacceptable in the context of increasing attention to the fight against corruption. Attention is drawn to the offense of breaking restrictions on compatibility and reconciliation with other activities. The composition of this offense is disclosed, particular issues of its elements, such as the objective and subjective side, are emphasized. Case law on this category of administrative offenses, including in the medical field, is being investigated. Such qualifying feature as the repeated commission of the analyzed offense is subjected to detailed analysis, and arguments are given about particular problems of its application. So, it is argued and confirmed by the case-law that a mandatory element of the subjective party, in addition to blame, should be present and the purpose – to obtain benefits. In analyzing such an element of the objective side of Article 172-4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses as engaging in business activities, the approximate concepts, in particular the presence of registration as an individual entrepreneur, are considered. Such qualifying feature as the repeated commission of the analyzed offense is subjected to detailed analysis, and arguments are given about particular problems of its application. Since the grounds for termination of the civil service are, in particular, the entry into force of a court decision to hold a civil servant liable to administrative liability for corruption-related offenses, we can say that it is preferable to involve a person in such a position for re-committing the analyzed violation, whose stay does not contain any administrative restriction on corruption-related offenses. It is the author’s opinion that the assignment of activity to medical practice should be carried out on the basis of clearly established its features, fixed at the level of regulatory legal acts. Specific proposals were made to improve the legislation on the issues analyzed.

ECONOMETRIC MODELS OF MONETARY POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN UKRAINE

The main task for the Central Bank is ensuring the stability of the national currency. For this purpose, it tends to use traditional monetary regulation instruments. There are interest rates regulation, currencies intervention, administrative restriction, money supply adjustment and so on. A significant number of these traditional tools are effective. However, it is very difficult to assess the effectiveness of the regulators influence.Therefore, the purpose of the work is to define the theoretical substantiation of the basic monetary regulation instruments effectiveness and estimate its influence on the economy growth indicators in Ukraine.This article is based on the theoretical principles and methods of macroeconomic analysis; the system approach methods to define the main monetary regulation instruments of finance system and economy. The study presents a regression models with paired and multiple variables. For these models R-Studio instruments are the main tools of quality estimation and results interpretation.The article shows the results of statistical analysis of national currency rate and consumer price index which is based on open data of Ukraine economy trends for the period from 2007 till 2019. Traditionally econometric methods are used to find out long run relationships between basic economy indicators (agriculture and industry outputs, average salary, stock index growth etc.) and both monetary information and regulation instruments.Authors develop the regressive models of influence of Central Bank regulation instruments of monetary and economic stability. The paper presents conclusions regarding trends and problems in the implementation of Ukraine’s monetary policy, it’s influences on the currency stability and economic growth trends.Implementation of the proposed measures will increase monetary policy effectiveness and define the directions of the further research in forecasting inflationary and course-forming factors of the development of the national economy and financial system of Ukraine.The key focus of further research is to define an adequate indicator that determines the real level of inflation, which must evaluate a whole range of factors reducing the real value of money.

CURRENCY ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: REGULATORY PRIORITIES AND TRANSFORMATION OF CONTROL

The article is devoted to the topical subject – the study of currency aspects of the financial security of the banking system of Ukraine, taking into account the threats of liberalization of cross-border capital transfer and currency regulation. The main objectives of the article are studying the main threats to the currency security of the banking system of Ukraine in the context of the transformation of currency control within the liberalization of currency relations. In particular, the study found that currency security is one of the main components of the financial security of the banking system, and exchange rate instability is one of the greatest threats to the effective functioning of Ukrainian banking institutions, taking into account the peculiarities of the national structure of financial assets and liabilities of business entities. As a result, it is found that the deterioration of the exchange rate stability leads to a revaluation of assets, the outflow of foreign currency deposits from banks, which leads to their loss and significant deterioration of financial security, while a decrease in the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves directly affects the currency security of the state, in particular, and the economic in general. Based on the research results, proposals have been made to improve currency regulation and currency control, namely, amendments to the draft law should be made with regard to the administrative restriction of the dollarization level of deposits and credits, indicating the terms for reducing the dollarization rates of loans and deposits from 50 % to 20–25 %. The mechanism for such reduction in dollarization should be included in the instruments of the National Bank of Ukraine, namely, the norm of mandatory reservation for deposits in foreign currency should be 3–4 times higher than the reserve rate in the national currency, which will make foreign currency deposits "uninteresting" for banks, and therefore will lead to a reduction in the interest rate and, accordingly, reduce the desire to save in foreign currency. By dollarization of loans, the credit risk reservation ratio should also be significantly higher than in the national currency in order to demobilize banks for lending in foreign currency, an exception can only be for those enterprises that carry out foreign economic activity. In addition, lending to individuals for all types of loans in foreign currency should be banned, and the fact of such ban should be clearly spelled out in the Law on Currency. This will prevent the outflow of capital from the state and form a mechanism to reduce the scale of the shadow foreign exchange market as the main threats to the currency and financial security of the banking system of Ukraine.

Research on the Mechanism of Cross Regional Grassland Ecological Compensation

In recent years, grassland environmental damage has become serious, and grassland resources protection task has become heavy, grassland ecological compensation has become an effective way to solve this problem; but the current grassland ecological compensation standards were low, the effect is poor. The fundamental reason is the model of administrative division destroys the integrity of grassland. Based on the analysis of the status quo of grassland compensation, this paper tries to protect the grassland integrity, breaks the administrative division restriction, implements the space regulation, constructs the framework of cross-regional grassland ecological compensation mechanism, describes its operation process. It provides new way to realize the sustainable development of the grassland environment.

Dr. Jia-Xiang Shen: a pioneer of the Chinese pharmaceutical industry.

Dr. Jia-Xiang Shen: a pioneer of the Chinese pharmaceutical industry.

Incidence of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection amongst Children in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study Using Validated Health Administrative Data.

ImportanceRSV is a common illness among young children that causes significant morbidity and health care costs.ObjectiveRoutinely collected health administrative data can be used to track disease incidence, explore risk factors and conduct health services research. Due to potential for misclassification bias, the accuracy of data-elements should be validated prior to use. The objectives of this study were to validate an algorithm to accurately identify pediatric cases of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from within Ontario’s health administrative data, estimate annual incidence of hospitalization due to RSV and report the prevalence of major risk factors within hospitalized patients.Study Design and SettingA retrospective chart review was performed to establish a reference-standard cohort of children from the Ottawa region admitted to the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) for RSV-related disease in 2010 and 2011. Chart review data was linked to Ontario’s administrative data and used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of algorithms of RSV-related ICD-10 codes within provincial hospitalization and emergency department databases. Age- and sex-standardized incidence was calculated over time, with trends in incidence assessed using Poisson regression.ResultsFrom a total of 1411 admissions, chart review identified 327 children hospitalized for laboratory confirmed RSV-related disease. Following linkage to administrative data and restriction to first admissions, there were 289 RSV patients in the reference-standard cohort. The best algorithm, based on hospitalization data, resulted in sensitivity 97.9% (95%CI: 95.5–99.2%), specificity 99.6% (95%CI: 98.2–99.8%), PPV 96.9% (95%CI: 94.2–98.6%), NPV 99.4% (95%CI: 99.4–99.9%). Incidence of hospitalized RSV in Ontario from 2005–2012 was 10.2 per 1000 children under 1 year and 4.8 per 1000 children aged 1 to 3 years. During the surveillance period, there was no identifiable increasing or decreasing linear trend in the incidence of hospitalized RSV, hospital length of stay and PICU admission rates. Among the Ontario RSV cohort, 16.3% had one or more major risk factors, with a decreasing trend observed over time.ConclusionChildren hospitalized for RSV-related disease can be accurately identified within population-based health administrative data. RSV is a major public health concern and incidence has not changed over time, suggesting a lack of progress in prevention.

The association between lifting an administrative restriction on antidepressant dispensing and treatment patterns in Iceland

PurposeOn March 1st 2009, restrictions on the dispensing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in Iceland were lifted. Incident rates and changes in early discontinuation and switching before and after the change were investigated. MethodsNew users of antidepressants between March 1st 2006 and March 1st 2010 were selected from the Icelandic Prescriptions Database. The study population was split into one intervention cohort (2009) and three comparison cohorts (2006, 2007, and 2008). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and odds ratios (OR) were used to compare incidence rates and early discontinuation. ResultsThe overall incidence rates of antidepressant use decreased from 33.10 to 28.71 per 1000 persons per year (IRR 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78–0.97) from the 2006 to the 2009 cohort. The incidence rate for SSRIs did not change over the period. Early discontinuation for SSRIs increased from 30.2% in 2006 to 34.1% in 2009 (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.06–1.33). ConclusionsThe change in reimbursement does not seem to have affected incidence rates but it may be related to increased early discontinuation, which can lead to increased drug wastage. It might be more clinically rational to initiate patients on smaller supply, allowing for more frequent check-up visits.

Development of the Bond Market and Perfect Enterprise Financing Structure

Development of enterprise bond market is to establish a multi-level capital market needs. Restricts the development of enterprise bond market is the root cause of the internal and external enterprise bond market institutional constraints. One is the current institutional constraints enterprise bond market development, second is the enterprise bond market by external institutional constraints of the development. To develop China’s enterprise bond market, on the one hand, to convert the corporate bond market administrative restriction system for legal constraints, market restraint system, at the same time, we should establish corresponding regulation of the financial system, financial supervision and financial innovation keep synchronization. On the other hand, will further reform bank credit system, and improve the state owned enterprise property rights system, and improve the corporate governance structure, perfect stock issuance and listing company distribution of the external institutional constraints. Key words: Enterprise Bond; Development; Countermeasures

Effects of administrative ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers with multiple alcohol offenses

This study investigated, under real-world conditions, whether a statewide 2-year administrative ignition interlock license restriction program in Maryland was effective in reducing subsequent alcohol-related traffic violations among multiple offenders and whether any reductions in recidivism could be maintained after the program ended and interlock license restrictions were removed. A total of 1,927 drivers eligible for relicensure were randomly assigned to either the 2-year interlock license restriction program or the normal and customary sanctions afforded multiple offenders in Maryland. Recidivism was defined as incurring a subsequent alcohol-impaired driving violation during the 2-year intervention or 2-year postintervention periods. Compared to the control group, participation in the interlock license restriction program reduced drivers’ hazard (or risk) of a subsequent alcohol-impaired driving offense by a statistically significant 36% during the 2-year intervention, 26% during the 2-year postintervention period, and 32% during the entire 4-year study period. This investigation of interlock program effectiveness is the first to report significantly lower recidivism among the interlock group than its control group after the ignition interlock license restriction program ended. Possible reasons for this novel finding and areas for future research are discussed.

A Reserva legal florestal diante do novo direito de propriedade: análise da Constitucionalidade do projeto de lei Nº 143/2009 do Estado do Paraná

This work aims to study the legal forest reserve through the prism of the new property rights enshrined in the federal constitution of 1988 once exists in Paraná the law project nº. 143/2009 which aims to compensate finacially the Paraná landowner that comply with the quota of legal reserve in your property. Thus, it was analyzed the new structure of property rights enshrined in the federal constitution of 1988 observing their social and environmental function, basing the existence of certain administrative limitations of an environmental nature. Therefore it was proved that the legal reserve is the administrative limation to the property right based on their environmental function and, in this way, it is free, becoming a generic obligation to the landowner, just by being landowner. Thus, it concludes the unconstitutionality of project 143/2009 observing the incompatibility with the constitutional provisions that provide the existence of social-environmental function of property as a duty imposed on the owner, which legitimizes the institute of legal reserve as an administrative restriction on the right of property and should be free.

A Reserva legal florestal diante do novo direito de propriedade: análise da Constitucionalidade do projeto de lei Nº 143/2009 do Estado do Paraná

O presente trabalho tem por fim o estudo da Reserva Legal Florestal diante do novo direito de propriedade consagrado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, vez que há, no Estado do Paraná, Projeto de Lei Estadual nº 143/2009 que pretende compensar financeiramente o proprietário rural paranaense que cumprir com a cota de Reserva Legal em seu imóvel. Assim, analisou-se a nova estrutura do direito de propriedade consagrado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, tendo-se em vista a sua função socioambiental, ali preceituada como inerente a tal direito, fundamentando a existência de certas limitações administrativas de caráter ambiental. Dessa forma provou-se que a Reserva Legal é limitação administrativa ao direito de propriedade fundamentada em sua função socioambiental e, por assim ser, é gratuita, configurando-se em obrigação imposta ao proprietário rural de maneira genérica, simplesmente por esse figurar como tal. Com isso, conclui-se pela inconstitucionalidade do Projeto de Lei nº 143/2009, tendo em vista sua incompatibilidade com os dispositivos constitucionais que prevêem a existência da função socioambiental da propriedade como um dever imposto ao proprietário, a qual legitima o instituto da Reserva Legal como limitação administrativa ao direito de propriedade, devendo ser, portanto, gratuita.

Introduction to the Special Section: Poverty and Inequality in China

Introduction to the Special Section: Poverty and Inequality in China