Administrative Reorganization Research Articles

Regulatory and legal regulation of the process of formation of administrative authorities and management in Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) in 1919–1926

It is indicated that the proper functioning of local executive power, the creation of an optimal system of local executive power bodies should ensure effective influence on the development of each region, especially the cross-border region. It is generally accepted that local bodies of executive power implement the functions of the state, which are close to the population. In Ukraine, a new people-centered model of activity of public administration subjects is being formed. The article examines the process of formation of administrative authorities and management in Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) during the first half of the 20s of the 20th century. It was established that the process of forming the structure of state administration in Subcarpathia began already at the beginning of 1919, and in the summer of the same year, several projects of the organization of government in the region were already developed in Prague. On the basis of the General Statute, the model of relations within the local government between the Directory, the administrator and the military leadership during 1919-1920 was analyzed. The formation of abstract departments at the Civil Administration, which was headed by an administrator, is briefly described. The importance of the changes introduced by the government decree No. 356/1920 «On amending the General Statute of Subcarpathian Rus» was revealed, according to which the functions and powers were radically redistributed in favor of the bodies that represented the central government in the region. The theory of the creation of two branches of administrative management in relation to the competence of the Civil Administration of Subcarpathian Rus is presented: autonomous institutions and institutions of the state. The description of the gubernatorial council as an advisory body under the governor is provided. It was noted that the new General Statute, in terms of the norms governing the activities of the vice-governor and the gubernatorial council, went beyond the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic. It is proved that the administrative reorganization in Czechoslovakia in 1925 and especially in 1927 only distanced Subcarpathian Rus from real autonomy, since the process of further centralization and unification of power and administration took place throughout the territory of the republic. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn regarding the retention and gradual incorporation (integration) of the region into the all-Czechoslovak legal system.

Church Borderland of Cracow and Wrocław Diocese in Silesia at the Turn of thel9th Century

The issue includes the territory of the decanates of Bytorn and Pszczyna in Upper Silesia and the decanates of Siewierz and Lelów in the region of Częstochowa and New Silesia. All these decanates used to belong to the Cracow diocese although most of them were beyond the borders of Poland. Until 1741 all Silesia was under the Austrian rule. It was only after the Silesian war between Prussia and Austria in 1741 that Silesia was subjected to the Prussian rule. Soon after the first partition, on January 4, 1773, the Prussian authorities demanded that the Cracow bishop Kajetan Sołtyk grant powers for the Bytom and Pszczyna decanates. Finally, territorial affiliation of these two decanates was decided in the years 1816-1821. Talks were held then between Nibuhr, plenipotentiary of the Prussian government and cardinal Consalvi, representative of the Holy See, concerning reorganization of church administration in Prussia. By the powers of the papal bulla De salutare animarum of July 16, 1821 the decanates of Bytom and Pszczyna were incorporated into the Wroclaw diocese.

Agenția Sighet a Băncii Naționale a României în perioada 1921–1950

Based on our research of archived documents, this paper retraces the history of the Sighet Agency of the National Bank of Romania (NBR) in the period between 1921 and 1950, that is from the time of its establishment to the time of Romania’s first administrative reorganisation during the communist regime. The establishment of the agency was part of the process of expanding the branch and agency network of the National Bank of Romania after the Union of 1918 and can be explained in several ways: the demographic, economic, and banking potential of the town of Sighet within Maramureș county, notwithstanding the challenges presented by the status of local means of transportation, the railway in particular, given that it was not entirely built on Romanian territory; the completion of monetary unification before the establishment of the local agency; the stages of acquiring the Sighet offices of the former Austrian-Hungarian Bank and the appointment of the agency’s first bank officers. The agency’s actual discount lending (rediscounting) operations, bearing the lowest existing interest rate, are exemplified by listing the agency’s customers and their loans, as well as by data showing the growing business volumes in the period from 1923 to 1929. For relevance purposes, the data is compared with similar data from the Craiova and Cluj branches. The impact of the Great Depression can be seen in the evolution of another banking operation, namely bank transfers, as well as in the audit reports prepared by auditors from the bank’s head office. There is also a list of people whose professional destiny was linked to the NBR Sighet Agency in the period between the two World Wars, both bank managers and other bank officers, among whom one may notice the remarkable figure of Romulus Roman, whose life tragically ended in a communist prison, after an exceptional career with the central bank. The consequences of the territorial changes which took place between 1938 and 1940 near Romania’s north-western border on the activity of the Sighet Agency are also traced back from the time when railway transportation was discontinued to the time when the bank’s offices were evauted. The last part of our paper is dedicated to the events which happened between 1945 and 1950, namely: the return of bank officers to the NBR Sighet offices in the context of the presence of Red Army troops in the region at a time of turmoil surrounding the establishment of Romania’s northern border; the withdrawal of foreign legal tenders (the Hungarian pengő, the Soviet pengö, roubles, Soviet lei); the resumption of bank operations in the context of the dramatic changes imposed by the communist regime, culminating at the time in the nationalisation of the NBR, the dissolution of banks, the disestablishment of Maramureș county and the establishment of the Baia Mare Region, following which the Sighet Agency of the Bank of the Romanian People’s Republic – the State Bank became the Sighet Region Subsidiary subordinated to the Baia Mare Regional Branch.

Assessment of The Efficiency of The Territorial Administrative Reorganization of The Parishes of The District of Braga

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify whether the reorganization of parishes carried out in Portugal, in the District of Braga, in 2013, is the one that enhances the greatest efficiency gains. Theoretical framework: The study is based on the relationship between financial sustainability, efficiency, and territory, seeking the optimal dimension of the local power unit. Methodology: The study is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis method, using data from the parishes of the district of Braga in two moments, the year 2012 and the year 2015. For this year, a new territorial reorganization was also proposed and analysed. Results and Conclusions: The reform increased efficiency in 10 of the 14 municipalities. However, it was possible to observe that a reorganization that gives the parishes a larger size, that is, closer to the average seen in the European Union, would bring average efficiency gains in all municipalities. Thus, it is concluded that the reform of the parishes carried out in 2013 in the district of Braga is not the one that allows greater efficiency, since this can be enhanced if they benefit from a larger geographical scale. Research implications: The research contributes to the knowledge of the efficiency of territorial reforms, namely, regarding the impact of the dimension in this context, as well as to the evaluation of the public policy adopted, allowing the public decision-maker to make a sound and sustained decision. Originality/value: This study is original because it studies smaller units of local government, the parishes, on which research is very incipient, namely in Portugal.

The 1923 Constitution, a Source for Romania’s Administrative Reorganizations Until the Establishment of the Communist Regime: Case Study: Bihor County

The present study attempts to highlight the originality of the Romanian Enlightenment in Transylvania, looking at the way in which the pre-Enlightenment ideas belonging to Dimitrie Cantemir, grounded in the ideological structure of pre-Romanticism in Central Europe, ger minated into the discourse of the members of the Transylvanian School. On the one hand, the author of the study investigates, for each member of the Transylvanian School (Gherontie Cotore, Samuil Micu, Gheorghe Șincai, Petru Maior, Ioan Budai-Deleanu), the takeovers from Cantemir’s work, and, on the other hand, their civic, militant, pragmatic interpretation appropri ate to the political priorities in Transylvania.

Marco Aurelio tra ortoprassia e «nomen Christianum»

Abstract - It is known that the hostile attitude of Marcus Aurelius towards Christianity has even an autograph attestation in a famous fragment of Marc. Aur. Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν 11.3, based on this testimony the princeps philosophus, on the one hand reproached the Christians for their lack of reasonableness, on the other the obstinate theatricality with which they faced martyrdom. At the end of an analysis aimed at retracing the testimonies of the acts of the Martyrs, apologists and historians and writers, it was decided to 'drop' the individual episodes attributable to the twenty years of the Aurelian principality in the broader context of administrative and legislative reforms of the princeps . What emerged was the absence of an ad hoc regulatory provision and more generally a hostile attitude of administrators and officials, which also reflected a hostility of the ‘intellighenzia’ of the time. In essence, more elements, local – such as the gladiator shows – and global, such as the plague and religious and normative conservatism, as well as the administrative reorganization, contributed, perhaps beyond an ill-concealed antipathy of the princeps, conservative both in the legislative and in the religious one, to create unfavorable conditions for Christians, during the Aurelian age.

Le comunità giudaiche nell’ecumene severiana. Alcuni aspetti della politica di Settimio Severo nei confronti degli Iudaei

Jews in the Severan oecumene. Some aspects of Septimius Severus’ policy towards the Iudaei – This paper aims at exploring some aspects concerning the condition of the Jewish community during the Severan period, especially focussing on the political and administrative reorganisation carried out by Septimius Severus in the first years of his principate. Our main goal is to find out whether and to what extent a correlation can be detected between the administrative arrangement given by Septimius Severus (beginning with the defeat of Pescennius Niger in 194/195 AD) to the Egyptian, African and Syriac territories of the Empire, where many Jewish were then living, and the socio-economic conditions of these groups, dwelling particularly on a passage from Ulpian (Dig. L 2, 3, 3) concerning the municipal career of the Jews.

CREATION AND ACTIVITY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY OF MILITARY SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BODIES

One of the objectives of this study is to study the measures for the reorganization of the central military administration of the army carried out on the initiative of the highest state and military authorities in the first half of the XIX century. In the course of these transformations, a number of scientific and technical bodies were created in the main bodies of military administration, the main task of which was to develop recommendations and solutions for the qualitative improvement of the tactical and technical characteristics of domestic artillery. The article deals with some of such bodies as, for example, the «Temporary Artillery Committee», later transformed into the «Scientific Committee on Artillery», the functioning of which contributed to the transformation of the material part of the domestic smoothbore artillery and a significant increase in its tactical and technical data. The reduction of calibers, the use of the same types of shells to different types of guns of the same caliber made it possible to use the same ammunition in naval and land artillery guns. Simplification of the material part made it possible to reduce the number of heterogeneous carriages. Attention is focused on the fact that many useful reforms in the scientific and technical field of the development of domestic artillery were carried out during the management of the artillery department by A.A.Arakcheev. conducted in the first half of the XIX century. Previously unpublished archival and other little-studied sources are introduced into scientific circulation.

The Liquidation of the Roman Catholic Clergy of the Latin Rite in the USSR (1917–1938)

After the peace treaty with Poland (18 March 1921) and after the reorganization of the Church administration in 1921 and in 1923, ten administrative units of the Catholic Church were placed within the borders of the USSR; eight were of the Latin rite and two of the Eastern rite. In this article, the author presents the history of repressions organized by the Soviet authorities towards the Roman Catholic Church (1917–1938) with special attention given to the process of liquidation of the Roman Catholic Clergy of the Latin rite.

Dynamics of metropolisation: the institutional construction of the Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale in the national and regional context

In the now thirty-year-long history of the construction of a formal dimension of the metropolisation process in Italy, the dynamics of administrative reorganisation triggered by Law 56/2014 saw the emergence of the metropolitan city as an element of rupture in the relations between territorial levels. These dynamics are explored through the Roman case, in which the process of institutionalisation of the metropolitan city presents numerous criticalities with respect to the central city’s value as capital, the organisational structure within the metropolitan territory, the relationship with the Latium Region and the relationship with the State regarding European programming.

전문상담교사의 윤리적 의사결정 유형 및 특성에 관한 연구

Objectives The purposes of this study were to find out what types of ethical decision-making is based on the ethical coflict experienced by a school counselor, and to identify characteristics by ethical decision-making types what is important considerations factors among the various factors. Methods This study was conducted by applying Q methodology, the research procedure consisted of five stages: establishment of Q-population, selection of Q-sample and reliability test, selection of P-sample, Q-classification, analysis of results and interpretation. Results According to the analysis, there were four types of ethical decision-making by school counselors. Type 1 is ‘Client-first Professionalism pursuit’, type 2 is ‘Regulation-based Respect for Client’, type 3 is ‘Relationship-emphasis Experience conviction’ and type 4 is ‘Organization-conformity Safety pursuit’. Conclusions The characteristics and security points of each type, and the necessity of institutional and administrative reorganization for ethical decision-making of school counselors were discussed.

Changes in the functioning of public administration in Poland during the COVID-19 epidemic

The dynamics of the epidemic development (a sudden increase in the number of cases from March 2020) forced the necessity to take appropriate actions, launch mechanisms and procedures, the primary goal of which was to counteract infections. One of the greatest challenges has been the reorganization of the state administration. In Poland, numerous solutions were adopted to enable the functioning of the administration in specific conditions. One of such solutions was the possibility of working outside the usual place (outside the office building) – remotely (so-called remote work).

Reputation Management and Administrative Reorganization: How Different Media Reputation Dimensions Matter for Agency Termination

AbstractStudies on public organization reform have convincingly demonstrated the relevance of media salience for administrative reorganization. However, an understanding of how different media reputation dimensions influence government decisions to terminate administrative agencies is required. This study combined insights from bureaucratic reputation and agency termination theories to determine if media reputation dimensions (performative, moral, procedural, and technical) increase the probability of agency survival. These findings were based on advanced machine learning coding of 4,95,384 articles on 449 central agencies in China published in the People’s Daily from 1949 to 2019. Event history analyses and piecewise constant exponential models revealed that media salience significantly and negatively influenced agency termination probability. The procedural dimension consistently mitigated agency termination risk, and the moral and performative dimensions only periodically mitigated agency termination risk. The findings suggested that the appearance in the media and specific reputation dimensions were critical for agency survival. In addition, agencies should strategically manage their media reputation to meet the expectations of multifaceted audiences and decrease the risk of agency termination.

문재인 정부의 자치분권정책 평가와 향후 과제

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Moon Jae-in government's policy for autonomy and decentralization and to suggest future tasks. The evaluation of the autonomy and decentralization policy will be from the inauguration of the Moon Jae-in government until the end of December 2021. The 6 strategic 33 tasks (133 unit tasks) in the 『Comprehensive Plan for Autonomy and Decentralization』 were targeted, and the evaluation method was mainly conducted by the Presidential Committee on Autonomy and Decentralization, which is the secondary data, using the "check and evaluation results of the implementation of the autonomous decentralization implementation plan" for three years (2020-2021). Based on the implications of the results of the Moon Jae-in administration’s policy evaluation on autonomy and decentralization, as the tasks for autonomous and decentralization to be pursued in the future, decentralization-type constitutional amendment, reconstruction and strengthening of the decentralization promotion system, self-governing administration, organization, and legislative power strengthening, self-governing financial power reinforcement, special local administration reorganization of institutions, strengthening of authority and responsibility of local councils, vitalization of resident participation, and improvement of local elections and education autonomy system. were suggested.

The Model of Ethnic Democracy: The Experience of Hinduization of Indian Democracy in the 2010s

The coming to power in India in 2014 of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and then its landslide victory in the elections in 2019, significantly changed the political landscape in the country. This article discusses the structure and specifics of the model of ethnic democracy on the example of modern India. It is noted, in particular, that in the context of globalization and homogenization of the population in some countries, the problem of interethnic relations becomes relevant again. In the course of the study, the author identified the distinctive features of the current situation in India, and also outlined the main trends in the reorganization of public administration in the country under the influence of political nationalism.

A Study on the Reorganization of Local Educational Administration in Thailand under the Military Government: A Comparative Analysis of Educational Service Areas Committee and Provincial Education Committee

A Study on the Reorganization of Local Educational Administration in Thailand under the Military Government: A Comparative Analysis of Educational Service Areas Committee and Provincial Education Committee

V. V. von Wal as Head of Vilnius Province in 1901—1902

The activities of one of the typical representatives of the Russian regional bureaucracy of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries — Viktor Vilhelmovich von Wal as governor of Vilnius province, which he held from 1901 to 1902 is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to the circumstances of his appointment to this position, which was due to attempts at administrative reorganization of the management of the northwestern outskirts of Russia. A brief analysis of the socio-political situation that had developed by the beginning of the 20th century in the Vilnius province is given and it is indicated that the most acute problem during this period was the active labor movement, which had a mixed socio-ethnic character in the region. It is concluded that the management model implemented by von Wahl, which was based on the traditional administrative-power dominant, did not correspond to the situation in the region and provoked an increase in the degree of violence in the province. It is noted that, despite the short-term tenure of von Waal as governor of Vilna, it had a number of important consequences, demonstrating the premature liquidation of the institution of the governor-general in the region and the need to soften the administrative policy towards the local population.

From administrative to political order? Global legal history, the organic law, and the constitution of mandate Syria, 1925–1930

AbstractThis article explores the making of the State of Syria after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. I argue that an event-based approach in global legal history offers a useful perspective for studying the transition from imperial to international and national systems. Drawing on new archival research in France and Saudi Arabia, I focus upon the creation of the 1928 Syrian constitution in the League’s mandate to show the administrative framework of political orders. First, I describe the French administrative logic through the story of the international ‘organic law’. Second, I describe the way the organic law necessitated the Syrian political constitution. The constrained constitutional process resulted in a clash and a compromise about a Muslim president between secularist republicans and exiled, Saudi-related Muslim monarchists. Global history can profit from this approach by rethinking decolonization as administrative reorganization and by focusing on dissenting, non-state actors in state-making.

DEVELOPMENT OF LACE MAKING IN TAMBOV PROVINCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY

Evolution of the lace craft in Tambov Province in post-reform time and the period of the New Economic Policy is considered in the article. The centres of lacemaking in Tambov Province, both during the Tsarist Russia and the New Economic Policy period, were Ishchenskaya, Krasninskaya, Troekurovskaya and Cherepanskaya volosts of Lebedyansky (and after administrative reorganization of the province - Lipetsky) district. The main problem faced by lacemakers was the destructive activity of buyers. During monopolising the market, they were forcing needlewomen to operate at a loss. In pre-revolutionary Russia artisans were supported at different levels. Two allRussian homemade exhibitions were organised at the state level. Tambov zemstvo held a number of exhibitions, established lace schools and opened a craft store. A great contribution to the development of the craft was made by local patrons of the arts. However, despite considerable support, problems of local lacemakers could not be solved.When the Bolsheviks came to power it was observed that the artisanal lace production completely disappeared during the period of war communism, and only revived during the New Economic Policy period. The activities of buyers still had a negative impact on the development of lacemaking. The course taken to cooperate with artisans, which was supposed to solve this problem, ultimately failed, without achieving the desired result. The All-Russia agricultural and trade show, organized in 1923, was not a success either, since the handicrafts industry had not yet been able to recover and there was almost nothing to show. The revival of the craft was adversely affected by the persecution of the Tambov landowners who were engaged in patronage of the arts. In the end, the Bolshevik leadership also failed to solve the problems that were hindering the handicraft industry.

Participation in Social Policy: Public Health in Comparative Perspective (Elements in the Politics of Development)

Participation in Social Policy: Public Health in Comparative Perspective (Elements in the Politics of Development)