Administrative Procedural Law Research Articles

Local Self-governments’ Competences in Administrative Procedures related to Prioritized Investments in Hungary

This study examines a special administrative procedural law instrument that serves the competitiveness of the economy in Hungary. This procedural regime on prioritized investments became a part of the law after the accession to the European Union. The research clarified the specialties of the process and the relations between them highlighted by the competent public administrative bodies, the Government and the local self-governments concerned with this procedure. The implementation of such investments raises constitutional issues, through the presumed violation of local self-governments’ competences. The analysis presents the practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court.

Значение научного наследия В.Д. Сорокина для развития теории административно-процессуального права как самостоятельной отрасли российского права

Based on the analysis of the opinions existing among administrative scientists about the existence of administrativeprocedural law as a separate branch of law, the reasons preventing such recognition are formulated in the article. Consideration of these reasons through the prism of V.D. Sorokin’s scientific heritage, in particular, the main properties of the process developed by him as a legal category and a mechanism of legal regulation operating at the macro level (at the level of branches of law), allowed the author of this article to conclude that these reasons are not an obstacle to the recognition of administrative procedural law as an independent branch of Russian law.

Analysis of state administrative court procedural law: A recent review and its practical implications

Analysis of state administrative court procedural law: A recent review and its practical implications

Exploring the Effectiveness of Mediation in Resolving Disputes in the Indonesian Administrative Court

This study analyzes mediation in administrative dispute resolution in Indonesian Administrative Courts. The settlement of administrative disputes through mediation is not recognized in the Administrative Court procedural law. Mediation in the dispute resolution process in Administrative Courts is still a matter of debate. One of the parties to the dispute is a public body or official who is included in the realm of public law, so that mediation is not possible. The execution of Administrative Court decisions that have permanent legal force does not guarantee justice and legal certainty. This research aims to analyze the development and implementation of mediation in settlement of public disputes in Administrative Courts. The research method used is doctrinal research or library research with secondary data sources in the form of legislation on Administrative Courts, Supreme Court regulations on mediation, and scientific journals of research results. The results showed that mediation in public dispute resolution is used as an alternative to dispute resolution and has long been applied in several countries. Mediation in administrative dispute resolution can be carried out in two ways. First, mediation can be carried out outside the Administrative Court, and then the lawsuit is revoked. Second, mediation can be carried out through Court-connected mediation in the Administrative Court. There is a need to develop and strengthen the application of Court-connected mediation for administrative dispute resolution from the aspects of procedural law and Administrative Court resources that support the mediation process.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS IN ADMINISTRATION

Numerous general principles are used in administrative enforcement proceedings, which mainly take a directival form. In the study, research has been focused on the description and analysis relating to general rules of law, principles of administrative law and principles of administrative procedure used in enforcement proceedings. However, special attention was paid to the general principles having their source in the Law of June 17, 1966, on Administrative Enforcement Proceedings.The aim of this research is an attempt to synthesize these principles and show their role in involuntary proceeding. When starting the research, a research hypothesis was put forward, which assumes that the application of general principles in enforcement proceedings in administration guarantees their correct course, and the principles themselves are a set of norms shaped mainly by legal provisions. The analyses carried out allowed to confirm the thesis and to identify a number of de lege ferenda conclusions, indicating the need to revise some rules. First of all, attention was drawn to the lack of terminological consistency regarding the general principles of enforcement proceedings. Further attention was paid to the need for legislative changes regarding the formation of the principle of conducting enforcement in a manner least burdensome for the obliged, which in the author’s opinion is too general. Another conclusion is the demand for a revision of the provisions of Articles 8 to 10 of the Law on Administrative Enforcement Proceedings. These provisions, which are a manifestation of the principle of respect for the minimum subsistence, are outdated and do not reflect the current situation, especially of farmers.

Суб’єкти адміністративного судочинства: деякі питання правового статусу

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the legal status of subjects of administrative proceedings. The article examines scientific and legal approaches to the definition of the concept of "subject of administrative proceedings", analyzes the criteria for the classification of subjects in administrative proceedings. The legal status of subjects who are participants in administrative proceedings depends directly on its legislative definition, but the mechanisms of its implementation are related to the functional features of the subjects of judicial review of administrative cases. The establishment of the system of subjects of administrative procedural law is ensured by the corresponding systemic legal regulation in the legislation. In the science of national administrative law, there are different views on the system of subjects of administrative law and administrative proceedings. It is emphasized that the participants in the administrative process according to the instructions of the CAS of Ukraine, depending on their interest, are divided into persons who conduct the judicial process (directly the administrative court), participate in the case (parties, third parties, representatives of the parties and third parties) and other participants (witness, expert, specialist, etc.). Also, the system of subjects of administrative proceedings can be divided into individual and collective subjects. The most logical, in our opinion, is the classification of all subjects of administrative procedural legal relations into three groups: courts that administer justice; persons participating in the case; persons who assist in the administration of justice. It was concluded that in each of the listed cases, the administrative-legal status of an individual subject as a participant in administrative proceedings has its own specificity, due to the functional affiliation performed by the subject during the implementation of administrative proceedings.

Units of time used in calculating administrative and procedural time limits

Temporal-legal regulation of administrative-procedural legal relations is directly related to the rules of calculating time limits, the uniformity of which determines the effectiveness of administrative process as a whole. The article is devoted to the study of time units used in calculating administrative-procedural time limits. It proposes the definition of the category calculation of administrative-procedural time limit and highlights the principles of its calculating including uniformity, clarity, and reasonableness. Temporal regulation of administrative process by means of such units of time as day, sutki (day and night), week, decade, month, quarter, and year is also in the focus. The units of time used in calculating the time limits in administrative procedural law are divided into micro- and macro-units. The existing range of problems in legal regulation of administrative procedural legal relations through the day category is outlined. The article also looks at specificity of the legal nature of non-working days established in the pandemic period and highlights chaotic and discordant use of temporal units sutki and day in the administrative process. The author proposes to refrain from calculating administrative-procedural time limits by calendar values of sutki, week, month and a half .

Обеспечение права на защиту — принцип российского процессуального права

The article raises the question of the intersectoral nature of the principle of ensuring the right to defense, recognized in criminal procedural law. The author argues the thesis about the need for theoretical allocation and normative consolidation of this principle also in civil, arbitration and administrative procedural law.

Peace agreement (reconciliation) in civil and administrative jurisdiction: a comparative aspect of the study

The article is devoted to a comparative legal study of the institution of settlement agreement (conciliation) in the fields of civil procedural and administrative procedural law.
 The main purpose of the article is to highlight the significance of the settlement agreement in civil and administrative processes. Attention is drawn to the fact that when a settlement agreement is concluded and approved by the court, the parties have the right to independently choose a way out of the conflict situation, while the court is released from the obligation to review the merits of the case for which proceedings have already been opened. The value of the settlement agreement is to encourage the parties to voluntarily fulfill their obligations, thereby reducing the burden on enforcement agencies. Therefore, the right to conclude a settlement agreement in administrative and civil processes is an important procedural tool that contributes to the successful protection of the rights and interests of the participants in the process and the parties to the case, as well as relieves the court’s activity in considering court cases.
 A comparison of the normative and legal regulation of the settlement agreement by the norms of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine and the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine is carried out. The commonality of legislative approaches in solving such issues as who can conclude a peace agreement (reconciliation) is noted; the possibility of the parties to go beyond the scope of the dispute when concluding a settlement agreement (conciliation statements); availability of a written settlement agreement (reconciliation) of the parties; the court’s duty to explain to the parties the procedural consequences of approving a settlement agreement (reconciliation); the court’s obligation to check the terms of the settlement agreement (reconciliation) before approving them; fixing the terms of the settlement agreement (reconciliation) in the court decision, which simultaneously closes the proceedings in the case; the presence in most cases of identical reservations regarding the impossibility of approving a settlement agreement (reconciliation) of the parties, etc. On the other hand, distinctive features of the normative regulation of the settlement agreement and the reconciliation of the parties in civil and administrative proceedings, respectively, are noted. Based on this, it is proposed to improve domestic legislation in the field of civil and administrative jurisdiction.

Administrative Procedure under the Legislation of Ukraine and Certain Foreign Countries (Comparative Legal Study)

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to analyse the experience of regulatory definition of administrative procedures in foreign countries. It characterizes models of systematizing procedural legislation in certain developed countries worldwide and in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on Ukraine adopting a model of systematizing administrative procedural legislation that involves the adoption of a general act on administrative procedure with the preservation of the priority of special legislation. This approach aligns with the recommendations of the institutions of the Council of Europe and the European Union, particularly Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)7 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe of June 20, 2007, to member states on good administration, and the European Parliament Resolution of January 15, 2013, with recommendations from the Commission on Administrative Procedure Law in the European Union. The latter document envisages that the general act on administrative procedure should contain a universal set of principles and outline a procedure applicable as de minimis provisions when there is no lex specialis. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of legal regulation of administrative procedures under the laws of foreign countries. It is argued that updated legislation should include referral norms that clearly address the legal practitioner (other subjects endowed with administrative-procedural legal status) to a specific procedure defined by sectoral legislation. This is particularly relevant to cases handled by administrative authorities on their own initiative. The study uses the comparative legal method to establish the common and distinctive features of legal regulation of administrative and procedural legislation of foreign countries. The author examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of administrative procedures in certain European countries. It is noted that the implementation of legislation on administrative procedure in Ukraine should be carried out using the existing experience of countries where the relevant changes have already been implemented. It is emphasized that in the future, attention should be focused on the formation of a homogeneous national law enforcement practice, which is determined by a unified approach to the interpretation of procedural law. Based on the study, the author formulates the following conclusions and makes recommendations: at the initial stage, it is worthwhile to establish communication between representatives (officials) of administrative bodies and judges of administrative courts with a view to taking a number of measures to ensure effective implementation of domestic administrative procedure legislation; to ensure data exchange within the administration and to identify practical problems which may arise in the process of harmonization of the entire array of legal acts around the basic Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure".

The Concept and Types of Administrative and Economic Affairs Arising from Decentralized Spheres of Control and Supervisory Relations

The article is devoted to the theoretical study of administrative and economic cases arising in decentralized spheres of control and supervisory relations as an objective category of administrative procedural law necessary for the construction and improvement on objective scientific grounds of the system of procedural forms of resolution of relevant extrajudicial administrative cases, as well as court administrative cases derived from them in order to ensure full protection of the rights of Russian citizens on the basis of balance of interests. In particular, approaches to the definition of the concept of administrative and economic affairs are substantiated, its most significant categories are identified, a set of theoretical conclusions and proposals is substantiated for practical purposes of improving legal regulation, judicial and extrajudicial law enforcement.

Procedural Challenges of Cross-border Cooperation and Consistency in Personal Data Protection in the EU

Abstract Data protection is an increasingly important topic in the European administrative field at national and cross-border levels. Such a trend reflects different phenomena in contemporary society, which further leads to a more focused concern for a harmonised elaboration by the Member States despite their autonomy, in principle, regarding EU law implementation. However, as revealed by the Slovenian case in this article, the European Data Protection Board and national supervising authorities, mostly information commissioners, express the need to regulate some issues more decidedly. Interestingly, yet not surprisingly, their focus is on procedural aspects, as according to administrative science and several European Commission documents, procedure strongly influences the results. As a result, the article elaborates on the relevant procedural issues to be addressed to ensure a harmonised enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in force since 2018. Various research methods are employed, combining qualitative, normative, and comparative analyses and quantitative approaches, emphasising statistical data obtained from annual reports for 2020, 2021, and 2022. The results show a lack of procedural provisions in several aspects, including the definition of the parties to the procedure and their defence rights, particularly access to the file, to be heard, and complain, as well as one-stop-shop access to legal protection, deadlines, and investigation powers. Such gaps are expected to be covered by procedural institutions enshrined in National Administrative Procedure Acts (APA). However, as suggested by the Slovenian experience, such a solution is minimal due to differing national regulations and relatively low awareness of APA relevance in data protection even among supervising authorities. Hence, the authors argue that there is a need to develop and adopt standard EU rules to regulate such issues. Points for Practitioners The article refers to data protection within theoretical, normative, practical, comparative, and national dimensions. In addition to analysing statistical data regarding procedural issues of cross-collaborative application of GDPR in the Member States - primarily Slovenia - the article provides practical implications of legislative, organisational, and IT adaptations required for harmonising EU-wide enforcement of GDPR. The insights provided herein can support the development of similar solutions in other EU countries. Therefore, the research findings are relevant for practitioners from various European administrations who are in charge of implementing GDPR and, specifically, supervising its implementation, as well as for policymakers and legislators in their respective areas of data protection and administrative procedural law. The findings will also benefit the European Commission when drafting new legislation to enhance cooperation and consistency between Member States in enforcing personal data rights set by GDPR.

Environmental protection barriers in Indonesia in the form of Administrative Effort

In Indonesia, environmental protection is closely linked with administrative policy. The Indonesian government has recognized the importance of protecting the environment and has implemented various policies and regulations to promote sustainable development. One of the main administrative policies in Indonesia related to environmental protection is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Before a project or activity is permitted, the potential environmental implications are assessed through the EIA process. This policy is mandated by law and is enforced by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Environmentalists have long criticized the EIA process due to its untransparent process. Various complaints and lawsuits about the validity of the EIA have arisen through the Administrative Court in Indonesia. However, these lawsuits are often not accepted because they need to comply with the state administrative court procedural law, which will be the focus of this paper.

Automated Decision-Making in The EU Member State’s Public Administration: The Compliance of Automated Decisions of the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund with Estonian Administrative Procedure Law

Automated Decision-Making in The EU Member State’s Public Administration: The Compliance of Automated Decisions of the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund with Estonian Administrative Procedure Law

Conceptual Problems of Identifying Monopolistic Agreements and Other Monopolistic Actions

Introduction. The article is devoted to conceptual issues and problems of identifying monopolistic agreements and other monopolistic actions in the context of the tasks of applying the methodology of economic and legal analysis in antimonopoly law and practice for the purpose of improving the effectiveness of antimonopoly policy, improving the quality of resolving administrative and judicial cases arising from the application of antimonopoly legislation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of this article is the works of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of jurisprudence and economic sciences, primarily the methodology of economic and legal analysis, the economic analysis of competitive markets and antimonopoly regulation, public, primarily administrative and administrative procedural law, antimonopoly (competition) law, business law and related scientific fields. The methodological basis of this research is a complex of philosophical, general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, including the balance of interests as a based on the convergence of legal ideas of justice and interest philosophical basis for developing optimal legal solutions in regulation and law application, dialectical, hermeneutic, formal legal, comparative legal, comparative historical, economic and legal analysis, legal sociology, etc. methods. Special attention is paid to the method of economic and legal analysis. Results. Using the elements of a retrospective comparative-historical analysis, the differences of the modern system of antimonopoly regulation are revealed, the peculiarity of which is the ontological connection of law and economics. This determines the need to create conditions for the integration of high-quality economic and legal analysis sufficient for the objective resolution of antimonopoly cases into the current system of means of countering monopolistic activity, as well as the resolution by courts and administrative bodies of various categories of cases arising from the application of antimonopoly legislation. From the standpoint of the principles of balance of interests, proportionality (efficiency, rule of reason), economic and legal analytical approach to assessing the legality of market behavior, law enforcement practice, official acts of judicial interpretation, especially the “antimonopoly” resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 2 of March 4, 2021, are considered. Its importance for the further implementation of the economic and legal analytical method in antimonopoly science, legislation, practice in order to increase the effectiveness of antimonopoly policy, to ensure the socio-economic interests of citizens, society, and the state is emphasized. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of the study, proposals aimed at ensuring constitutional goals and values in antimonopoly regulation and practice related to the implementation of the economic and legal analytical approach, ensuring the principles of balance of interests and proportionality (efficiency, rule of reason), including proposals to amend Article 13 of the Law “On Protection of Competition”, correction of the objectives of antimonopoly legislation, the use of economic expertise in the antimonopoly process, etc. In particular, the proposals on the need to expand the scope of Article 13 of the Law “On Protection of Competition”, revision of the concept of per se in Russian antimonopoly regulation and law enforcement are substantiated.

Международная научно-практическая конференция «Актуальные проблемы административного и административно-процессуального права» (Сорокинские чтения) (24 марта 2023 г., Санкт-Петербург)

Abstract: On 24 March 2023, the plenary session of the international scientific-practical conference («Sorokin Readings») was held at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia By the day of the event the materials of the conference have been published in electronic form, including 195 articles reflecting the content of scientific reports, in preparation of which 216 authors from 59 scientific and educational organisations took part, including 11 authors from 6 foreign countries (Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Armenia), 24 Doctors Sci. (Jurid.), 100 Candidates Sci. (Jurid.), including 22 professors, 66 associate professors, 7 employees of practical bodies of internal affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
 At the plenary session of the conference there was an exchange of ideas on problematic issues of modernisation of public administration, administrative and administrative-procedural law, theoretical and applied problems of improvement of legislation on administrative infractions and administrativejurisdictional activity, problems of ensuring security and public order, improvement of police and other law enforcement activities. At the end of the conference, the results were summed up.

Administrative justice of Germany: development prospects

The article is devoted to the prospects for the development of administrative justice in Germany. On the wave of reforms initiated to a large extent by European law, there were those states in which administrative- legal protection was traditionally aimed primarily at ensuring the integrity of the objective legal order and for a long time did not pay enough attention to the protection of citizens in urgent cases and in case of administrative inaction. In contrast, in Germany, where administrative procedural law is characterized by the concept of subjective legal protection and the right to effective legal protection has been guaranteed at the constitutional level since 1949, the need for change has been negligible.
 The dynamism that has characterized the development of administrative justice in many European states since the 1990s will continue in the coming years and will further change administrative and legal protection. In the Federal Republic of Germany, which is characterized by a paradigm of subjective legal protection, legal protection will be enriched by prosecutorial actions from associations and possibly citizens. This applies primarily to those areas where legal norms for the protection of certain public interests suffer from the structural weakness of law enforcement, which is partly caused by the fact that there is no possibility for individual actions in case of violation of these norms.
 There is a need to fill gaps in legal protection at the European and international levels. It is necessary to pay attention to the elimination of gaps in legal protection not only in the law of the European Union, but also in relation to possible violations of rights by the measures of international organizations. As long as effective legal remedies do not exist there, the European Union and its Member States must offer alternative legal protection, which is also based on universal guarantees of respect for human rights. Alternative conflict resolution mechanisms will continue to be tested. Out-of-court and judicial mediation will become more important. However, given the principle of administrative legality, their scope will remain limited. Serious changes in legal protection may occur due to the adjustment of the ratio between administrative and judicial means of protection. In particular, in the case of decisions on complex technical, economic, social and environmental issues, as well as decisions that must take into account a large number of interests, it may be functionally appropriate to strengthen control at the administrative level.
 Digitization will change not only the internal working processes of the courts, but also the communication between those seeking legal protection and the courts. It can provide greater transparency for all participants in the process, but it can also make access more difficult for those who have difficulties communicating with new media. Therefore, when implementing e-justice, special care should be taken to avoid a digital divide in legal protection. In addition, the digitalization of the judicial system has great potential to support judges in their work, not to replace them.

Principles of administrative legal proceedings in modern conditions: scientific and legal aspect

The article is devoted to a scientific and theoretical study of the principles of administrative legal proceedings in the updated conditions of the Ukrainian State development, based on the needs for high-quality provision and implementation of legal rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities in the field of public law relations. It has been established that the principles of administrative proceedings at the current stage of development of administrative procedural law should be understood as the basic, initial rules which are stipulated by the provisions of national legislation, as well as generally accepted provisions of international law and standards of administration of justice, and which determine the organisational and functional (procedural) conditions for the administration of justice in administrative cases, and which are reflected and enshrined in the relevant provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine. It has been noted that by their functional purpose, the principles of administrative justice form a stable basis for the functioning of the mechanism of administrative and procedural regulation.
 Based on the analysis of the existing scientific developments on this issue, the author supports and further develops the scientific position on determining the characteristic features inherent in the principles of administrative justice in the modern context, namely a) each principle is based on a certain idea, determined by the socio-legal and ideological values of public life, the state and law at this stage of development and functioning; b) the principles have an external expression, i.e. they are textually concentrated in the norms of administrative procedure legislation and reflect the content, essence and internal structure of administrative proceedings, the entire process of the dynamics of its implementation; c) the principles perform a safeguarding function, as they contribute to the main task of administrative proceedings to ensure the proper level of exercise and protection of individuals and legal entities of their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests from violations by public authorities; d) each principle should be logical and scientifically grounded, internally balanced, aimed at ensuring the orderly administration of justice in administrative cases, while not repeating the content of other principles of administrative justice and not contradicting each other.

ПРЕЗУМПЦИЯ ВИНОВНОСТИ И ОБЪЕКТИВНОЕ ВМЕНЕНИЕ ПО ДЕЛАМ ОБ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ ПРАВОНАРУШЕНИЯХ, ПОСЯГАЮЩИХ НА ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЙ ПОРЯДОК НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ РАЗВИТИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

The article deals with the issues of the modern approach to the definition of public order, understand-ing the essence of administrative offenses that encroach on public order in the current realities, which are due both to the evolution of administrative procedural law and the general digitalization of all spheres of society. Attention is drawn to the fact that the academic understanding of the above concepts is outdated and requires transformation, taking into account the specifics of globalization and the widespread introduction of telecommunications in all spheres of life of modern society. The article also discusses debatable issues about the presumption of guilt and objective imputation in proceedings on cases of administrative offenses that encroach on public order at the present stage of development of administrative procedural law.

Some features of disciplinary proceedings in the National police under the conditions of marital state

The article analyzes the peculiarities of disciplinary proceedings in the National police under martial law. The relevance of the study of the specifics of disciplinary proceedings in the bodies of the National Police, which is due to the specifics of the service of police officers under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, is revealed. It has been established that disciplinary proceedings are a structural element of the administrative jurisdictional process and are understood by the author as a set of successive interrelated actions of participants in disciplinary proceedings, regulated by the norms of administrative procedural law, aimed at consideration and resolution of disciplinary cases regarding bringing police officers to disciplinary responsibility for committing a disciplinary offense. The importance of the legal regulation of the mechanism for suspending the statute of limitations for disciplinary liability is emphasized, which contributes to the effective implementation of the principle of inevitability of punishment for committing a disciplinary offense. The need for regulatory clarification of the procedure for summoning police officers to give explanations within the framework of disciplinary proceedings has been expressed, as it does not provide for the existence of a normatively defined summons form. The need to detail the legal construction of «another position» in the context of the temporary performance of duties by a police officer removed from the main position is substantiated. Attention is focused on the uncertainty of the organizational subordination of a suspended police officer, who hypothetically can temporarily perform duties both in the same structural unit and in another one. Typical violations of law and discipline in the activities of police officers are singled out, including: illegal administrative detention of citizens; violation of the requirements of the law when using special means when detaining persons; unjustified detention of detainees for more than three hours and cases of entering into the protocols on administrative detention an inaccurate time of actual detention of violators; groundless stopping of vehicles; violation of the requirements of Article 221 of the Code of administrative offenses regarding the consideration of cases of administrative offenses committed by minors; ignoring the requirements for informing the Regional centers for the provision of free secondary legal assistance about the detention of a person; failure to inform relatives of citizens detained for committing administrative offenses about their whereabouts; violation of the requirements of Art. 33, 36, 277-284 of the Code of administrative offenses on the terms and procedure of consideration of cases, the limits of the imposition of fines, the content of resolutions, their delivery to violators; abuse of power and official authority by the police; violation of norms of professional ethics, etc.