Administrative Decision-making Process Research Articles

The Impact of Administrative Decisions on Commercial Freedom in Saudi Arabia: A Legal Study

This legal study examines the impact of administrative decisions on commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia, exploring the intricate relationship between regulatory frameworks and business operations. The research analyzes the historical context of commercial freedom in the kingdom, tracing its evolution from traditional practices to the current legal landscape. It delves into the constitutional provisions and relevant legislation that shape administrative decision-making processes affecting commercial activities. Through case studies, the study illustrates practical implications of administrative decisions on various aspects of business operations, including visa regulations, residence permits, zoning laws, and regulatory compliance. The research identifies key challenges to commercial freedom, such as regulatory barriers and administrative obstacles, while also highlighting opportunities for enhancement, including improved transparency and modernized regulations. The study emphasizes the crucial roles of key stakeholders - government, private enterprises, and civil society organizations - in shaping commercial freedom. It proposes recommendations for reform, focusing on legislative changes, institutional improvements, and fostering an entrepreneurial culture. While acknowledging Saudi Arabia's progress in developing its commercial legislation and regulatory system, the research identifies areas for improvement. It concludes that the kingdom's efforts to balance regulatory oversight with business needs, coupled with its economic diversification goals, suggest a positive trajectory for commercial freedom. However, success depends on continued reform, stakeholder engagement, and adaptation to global economic trends while respecting local cultural and religious values. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers interested in understanding and enhancing commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia.

The roles of AI and educational leaders in AI-assisted administrative decision-making: a proposed framework for symbiotic collaboration

AbstractEducation has always been in a state of flux because of technological disruption. As schools head towards a present in which digital technology is normalised as part of the fabric of everyday society, a post-digital paradigm, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the educational administration and leadership. It is crucial to find ways to coexist with AI while striving for a human-centric future. While numerous studies advocate for a collaborative synergy between AI and human leaders in educational governance, there is a gap in explicating the precise roles they undertake. This paper aims to address the void by providing a conceptual framework for the symbiotic roles of AI and educational leaders in the administrative decision-making process. This paper views administrative decision-making in schools as a political process involving negotiations among administrators, teachers, students, and parents. Within the framework, AI shoulders informational roles such as collecting and analysing data with its data analysis capability. Conversely, educational leaders are tasked with establishing the vision, disseminating information, managing conflicts, identifying new opportunities, negotiating and allocating decision-making authority to stakeholders. Moreover, educational leaders should encourage and supervise the implementation of AI in schools. The framework serves as a theoretical lens for prospective studies of AI impacts on education leadership and administration and bears practical implications for the preparation of future school leaders, contributing to the creation of a scenario where AI augments, rather than replaces educational leadership.

Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Administrative Decision-Making and Innovation Processes within Saudi Institutions

Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Administrative Decision-Making and Innovation Processes within Saudi Institutions

The Impact of COVID-19 on Nurse Burnout

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to millions of deaths and hospitalizations all over the world. Not only has the pandemic increased anxiety among healthcare workers, but it has heightened the already challenging environment. Nurses have been especially impacted by the pandemic due to their essential role in patient care, as they spend a significant amount of time directly working with patient populations. Due to a shortage of personal protective equipment, uncertainty about regulations, and testing accuracy, nurses were put into situations where they could potentially contract COVID-19 themselves. Furthermore, due to staff shortages, nurses were moved to different wards where they have to adapt quickly to new responsibilities leading to high levels of stress and unfair expectations. Nurse burnout has strong implications on patient care as well. Nurses’ dissatisfaction with their jobs had led to an increase in adverse events such as medication errors, decreasing patient satisfaction with their hospital stay. Additionally, the adjustment to the pandemic in nursing schools has negatively affected nursing students’ perceptions of the field. Some suggestions to alleviate nurse burnout include prioritizing the wellbeing of all healthcare workers, involving nurses in administrative decision-making processes, and fostering a better work environment. If the nurse burnout issue is not addressed, patient care quality and hospital outcomes will decline, having a negative impact on all stakeholders. This review found that burnout has a negative impact on patient care satisfaction and the desire for students to pursue nursing. Interventions such as increasing nurse autonomy and decreasing patient to nurse ratios can protect nurses from burnout.

Analysis of The Impact and Dynamics of Gratification In The Practice of State Administrative Law

The practice of gratification, which involves receiving rewards or gifts by state administrative officials, can undermine the foundations of good governance principles. The implications of gratification practices can damage the government's image, reduce public trust, and affect the effectiveness of public policy. This phenomenon creates challenges in various aspects, including public ethics, public trust, and the effectiveness of legal institutions. Apart from that, the dynamics of gratification can also penetrate the administrative decision-making process. Objective considerations in decision making can be disturbed by the influence of gratification, resulting in policies that are not in line with the public interest. This opens up gaps in inequality in public services and inefficient use of public resources. The high complexity of this problem requires an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of gratification in the practice of State Administrative Law. Especially solutions to overcome the problems of awareness and ethics of state administration administrators, internal and external supervision of perpetrators of gratification, environmental conditions of work organizations and active participation from various stakeholders to prevent and eradicate can involve various parties, especially law enforcement officials, the media and the public to proactively reveal , urge and report behavior that leads to gratification. This article explores the phenomenon of gratification in the context of state administrative law practice. Through in-depth analysis, we explain the dynamics behind gratification, its impact on the effectiveness of the state's administrative legal system, and efforts that can be made to overcome this problem. Our research concludes that a deep understanding of gratification is critical to enhancing the integrity and credibility of the country's administrative legal system.

Status of Nutritional Services to Vulnerable Population in West Bengal and Their Hardship during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community-based Qualitative Exploration

Introduction: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions were imposed on various activities including nutritional services. This study was conducted with the objective to explore the status of the nutritional services and to identify the hardship and barriers faced by the vulnerable population and challenges for service providers and program managers during the initial phase of pandemic. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted among three vulnerable population groups (slum dwellers, tribal population, and residents of disaster-prone area) in three districts of West Bengal, the reference period being April–September 2020. To assess the status of nutritional services and identify existing barriers or challenges, the study employed a mixed-methods approach utilizing focus group discussions (FGDs) as well as in-depth interviews (IDIs) conducted with beneficiaries, service providers and program managers. One habitation in each district was selected to obtain case scenarios on food insecurity and hardship. Descriptive analysis of household surveys and thematic analysis of FGDs and IDIs were done, and the findings were triangulated. Results: Different nutritional services (supplementary nutrition, micronutrient supplementation, growth monitoring, nutrition counseling, and nutrition rehabilitation) were disrupted. Shifting from hot-cooked meals to dry take-home ration was the most conspicuous change during restoration phase. Food security was absent in majority of the households. Reduction of income affected their affordability, which along with difficult accessibility to diverse food items contributed to their hardship. Service providers identified several challenges, including increased workload due to both COVID-19 activities and a rise in beneficiaries, transportation difficulties, and experiences of stigma and discrimination. Long administrative decision-making process, additional hurdles due to cyclone, and containment zones were identified as challenges by the program managers. Conclusion: As the hardship of vulnerable population was pervasive, it is necessary to formulate mitigating measures in light of the identified challenges and to combat similar crises in future.

Environmentally adjusted technical efficiency and the impact of energy and transport taxes on the eco-efficiency index of Greek industry

This study aims to investigate the ecological efficiency of industry in Greece through a sector-wise framework using data envelopment analysis and considering three different types of environmental emissions. Through this quantification, it is possible to determine the degree of internalization of the environmental impact for each sector of the Greek economy. This fact supports the administrative decision-making process for the planning of sustainable industrial development. Subsequently, the effect of energy and transportation taxes on the eco-efficiency index is examined. It is shown that the revenues from the collection of environmental taxes in Greece have not been sufficiently used to improve eco-efficiency. This fact underlines the need to achieve long-term economic development that is compatible with environmental goals and social needs through appropriate strategic decisions and measures. It also highlights the need to create a well-designed tax system in order to reduce environmental pollution and improve environmental quality.

Administrative Style among Primary School Principals within the Green Line and its Relationship to Teachers' Participation in Administrative Decision-Making Process

The current study aimed to identify the administrative style practiced by primary school principals within the green line and its relationship to teachers' participation in decision-making process from the teachers' point of view. The study used the descriptive correlational survey methodology, through utilizing two questionnaires for data collection, first, a questionnaire to identify the leadership style, which consisted of (30) items distributed equally into the autocratic style, the democratic style, and the laissez-faire style, second, a questionnaire measuring the level of teachers’ participation in the decision-making process, which consisted of (25) items, distributed into the two fields: Decisions related to educational aspects (15 items), and decisions related to administrative aspects (10 items), as they were applied to a simple random sample consisted of (380) teachers.The results showed that the three leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire) came with a medium degree of practice, and that the level of teachers' participation in decision-making was medium. The results also showed the existence of a positive statistically significant correlation between the practice of the democratic and laissez-faire styles and the participation of teachers in decision-making, and the absence of a statistically significant relationship between the practice of the autocratic style and the participation of teachers in decision-making.

Удосконалення процесу прийняття управлінських рішень в Україні шляхом забезпечення їх публічності в умовах війни

Problem statement. The requirement to make timely and correct administrative decisions is relevant for public management at any level, in all countries and in all historical periods. Therefore, many managers wonder how to develop a mechanism for making such a decision. There are conditions in which the administrative decision-making process acquires additional complications. In the conditions of martial law, the improvement of such a process acquires certain specific features. It is affected mainly by the safety and value components of social life, as well as the change in the algorithms of interaction between society and authorities in the specific conditions of war. An additional factor that provokes the need to revise the administrative decision-making process in Ukraine is the implementation of systemic reforms in the context of fulfilling the requirements for our country’s accession to the EU and NATO. Therefore, improving the administrative decision-making process in Ukraine, ensuring their publicity, is becoming particularly acute. Presentation of basic material. The article analyses the administrative decision- making process under martial law in Ukraine through the principle of publicity, specific requirements for the publicity of information management and administration via the prism of security requirements, and interaction with the Armed Forces. It substantiates that the publicity principle ensuring the formation and implementation of administrative decisions at management levels is a European integration requirement. Based on the analysis of normative and legal instruments it establishes that organisational, institutional, and legal requirements for the authorities’ activity provide for and oblige them to follow the publicity principle while adopting administrative decisions under martial law. Possible restrictions on public information disclosure are analysed and defined. It is revealed that restrictions relate to the issues of defence means and forces of Ukraine, but not to the processes of making administrative decisions, the public information holder is responsible for the information content in the decision-making process, and it is stipulated by the legislation. It is shown that the administrative decision-making process improvement in Ukraine by ensuring its publicity under martial law is achievable through several strategies (digitalisation, financing control, electronic reporting development, revision and improvement of crisis communication algorithms between the population and authorities, civil society institutions development, in particular, motivation of people to participate in making managerial decisions, enhancing officials’ skills in communicating with the population based on the publicity and compliance balance with the requirements of the martial law on access to information, etc.). Conclusions and suggestions. A conclusion is made that Ukraine is developing during wartime in line with European managerial approaches, among which is publicity in making managerial decisions by the authorities. Among the promising directions of research, we see the issue of cooperation with international organizations and partners to strengthen efforts to ensure publicity during the administrative decision-making process at various levels; exchange of publicity practices with democratic countries that have experience in decision-making during military conflicts.

Sources of Social Pressures Affecting the Administrative Decision-Making Process of the Jordanian Sports Federations for Self-Defense Sports

This study examines the sources of social pressures influencing the administrative decision-making process of Jordanian sports federations for self-defense sports. The study's objectives are to identify these sources and determine if there are statistically significant differences in their impact based on the type of game. The researchers used a descriptive survey method, with a sample of 43 individuals from Jordanian self-defense sports federations boards. A questionnaire was developed to measure the sources of social pressures, consisting of 32 items. The results indicate that the level of pressure sources was intermediate overall, with some items ranking higher or lower in importance. The study also found variations in the sources of pressure based on the type of game, with kickboxing showing greater significance than karate. These findings shed light on the social pressures affecting administrative decision-making in Jordanian sports federations and provide insights for better understanding and managing these influences in the future.
 
 Received: 28 May 2023 / Accepted: 16 August 2023 / Published: 5 September 2023

A decade of research into the application of big data and analytics in higher education: A systematic review of the literature

The need for data-driven decision-making primarily motivates interest in analysing Big Data in higher education. Although there has been considerable research on the value of Big Data in higher education, its application to address critical issues within the sector is still limited. This systematic review, conducted in December 2021 and encompassing 75 papers, analysed the applications of Big Data and analytics in higher education. The focus was on their usage in supporting learning, teaching and administration as reported in papers indexed in SCOPUS, Web of Science and IEEE Xplore. The key findings from the review revealed that Big Data and analytics are predominantly used to support learning and, to a lesser extent, guide teaching and informing administrative decision-making processes. The review also identified a set of studies focused on supporting student well-being. Further, we extend the use of Big Data in higher education to include the well-being of students and staff. This paper contributes to the growing debate on the practical use of Big Data and analytics to provide valuable insights for solving systemic challenges facing high education in the twenty-first century.

The Degree to Which the Administrative Decision-Making Process Is Activated to Develop Government Schools in Jarash Governorate from the Viewpoint of School Principals

This study aimed to find out the degree to which the administrative decision-making process is activated to develop government schools in Jarash Governorate from the viewpoint of school principals. The researcher used the descriptive survey methodology. The study sample consisted of (181) male and female principals, (85) males and (96) females. A questionnaire has been developed which consisted of (6) domains and (52) items after completing the validity and reliability procedures. Results of the study showed that the degree to which the administrative decision-making process is activated to develop government schools in Jarash Governorate from the viewpoint of school principals came at medium degree, It was found that difference with statistically significance in degree out the degree to which the administrative decision-making process is activated to develop government schools in Jarash Governorate from the viewpoint of school principals attributed to gender variable in favor of the females, and according to the scientific qualification in favor of those with graduate studies, and for years of experience variable in favor of those with (10 years of experience and more). The study recommended that necessity for working to strengthening the activation of the administrative decision-making process to develop government schools in Jarash Governorate, through the establishment of specialized seminars and workshops.

Procedural Protections, Appeal Arrangements, and Welfare Conditionality

Abstract Welfare conditionality (WC) is a crucial ingredient of social policies around the world. Welfare conditionality demands that recipients meet specific behavioral goals to either access the benefit for the first time or retain the benefit's ongoing advantages. This article argues that any justification of WC must seriously consider procedural protections (PPs) and how they shape the policy's outcome. Procedural protections are institutional principles and mechanisms that guarantee fairness in the administrative decision-making process. This essay normatively evaluates appeal procedures—a key component of PPs—in the context of conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) implemented during the last two decades in Latin America. It explains why CCTs often fail to provide their recipients with adequate appeal procedures to protect them against administrative errors and poor decision making. These plans can be unfair redistributive programs not because of the type of conditionalities they promote but, rather, due to the limited PPs they provide.

취소소송의 소송물 개념의 기능에 대한 재조명

“Streitgegenstand” is the criterion for determining the subject of judgment by the court in a lawsuit and sorting out duplicate lawsuits. Unlike civil litigation, which is difficult to determine whether the subject of judgment is the same, cancellation litigation is subject to disposition, so the unit of litigation is determined immediately by disposition.
 However, due to the recent tendency to expand disposition, there are cases where legal issues are the same between separate lawsuits with different dispositions subject to litigation. In particular, if the disposition of each administrative action is recognized between the administrative actions in stages, difficult situations may arise regarding the succession of defects under the substantive law, changes in lawsuits under the litigation law, and the filing period.
 Until now, it has not been difficult to determine “Streitgegenstand” in cancellation litigation because the scope of “Streitgegenstand” has been determined as a unit of individual specific disposition. However, as society becomes more complex, administrative procedures become important, and administrative decision-making processes are subdivided, the number of dispositions of relationships that are virtually difficult to see as separate is increasing.
 Disposition, a litigation requirement for cancellation litigation, has performed a function of preventing duplicate litigation to some extent by converging the subject of litigation among multiple administrative actions or continuous dispositions that confirm the same issue. However, the tendency to expand disposition intensifies this problem.
 Therefore, in easing the litigation requirement of disposition, it is necessary to keep in mind the function of the concept of litigation that disposition has been performing. It should be solved in harmony with problems such as fairness and filing period. In addition, if a disposition that is different from the purpose of the revocation judgment is valid as a result, it is necessary to recognize the obligation to restore the original state as the content of the binding force in order to carry out the purpose of the judgment.

Descriptive Analytics and Interactive Visualizations for Performance Monitoring of Extension Services Programs, Projects, and Activities

Providing universities with high technology-enabled automation tools to support the administrative decision-making processes will enable them to achieve their objectives. For an institution to succeed in its everyday tasks, it should come up with the emerging and modernized management services constituted, among others, by cloud, mobile, and business analytics technology. With this, the institution’s operations and management efficiency are ensured. This study aims to develop a system with descriptive analytics named as MET Online Services that will automate and optimize the monitoring of extension services key performance indicators (KPIs) in order to help the institution in making better, data-driven decisions. The dashboards and interactive visualizations of the developed system will provide quick access to real-time progress of the extension services programs, projects, and activities. Results interpretation depicted that the developed system is indeed feasible for implementation, proven to be fully-functional and passed the quality software standards of a Certified Software Quality Assurance Specialist. As the developed system satisfied the users’ expectations and requirements, it would be an effective tool for the institution, extension services unit, and community, to make better strategic decisions and continuously deliver quality services to the community.

The Use of Quantitative Techniques and Their Role in The Administrative Decision-Making Process in Organizations

The Use of Quantitative Techniques and Their Role in The Administrative Decision-Making Process in Organizations

How will the Legal Battle End in the Public Job : Sight of Jordan Issue

<p>Conflict of interests, as an act of corruption, is considered a loose concept. Legal jurisprudence differed in defining its concept, but the salient feature in it is that it constitutes an act of a public job that calls for both disciplinary and criminal responsibility, as it constitutes a two-faced act, a criminal and a disciplinary aspect. This study came to examine a important issue within the framework of the public job. From here it was necessary to stand on the definition of conflict of interest and the types of this conflict within the framework of the public job, and the elements of the crime of conflict of interest according to the criminal framework in the punitive legislation in the countries under study. The main findings show that the most prominent of which is that the most common and dangerous form of conflict is the conflict between the public interest and the private interest. This is when the employee has a direct or indirect interest that affects the administrative decision-making process or any other administrative act. The two researchers recommended that more details be given to the images of Conflict of interests in order to avoid any legal lapse or loophole, which would result in the establishment of the largest possible criminal and disciplinary confrontation for this act.</p>

FROM QGIS TO PYTHON: COMPARISON OF FREE AND OPEN TOOLS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND DATA REPRESENTATION

Abstract. The onset of the Covid pandemic in 2020 changed the approach to work, research, and study. This period has been a wake-up call for public administrations, the private sector, and the academic community, to digitise their data. In Italy, digital and information technologies for the protection and enhancement of cultural heritage, which were an imperative for more than a decade, have been accelerated. This paper aims to collect and to process openly available data on patrimony from OpenStreetMap and the Lombardian Geoportal. The study is divided into two phases: a simple statistical analysis of cultural heritage in Monza is obtained, and the results are presented graphically. Firstly, built-in tools and Python Console of QGIS are evaluated, to filter attributes and add geometrical values to the downloaded material. Secondly, plug-in DataPlotly and an online coding application named Replit are assessed. The results are presented and compared in terms of their flexibility, quality of visual representation, customisation, and simplicity of use. Tools developed through and for QGIS are easy to use and available to everyone. Additionally, coding applications can be integrated for more refined results. This approach fosters interdisciplinarity, bridges the gap between professionals and non-expert users of GIS, and opens a range of opportunities for future collaborations. The citizen, as a mapper, can be involved in the administrative decision-making process, contributing with data collected in situ. Collaboration between these two sides can potentially produce the better for evaluating the contemporary built environment and its undividable part of cultural heritage.

Church Administration in the Pastoral Care of Romanian Rural and Urban Communities: Convergence and Divergence

Church administration remains an important component in the canonical organization of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The administrative, political, and social transformations of the last decade confirm that the efficient administration of the priest’s pastoral activity for his community remains a consistent factor in the evaluation of a parish’s activity by Church authorities. The priest is forced to allocate a significant amount of time and energy to setting up and maintaining an efficient administration. This responsibility places the priest in administrative relations with several players: with believers (Christians), as members of the community involved in the administrative decision-making process; with public institutions as social partners, and finally with the Church hierarchy as a decision-maker organism in the administration of the parish assets. In this situation, in which the parish priest’s work revolves around these players, indispensable for the provision of resources with which to undertake his pastoral care, church administration can become a blocking point in the pastoral care of rural communities. For this reason, an analysis of the convergence and divergence between church administration and pastoral care of rural communities can be a starting point for identifying appropriate canonical solutions for the pastoral care of rural communities.

Funkcja doskonaląca (prakseologiczna) zasad prawnych zawartych w k.p.a. w zakresie wydawania decyzji administracyjnej

Development (praxeological) function of legal provisions included in the Administrative Code in the area of administrative decision-making processes Administrative Code with its legal provisions of administrative proceeding (Articles 6-16) is considered to perform various functions, which have been reported in the published literature, such as efficiency, functionality and capableness in the activities of public administration authorities. Even though many functions of administrative procedures have been abundantly depicted in the published literature so far no author has referred to its developmental and praxeological function in the process of administrative decision making which has been presented in this study. It seems that praxeological and developmental function of the administrative procedures in the process of administrative decision making is crucial for the proper functioning of the public administration bodies i.e. authorities of the first and second administrative level, supervisory authorities and administrative judiciaries. In order to substantiate the developmental and praxeological function I have presented certain indicators (criteria) of two complementary requirements i.e. legitimacy and efficiency which are based on the procedural standards of administrative law and legal doctrine associated with administrative decisionmaking. Efficiency, as one of the requirements mentioned above, is described in my study by several indicators such as time (swiftness), resourcefulness (activeness) and method (form) of communication in the recognition process. Another aspect of the efficiency requirement is the economical aspect which has been described as productivity and thriftiness in the administrative processes. The third and most important criterion of efficient administration has been linked with the legitimacy and validity of the process and the way of its interpreting has been explained in my work. In the final stage of my study I have explained two roles the developmental function plays within the scope of administrative decision making i.e. its preventive role which is aimed at eliminating potential causes of undesired events that might occur in the administration process as well as its corrective role which allows the administrator to eliminate the symptoms of the actions which have occurred in the fulfilment of administrative duties. In the summary section of my study I have emphasised that the developmental function of the legal provisions of the administrative code can be a useful tool in the improvement of the quality of services provided by public administration authorities for the citizens of its country by making administrative decisions.