Population Administrative Data Research Articles

How Principals Decide Which Students With Disability Sit Standardised Tests and the Implications for School Accountability*

Whether students with disability should be included in standardised testing is a contentious issue. In this study, we provide the first empirical evidence on what happens when principals are given discretion over exempting students with disability. Using population administrative data of children with teacher‐identified low‐moderate disability, we find evidence of widespread exempting in their first national test (at 8–9 years old). Those who receive special education funding, a visible flag of disability, are 30 percentage points less likely to sit, controlling for teacher‐assessed student capabilities. We find no evidence that that the rate of indiscriminate exempting is linked to school competition, but find instead that it is linked to the presence of learning impediments. While not impacting overall school accountability, such behaviour potentially compromises accountability for special education programs and sends a bad signal to students with learning impairments.

Population-Level Administrative Data: A Resource to Advance Psychological Science

Population-level administrative data—data on individuals’ interactions with administrative systems, such as health-care, social-welfare, criminal-justice, and education systems—are a fruitful resource for research into behavior, development, and well-being. However, administrative data are underutilized in psychological science. Here, we review advantages of population-level administrative data for psychological research and provide examples of advances in psychological theory arising from administrative data studies. We focus on advantages in three areas: the collection and recording of population-level administrative data, the data’s large scale, and unique data linkages. We also describe ethical issues as well as methodological considerations and limitations in population administrative data research and outline future directions to enable psychological scientists to more fully capitalize on administrative data resources.

Disability Benefit Reform and Benefit Outcomes: A Re-examination of the Introduction of the UK Personal Independence Payment Using Linked Population Data

ObjectivesMany countries face the problem of how to provide support for additional costs faced by disabled people while restricting disability benefit program growth given tight public finances. In 2013, the UK reformed its main additional costs disability benefit with this objective, changing both medical screening and payment rates with the introduction of the Personal Independence Payment (PIP). This study uses newly available linked administrative population data to examine the impact of this major reform on disability benefit receipt. ApproachWe use the newly available 2011CBI dataset, which links Census records to microdata on benefit receipt for the population of England and Wales from 2011-2015. Difference-in-difference and synthetic control methods are used to estimate the reform impact on the probability of flowing onto disability benefits, exploiting the structure of the roll-out of PIP’s introduction across English regions. ResultsIntroducing PIP led to a sharp fall in the probability of disability benefit onflow, with tentative evidence of a partial reversal in the following year. Further analysis is required to quantify the extent to which this reflects well-known administrative delays in processing applications as opposed to a step change in the probability of claims being successful. ConclusionsThis study is the first to present linked administrative population data estimates of the benefit recipiency effects of the introduction of PIP. In doing so it both contributes to the wider international literature on disability benefit reform and provides an early research application of a significant new administrative dataset for England and Wales.

Using linked cohort data to help address residual confounding in analyses of population administrative data

ObjectivesAnalyses of population administrative data can often only be minimally adjusted due to the unavailability of a full set of control variables, leading to bias due to residual confounding. Cohort studies will often contain rich information on potential confounders but may not be sufficiently powered to meaningfully address the research question of interest. We aimed to use linked cohort data to help address residual confounding in analyses of population administrative data. ApproachWe propose a multiple imputation-based approach, introduced through application to simulated data. We then apply this approach to a real-world problem – examining the association between pupil mobility (changing schools at non-standard times) and Key Stage 2 attainment using data from the UK National Pupil Database (NPD). The limited control variables available in the NPD are supplemented by multiple measures of socioeconomic deprivation captured in linked Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) data. ResultsThe proposed approach is observed to perform well when using simulated data. The association between pupil mobility and Key Stage 2 attainment was attenuated after supplementing the NPD analysis with information from linked MCS data, though with a decrease in precision. ConclusionWe have demonstrated the potential of the proposed approach, but more work is required. ImplicationsThe principles underlying this innovative approach are widely applicable: any analysis of administrative data where confounder control is limited by the availability of information could potentially be strengthened by linking a subset of individuals into richer cohort data and leveraging the additional information to inform population-level analyses.

Doing Genders: Partner's Gender and Labor Market Behavior.

Partnered men and women show consistently gendered patterns of labor market behavior. We test whether not only a person's own gender, but also their partner's gender shapes hours worked. We use Dutch administrative population data on almost 5,000 persons who had both male and female partners, whose hours worked we observe monthly over 15 years. We argue that this provides a unique setting to assess the relevance of partner's gender for labor market behavior. Using two-way fixed effects and fixed-effects individual slopes models, we find that both men and women tend to work more hours when partnered with a female partner compared to a male partner. These results align with our hypothesis that a partner's gender influences labor market behavior. For women, we conclude that this finding may be (partly) explained by marital and motherhood status. Additionally, we discovered that women decrease their hours worked to a lesser extent when caring for a child if they have a female partner. Finally, we found that for men, the positive association between own and partner's hours worked is weaker when one has a female partner, indicating a higher degree of specialization within these couples.

Why are lower socioeconomic background students underrepresented in Erasmus? A focus on the selection into mobility and degree course organization

ABSTRACT Disadvantaged students in higher education are significantly underrepresented in study abroad programs. Existing research has explored this socioeconomic disparity in student mobility, primarily by comparing mobile and non-mobile students. However, these studies often overlook the extensive selection process students undergo to join a mobility program, encompassing application phases, eligibility assessments, and ability evaluations. This study investigates how these selection steps contribute to the unequal uptake of higher education mobility in Europe, focusing on the European Union’s most popular study-abroad program ‘Erasmus’. Additionally, it explores how the program organization at the degree course level is associated with socioeconomic disparities in student mobility. Using administrative population data from a large Italian university, covering 46,000 graduates, the study finds that, on average, 90% of socioeconomic disparities in Erasmus mobility are due to disadvantaged students shying away from the application, while ability selection is only marginally important. Additionally, degree-level characteristics, particularly the social segregation across fields of study, matter. Although the study is based on data from a single university in Italy, it has implications for an international audience in countries with similar institutional settings for international student mobility, as it demonstrates for the first time the impact of the selection process and degree course organization on the socioeconomic gap in study abroad program participation.

Long-term collateral effects of parent programs on child maltreatment proxies: Can administrative data provide useful insights?

Collecting child maltreatment data from participants is expensive and time-consuming, and often suffers from substantial attrition rates. Administrative population data may prove fruitful to overcome these barriers. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to illustrate how administrative data may be used in evaluating long-term intervention effects; and (2) to examine collateral effects of three preventive early childhood interventions offered to families in the Netherlands (Supportive Parenting, VoorZorg, and Incredible Years). Using population data, four proxies of child maltreatment were assessed to examine collateral intervention effects: incidences of child protection orders, placements of children in residential care, crime victimization of children or their parents, and parental registrations as a crime suspect. The results revealed no significant differences between experimental and control conditions on any of these proxies, with very small effect sizes (ranging from Cramer’s V = 0.01 to Cramer’s V = 0.10). We conclude that the results do not provide support for collateral effects, but that studying other outcomes may provide this support. We further discuss that small sample sizes and low prevalences challenge studies using administrative data. Notwithstanding these limitations, we conclude that administrative data can strengthen the evidence base for collateral and direct intervention effects.

Keeping children within the family: Changing patterns in the use of special guardianship orders

Special Guardianship Orders (SGOs) provide family courts with an alternative to adoption, typically through permanent placement within the extended family. Using court administrative data, this study charts the use of SGOs as a way of promoting stability and recovery for these vulnerable children who cannot remain safely with their parents.
 The study cohort is based on administrative population data produced routinely by Cafcass and accessed via the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank at Swansea University. The unit of analysis is children subject to s.31 care and supervision proceedings in England between 2007/08 and 2021/22, providing a retrospective observational window of fifteen years. Descriptive statistics were used to compare SGOs to other permanency final legal orders (placement, child arrangements, supervision and no order), and survival modelling was employed to look at stability over time and return to court. Finally, regional and over time variations in the data were examined.
 The percentage of children placed on a SGO as a proportion of all children subject to s.31 proceedings rose from 12% to 18% between 2011/12 and 2021/22. Over the same period the percentage of children with a placement order that frees the way for adoption fell from 24% to 14%. This shift in pattern was more pronounced than for any other legal order we examined for children unable to remain with birth parents. The highest usage per region was in the North East and London and the lowest was in the Midlands. We estimate that 9% of children on SGOs would return to court within 10 years. Older children (5-17 years old) were more likely to return to court after SGOs than younger children.
 The study showed that SGOs have become a main route out of public care, outstripping the use of placement orders. These findings have major implications for policy and practice. They demonstrate that special guardianship provides a stable and sustainable permanency option for children unable to remain with their birth parents.

The Consequences of the COVID‐19 Pandemic for Fertility and Birth Outcomes: Evidence from Spanish Birth Registers

AbstractWe examine the joint consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic for fertility and birth outcomes by drawing on full population administrative data from Spain. We find a surprising improvement in birth outcomes in November and to a less extent in December 2020 (eight to nine months after the first wave of the pandemic) compared with monthly trends in the 10 previous years (2010–2019). The improvement in birth outcomes was shortly followed by a decline in fertility, which concentrated on first births, births to women without a tertiary degree, and births to young and old mothers, respectively. These findings are consistent with the idea that the pandemic selectively affected conception, which showed up first as an improvement in birth outcomes due to the missing conceptions of frail‐children‐to‐be (preterm and low birth weight) and then as a lowered fertility rate due to the missing conception of at‐term children.

The Widening Achievement Gap Between Rich and Poor in a Nordic Country

We study a decade of achievement gaps for fifth-, eighth-, and 10th-grade students in Norway using administrative population data. Norway is a wealthy and egalitarian country with a homogeneous educational system, yet achievement gaps between students at the 90th and 10th percentiles of parental income and between students whose parents have at least a master and at most a high school degree are found to be large (0.55–0.93 and 0.70–0.99 SD), equivalent to about 2 to 2.5 years of schooling, and increasing by grade level. Achievement gaps by parental income, but not by parental education, increased over the time period, underscoring the different ways these two socioeconomic status components relate to achievement and the potential for policy to alter gaps.

Weathering the storm together: Does unemployment insurance help couples avoid divorce?

This study examines whether unemployment insurance benefit generosity impacts divorce, drawing on full population administrative data and a Swiss reform that reduced unemployment insurance maximum benefit duration. We assess the effect of the reform by comparing the pre- to the post-reform change in divorce rates among unemployed individuals who were affected by the reform with the change in divorce rates among a statistically balanced group of unemployed individuals who was not affected by the reform. Difference-in-differences estimates suggest that the reform caused a 2.8 percentage point increase in divorce (a 25% increase). Effects were concentrated among low-income couples (+58%) and couples with an unemployed husband (+32%) though gender differences are attributable to men's breadwinner status. Female main breadwinners were more strongly affected (+78%) than male main breadwinners (+40%). Results confirm the 'family stress model' which posits that job search and financial stress cause marital conflict. Policymakers should consider a broad array of impacts, including divorce, when considering reductions in unemployment insurance generosity.

PENDAMPINGAN PEMBUATAN WEBSITE SISTEM KEPENDUDUKAN (SISPENDUK) DI DESA TANJUNG MANIS KECAMATAN ANYAR SERANG BANTEN

The study aims to develop a village website on student project (KKM) University of Bina Bangsa in developing the field of information technology that is worthy of use. As a form of student outreach to the community in the village Tanjung Manis and provide benefits to the local population's administrative data. Research shows that the developed websites are valid and worthy of use by accessing citizen data, by automatically and more effectively mailing, and by being able to determine the number of rural residents. So it can be concluded that the websites developed are valid and worthy of use in the village Tanjung Manis registry process

The cumulative proportion of children receiving social care services in England: a whole population administrative data cohort study.

ObjectivesChildren who receive social care services have high levels of need, but the proportion of the population they comprise is unknown. We aimed to estimate the cumulative proportion of children in England who ever become looked after (CLA) or placed on a child in need (CiN) plan by age 18. ApproachWe analysed longitudinal administrative children’s social care data: the CLA dataset (available from 1992) and the CiN census (from 2011/12) which respectively contain information on all children in England who become CLA and are assessed as being CiN. The number of CLA in birth cohorts from 1992 to 2016 was divided by Office for National Statistics population denominators to estimate the overall cumulative proportion and by EthPOP denominators to describe ethnic variation. Because of incomplete coverage of CiN data, we combined estimates from different birth cohorts, making reductions to the numerator to address left-censoring. ResultsThe cumulative proportion of children who became CLA before their 18th birthday was 3% for those born in 1992, rising to 4% for those born in 2000. For subsequent cohorts (who had not yet reached age 18), the cumulative proportion by earlier ages also rose over time, but plateaued with the 2012 birth cohort. The cumulative proportion varied by ethnicity: among children born in 2000, it was 18% for those of other ethnicity (many of whom were unaccompanied asylum seeking children), 11% for black children and 7% for those of mixed ethnicity. Most children first became looked after before age 2, with a secondary peak around age 16. Finally, we estimated that 42% of all children in England were recognised as CiN before age 18. ConclusionSignificant proportions of children receive social care services in England. The ethnic variation we observed may indicate systematic differences in how the care system responds to CLA from different backgrounds. These results have implications for service design, as well as preventive strategies to improve child health and well-being.

Housing Lock: Dutch Evidence on the Impact of Negative Home Equity on Household Mobility

This paper employs Dutch administrative population data to test the “housing lock hypothesis”: the conjecture that homeowners with negative home equity, low levels of financial assets, and restricted opportunities to borrow reduce their mobility. Variation in home equity driven by the timing of home purchase within a municipality and the harshness of Dutch recourse laws facilitates identification of housing lock effects. The 2SLS estimate for the effect of negative home equity is a 74–79 percent decline in mobility, where effects are substantially larger for households with low financial asset holdings or moves over longer distances. (JEL G51, R21, R23, R31)

International family migration and the dual-earner model

AbstractWe analyze couples’ joint decisions about emigration and labor force participation using survey data on Danish emigrants, combined with full population administrative data. Couples are most likely to emigrate if the male partner or both partners hold a college degree and least likely to emigrate if neither of the partners is college educated. Probability that a dual-earner couple emigrates increases with the primary earner’s income. In most couples, both partners work before emigration, while after migrating outside the Nordic countries almost half of the women stay at home. Survey responses reveal that men mainly migrate for work reasons and women for family reasons. Our findings suggest that the dual-earner model may not be strongly ingrained among emigrating couples. Instead, female labor force participation abroad varies widely between different destinations.

Acute mental health service use following onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada: a trend analysis.

Background:The extent to which heightened distress during the COVID-19 pandemic translated to increases in severe mental health outcomes is unknown. We examined trends in psychiatric presentations to acute care settings in the first 12 months after onset of the pandemic.Methods:This was a trends analysis of administrative population data in Ontario, Canada. We examined rates of hospitalizations and emergency department visits for mental health diagnoses overall and stratified by sex, age and diagnostic grouping (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders), as well as visits for intentional self-injury for people aged 10 to 105 years, from January 2019 to March 2021. We used Joinpoint regression to identify significant inflection points after the onset of the pandemic in March 2020.Results:Among the 12 968 100 people included in our analysis, rates of mental health–related hospitalizations and emergency department visits declined immediately after the onset of the pandemic (peak overall decline of 30% [hospitalizations] and 37% [emergency department visits] compared to April 2019) and returned to near prepandemic levels by March 2021. Compared to April 2019, visits for intentional self-injury declined by 33% and remained below prepandemic levels until March 2021. We observed the largest declines in service use among adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (55% decline in hospitalizations, 58% decline in emergency department visits) and 10 to 13 years (56% decline in self-injury), and for those with substance-related disorders (33% decline in emergency department visits) and anxiety disorders (61% decline in hospitalizations).Interpretation:Contrary to expectations, the abrupt decline in acute mental health service use immediately after the onset of the pandemic and the return to near prepandemic levels that we observed suggest that changes and stressors in the first 12 months of the pandemic did not translate to increased service use. Continued surveillance of acute mental health service use is warranted.

Research using population-based administration data integrated with longitudinal data in child protection settings: A systematic review.

Over the past decade there has been a marked growth in the use of linked population administrative data for child protection research. This is the first systematic review of studies to report on research design and statistical methods used where population-based administrative data is integrated with longitudinal data in child protection settings. The systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The electronic databases Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO, Embase, ERIC, and CINAHL were systematically searched in November 2019 to identify all the relevant studies. The protocol for this review was registered and published with Open Science Framework (Registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/96PX8). The review identified 30 studies reporting on child maltreatment, mental health, drug and alcohol abuse and education. The quality of almost all studies was strong, however the studies rated poorly on the reporting of data linkage methods. The statistical analysis methods described failed to take into account mediating factors which may have an indirect effect on the outcomes of interest and there was lack of utilisation of multi-level analysis. We recommend reporting of data linkage processes through following recommended and standardised data linkage processes, which can be achieved through greater co-ordination among data providers and researchers.

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENCATATAN KELAHIRAN DAN KEMATIAN BERBASIS SELULER

Permintaan data kependudukan pada Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) cukup tinggi mencapai 35,55% dari keseluruhan permintaan data pada statistik sosial. Data kelahiran dan kematian merupakan bagian utama data kependudukan sebagai dasar untuk membuat perencanaan pembangunan. Hampir semua sektor dan instansi membutuhkan data kelahiran dan kematian. Data kelahiran dan kematian bisa diperoleh dari hasil sensus dan survei yang dilakukan oleh BPS atau dari data administratif kependudukan. Namun data yang dihasilkan dari sensus dan survei memiliki kekurangan yaitu tidak menggambarkan kondisi terkini rentang dikarenakan waktu antar pelaksanaan yang terlalu lama dan proses dari pencacahan hingga diseminasi juga lama. Data administratif kependudukan juga memiliki kekurangan. Sistem yang ada saat ini mengharuskan masyarakat harus aktif melaporkan berbagai peristiwa penting kependudukan yang terjadi dalam lingkungan keluarga mereka, padahal tidak semua penduduk aktif dan disiplin untuk melapor. Berdasarkan permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun sebuah sistem yang dapat mencatat kelahiran dan kematian tanpa menunggu rentang waktu 5 bahkan 10 tahun dan tanpa menunggu masyarakat yang melaporkan peristiwa tersebut. Sistem pencatatan kelahiran dan kematian dirancang untuk diimplementasikan secara online dan terintegrasi di fasilitas Kesehatan, tempat dimana kelahiran dan kematian banyak terjadi dan berada hampir di seluruh kecamatan di Indonesia. Pengembangan sistem ini menggunakan metode Waterfall Model, menghasilkan dua subsistem yiatu aplikasi seluler dengan 9 fungsi dan website monitoring dengan 5 fungsi. Hasil uji coba sistem menunjukkan bahwa seluruh fungsi dapat berjalan dengan baik, dapat diterima oleh pengguna, dan dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan pencatatan kelahiran dan kematian saat ini.

Do income and marriage mediate the relationship between cognitive ability and fertility? Data from Swedish taxation and conscriptions registers for men born 1951–1967

Recent evidence suggests a positive association between fertility and cognitive ability among Swedish men. In this study we use data on 18 birth cohorts of Swedish men to examine whether and how the relationship between cognitive ability and patterns of childbearing are mediated by income, education and marriage histories. We examine whether the expected positive associations between cognitive ability and life course income can explain this positive association. We also explore the role of marriage for understanding the positive gradient between cognitive ability and fertility. To address these questions we use Swedish population administrative data that holds information on fertility histories, detailed taxation records, and data from conscription registers. We also identify siblings in order to adjust for confounding by shared family background factors. Our results show that while cognitive ability, education, income, marriage, and fertility, are all positively associated with each other, income only explains a part of the observed positive gradient between fertility and cognitive ability. We find that much of the association between cognitive ability and fertility can be explained by marriage, but that a positive association exists among both ever-married and never-married men. Both low income and low cognitive ability are strong predictors of childlessness and low fertility in our population. The results from the full population persist in the sub-sample of brothers.

Who Reacts to Less Restrictive Divorce Laws?

AbstractObjectiveTo study how divorce behavior in Denmark changed following a July 2013 reform that removed previous restriction on immediate divorce by repealing mandatory 6‐month separation periods for uncontested divorces, instead allowing for immediate administrative divorce.BackgroundMost countries have mandatory separation periods that couples undergo before they can divorce. Separation allows couples a grace period, during which they may reconcile and stay together. Yet, the impact of separation periods on divorce risk remains understudied.MethodsUsing monthly time series data on divorce rates from 2007 to 2018 (T = 144), the research brief estimates the size and shape of the policy impact of the July 2013 reform. Using monthly administrative population data on all ever‐married couples (N*T = 11,304,566), the study further calculates the average characteristics of married couples in Denmark who would have remained together absent the reform.ResultsAfter an initial spike in the divorce rate driven by couples divorcing earlier, the divorce rate settled at a 10% higher level compared to pre‐reform. Couples who divorced because of the reform had been married for fewer years compared to other divorced couples, were ethnic Danish, and had high school degree as the highest educational level.ConclusionMandatory separation periods have a dampening effect on divorce rates.