Administrative Agencies Research Articles

Nearby Real-Time Earthquake Simulation on an Urban Scale Based on Structural Monitoring

The real-time input of ground motions can effectively assess earthquake disasters in building structures. In this study, we proposed a nearby real-time simulation method that can be applied to assess regional earthquake disasters using structural monitoring recordings based on an urban earthquake simulation system. Real-time accelerations recorded during the 5.1 magnitude Tangshan earthquake were used to update and modify the computing models. El Centro waves were calibrated to 400 cm/s2 for structural seismic resilience analyses. The results indicated that approximately 70% of the structural functions were lost during the rare earthquake. Regional numerical models of 216 buildings were constructed and timeously updated using a geographic information system and measured data. The inputting ground motions recorded in the 5.1 magnitude Tangshan earthquake and typical El Centro waves were selected to analyze the structural seismic response, in which the damage indexes were computed, and the damage predictions of the regional 216 buildings were also simulated in different levels of earthquakes by being combined with the simplified principles of structural damage estimation. Finally, the evaluation results were visualized in three dimensions using ParaView software. The simulated results of earthquake disasters at an urban scale will promote the prediction abilities of local earthquake administration agencies and have considerable potential to provide essential information for emergency responses and regional disaster mitigation.

Tirzepatide – a new hope for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity management. A literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE. While obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are defined (according to WHO) as civilization diseases we are still searching for the ideal tool to fight them. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved tirzepatide subcutaneous injections as monotherapy or combination therapy, with diet and physical exercise, to achieve better glycemic blood levels in patients with diabetes and weight reduction among obese and overweighted patients. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of using tirzepatide based on GIP/GLP-1 agonists clinical trials. MATERAILS AND METHODS. Literature available in the PubMeb Database and Google Scholar Databases was reviewed using keywords. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. Tirzepatide is a novel medicine which stands against type 2 diabetes and obesity pandemic. Combining two agonists of GIP and GLP-1 receptors helps decrease glycemic blood levels, HbA1c levels and reducing body weight in more efficient way than the GLP-1 receptor agonists. All these effects have also resulted in minimizing cardiovascular risk which is observed as an improvement in heart failure, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Beyond that, the recent data present possible positive long-term effect of tirzepatide in such diseases as MAFLD (metabolic associated fatty liver disease) and OSA (obstructive sleep apnea). However, triagonists, achieving a concurrent activation of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, normalize body weight in a manner superior to that of monoagonists and dual agonists. Therefore, the triple agonism or other than GIP/GLP-1 combinations could soon represent a new standard for pharmaceutical interventions. KEYWORDS: tirzepatide; obesity; type 2 diabetes; weight reduction; GIP; GLP-1.

Improving Rainfall Prediction Accuracy in the USA Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques

The key aim of this research project is to design and evaluate advanced machine learning models for increasing accuracy in rainfall forecasting over the USA. We intended to investigate nonlinear relationships typical of the atmospheric variables using state-of-the-art ML methods for more accurate rainfall predictions. For this research project on rainfall forecasting in the USA, we utilized an extensive dataset that comprises historical rainfall data collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other meteorological agencies. The main dataset we use in this paper consists of daily rainfall measurements across various geographical locations of the USA, thus capturing the wide-ranging historical data necessary for both training and validation of the model. Besides measuring rainfall, we included meteorological data from sources such as NOAA's Global Historical Climatology Network and NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. These datasets further provided key variables that are known to affect rain, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. The performance metrics used in this research work for the models considered include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The above table shows that the Random Forest Classifier outperformed the other models, achieving perfect accuracy. That indicated that it rightly classified all the instances in the test set. The Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine models gave a quite good performance by giving above average accuracy but had lower precision and recall for the rainfall prediction. Accurate rainfall forecasting has direct consequences on agriculture, greatly empowering farmers and agricultural planners to make more effective decisions regarding planting, harvesting, and crop management. The forecasts of rainfall are also of critical importance in disaster management regarding planning for flood emergencies. Moreover, precise forecasting of rainfall, particularly in sustainable water resources management, presents the most important data in planning for and conserving these resources.

Nintedanib alleviates polypropylene mesh-induced adhesion in rabbit ventral herniorrhaphy

Abstract BACKGROUND: Nintedanib (previously known as BBIF 1120) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medical Agency to treat idiopathic lung fibrosis in the year 2014 and 2015, respectively. It is now gaining interest for its anti-fibrotic activity in other organs and disease conditions. Although a surgical mesh is used as a mainstay therapy for herniorrhaphy, postoperative peritoneal adhesion with a polypropylene mesh is a significant drawback. This study aims to assess the efficacy of nintedanib in preventing postoperative adhesion incited with a polypropylene mesh in a rabbit model of ventral hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ventral hernia was induced surgically in ten adult healthy New Zealand White rabbits of either sex. Hernioplasty was performed with a polypropylene mesh, and the rabbits were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either oral 1 ml sterile water or 100 mg nintedanib in 1 ml of sterile water for 7 days. The adhesion of the implanted mesh with the intra-abdominal organs was assessed clinically, by histological and ultrastructural studies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 30 days postoperatively. RESULTS: All rabbits were clinically healthy for 30 days post-surgery with no complication at the site of surgery. The incidence of peritoneal adhesion and tenacity was less in the nintedanib group versus the control group (P = 0.00105). Histopathological and SEM evaluations also indicated less fibrosis and adhesion in the nintedanib-treated group versus control. CONCLUSION: Our results show successful prevention of mesh-associated adhesion with nintedanib, but further studies on the mechanistic pathway, pharmacokinetics, dose standardization, and evaluation of systemic side effects are warranted.

Current Landscape of Tofersen in SOD-1-associated Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Since the identification, in 1993, of the causative gene for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is associated with SOD1 mutations, research has focused on the pathogenesis and therapeutics of ALS for more than 30 years. Tofersen, a highly anticipated gene-specific therapy that has been aligned with the disease-specific pathology, has been approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) However, as significant data on tofersen's safety and efficacy are required, the evaluation of this treatment is ongoing. This paper introduces the current clinical and commercial status of Tofersen, along with expectations for its approval in Japan.

Traceability for strengthening supply chain systems and enhancing real-time visibility: Focus of NAFDAC on advancing vaccine traceability in Nigeria

This study explores the successful implementation of activities aimed at scaling traceability for COVID-19 and routine immunization (RI) vaccines to the local government area and selected healthcare facilities in Nigeria, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The study was executed by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and sought to enhance supply chain systems by deploying advanced traceability mechanisms and ensuring real-time stock visibility. The article discusses the accomplishments, challenges, and regulatory framework of NAFDAC, emphasizing GS1 technology-driven traceability, and presents the results of the field scanning activities conducted in July 2023. The approach involved a phased public sector pilot, showcasing the feasibility and challenges of tracking vaccine movement through the supply chain. The result shows the detection of 43 unique products across 1022 facilities from a total of 110,113 scans, offering valuable insights into vaccine distributions. The strategic goals of the project aligned with developing safety surveillance systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to facilitate patient access to global health products. Similarly, significant improvement in traceability through automated data capture (barcode scanning) and expanded coverage for COVID-19 and selected RI vaccines in Nigeria was found. Against this background, the information derived from this report will build confidence in patients regarding vaccine authenticity, establish a transparent and robust supply chain, and foster pharmacovigilance capability through integration with the track-and-trace systems. Thus, the study provides invaluable insights and opportunities for global health practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to incorporate track-and-trace into regulatory systems by other national regulatory authorities.

The political economy of minimum wage setting: The Factories and Shops Act of Victoria (Australia), 1896–1913

AbstractThe Victorian Factories and Shops Act of 1896, the second minimum wage law in the world, empowered administrative agencies (‘Special Boards’) to set trade‐specific minimum rates on the basis of age, sex, and occupation. Some Victorian supporters of minimum wages looked to end sweating and protect women and children, while others sought to use the law to protect adult men. Opponents argued that they would disrupt labour markets, increasing employers’ costs and creating unintended consequences for workers. Evidence from actual minimum wages suggests that boards were loosely constrained by market factors, but also that they had some discretion. Some Special Boards essentially followed the market for their trades while others set rates that were binding for some workers. To the extent that minimum rates were binding, they tended to reduce inequality among adult male workers, particularly after a 1907 federal law established a living wage covering employers with operations in multiple states. However, they also increased inequality across groups, increasing wages of adult men relative to those of women and youths. The act formally institutionalized gender‐based pay differences, a practice that continued in Australian minimum wage setting for more than 70 years.

Determinants of net value added to produced and processed paddy rice in South East, Nigeria

The study principally examined the determinants of net value added to produced and processed paddy rice in South east Nigeria It specifically, identified the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyzed the determinants of net value added to produced and processed paddy rice as well as ascertained the constraints to processed and produced paddy rice. Multi-stage sampling technique involving purposive and random sampling methods was used to select 240 respondents. Primary data were collected on rain-fed production season using structured questionnaires administered to the respondents by personal interview. Descriptive statistics,, multiple regression and principal component analysis were used to analyze the data. Results obtained showed that gender distribution of the respondents was 63%males and 38% females. More respondents are between the ages of 41-50 and31-40 respectively and house hold size of 4-6 .Farming experience showed that 136 respondents representing 57% had engaged in the business between 11-20yrs.The results also showed that 67% of the respondents accessed farm credit while 25% did not.66% of the respondents belonged to farmers association while 75% were not visited by extension agents. Variables (age, gender, years in school, household size, years of experience, training/extension visits, costs incurred, value addition technique and market price) significantly influenced the net value added while marital status, membership of cooperative, and access to credit did not. Constraints to paddy producers and processors were accessibility to farm machine, poor infrastructure and scarcity/high cost of labor, low access to credit/grant; low proactive measures to flood and drought control; insufficient knowledge of agro-chemicals, and late provision of essential training and services; and processors: use of outdated rice milling machines, high cost of modern rice processing machines, low access to modern rice processing machineries and low acceptability of local rice. Recommendations include; establishment of farm machinery hiring centers for producers and supply of modern rice milling machines to rice processing clusters, development of dams and irrigable lands, training and re-training on access to fund, utilization of biodegradable wastes from paddy rice, proactive measures of flood and drainage control, adequate use of agro-chemicals, use of modem techniques, and involvement of National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control in quality control. Keywords: Agriculture, Paddy Rice, Value Addition, Nigeria.

Efektivitas Pelatihan Kepemimpinan Administrator (PKA) oleh BPSDM Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2023

The State Administration Institute of the Republic of Indonesia (LAN) has issued Decree of the Head of the State Administration Agency Number 2 of 2023 concerning Guidelines for Implementing Structural Leadership Training Activities which is the basis for holding education and leadership training activities for administrator officials. This research will discuss the 2023 Class IV Administrator Leadership Training (PKA) activities which were held in order to meet managerial competency standards in structural civil servant positions. The method used in this research is a qualitative method to analyze the effectiveness of implementing structural leadership training activities which is based on measuring sources, processes and targets. Data collection techniques in this research were carried out through interviews, observation, literature study and documentation. The results of this research show that the implementation of managerial leadership training for the position of Administrator (PKA) Class IV in 2023 carried out by the West Java Province Human Resources Development Agency is hampered by the limited number of class observers, the ability of participants who have not yet adapted to the learning methods applied, as well as disrupting participants' concentration because they had to carry out work tasks in their work unit in between training activities, so that aspects of the process did not run optimally.

Civil Service Culture in Public Administrative Agencies in the Context of Digital Transformation in Vietnam

In the context of digital transformation, this study looks at how civil service culture is used in Vietnamese public administrative organizations. Three main areas are covered in this research: (1) the context of the digital transformation and the requirements it has for creating and implementing a civil service culture; (2) the state of civil service culture in public administrative agencies at the moment in the context of the digital transformation; and (3) ways to improve the efficacy of civil service culture implementation in this changing environment. This study emphasizes how crucial civil service culture is as a window into administrative advancement and a code of conduct for employees. It makes the case that fundamental principles like efficacy, professionalism, honesty, and transparency are essential in creating a contemporary, accountable, and efficient administration. The research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on public administration reform in Vietnam, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by digital transformation in the public sector.

Tissue-Agnostic Targeting of Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase Fusions: Current Approvals and Future Directions.

NTRK fusions are oncogenic drivers for multiple tumor types. Therefore, the development of selective tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors, including larotrectinib and entrectinib, has been transformative in the context of clinical management, given the high rates of responses to these drugs, including intracranial responses in patients with brain metastases. Given their promising activity in pan-cancer cohorts, larotrectinib and entrectinib received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval for tissue-agnostic indications in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring NTRK fusions. The safety profiles for both drugs are quite manageable, although neurotoxicity driven by the on-target inhibition of normal NTRK can be a concern. Also, on- and off-target resistance mechanisms can arise during therapy with TRK inhibitors, but they can be addressed with the use of combination therapy and next-generation TRK inhibitors. More recently, the FDA approved the use of repotrectinib, a second-generation TRK inhibitor, in patients with NTRK fusions, based on data suggesting clinical efficacy and safety, which could offer another tool for the treatment of NTRK-altered cancers. In this review, we summarize the current evidence related to the use of TRK inhibitors in the tissue-agnostic setting. We also elaborate on the safety profiles and resistance mechanisms from a practical perspective.

N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) Blunts Axitinib-Related Adverse Effects in Preclinical Models of Glioblastoma.

Axitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor characterized by a strong affinity for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors (VEGFRs). It was approved in 2012 by Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency as a second line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma and is currently under evaluation in clinical trial for the treatment of other cancers. Glioblastoma IDH-wild type (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor characterized by diffusely infiltrative growth pattern and by a prominent neo-angiogenesis. In GBM, axitinib has demonstrated a limited effectiveness as a monotherapy, while it was recently shown to significantly improve its efficacy in combination treatments. In preclinical models, axitinib has been reported to trigger cellular senescence both in tumor as well as in normal cells, through a mechanism involving intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and activation of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated kinase (ATM). Limiting axitinib-dependent ROS increase by antioxidants prevents senescence specifically in normal cells, without affecting tumor cells. We used brain tumor xenografts obtained by engrafting Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs) into the brain of immunocompromised mice, to investigate the hypothesis that the antioxidant molecule N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) might be used to reduce senescence-associated adverse effects of axitinib treatment without altering its anti-tumor activity. We demonstrate that the use of the antioxidant molecule N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) in combination with axitinib stabilizes tumor microvessels in GBM tumor orthotopic xenografts, eventually resulting in vessel normalization, and protects liver vasculature from axitinib-dependent toxicity. Overall, we found that NAC co-treatment allows vessel normalization in brain tumor vessels and exerts a protective effect on liver vasculature, therefore minimizing axitinib-dependent toxicity.

좋은 행정에 대한 시간적ㆍ공간적ㆍ상황별 검토와 좋은 행정규제

While the concept of administration has been studied extensively in administrative law, research on “good administration” has been relatively lacking. This study seeks to define good administration not as a static concept but through a comprehensive analysis of temporal, spatial, and situational factors. Rather than deducing what constitutes good administration in a deductive manner, this study examines the diverse and varying spectrum of elements that make up good administration through a temporal, spatial, and situational analysis. The insights derived from these arguments reveal that administrative systems and content that have been evaluated as good administration reflect the history, culture, circumstances, and national goals of each country. Therefore, good administration moves dynamically and changes flexibly according to the relationship between the purpose and the means (Zweck-Mittel Verhältnis; end-means relationship; Relation fin-moyen) that aims to solve the problems arising in the administrative field, depending on the time, space, and situation. The various elements of good administration in different temporal, spatial, and situational contexts can effectively solve problems. However, the process also generates new issues and areas that require improvement. As a result, good administration must always be subjected to continuous review and adaptation throughout its development. Good administration is not a fixed concept but a dynamic one that can flexibly adapt to time, place, and circumstances. Good administration is characterized by its ability to change according to the era, country, and circumstances. To achieve this, regulations must ensure transparency, rationality, promptness, adequacy, and interdepartmental connectivity. Regulatory standards and objectives should be clear and transparent, and regulations must be designed rationally, considering their purpose and cost. Additionally, regulatory systems must be able to respond quickly to rapidly changing social and economic environments. Thus, understanding good regulation for achieving good administration requires a revised perspective on regulation. The concept and scope of regulation should no longer be confined to the narrow understanding of merely restricting rights and obligations. Instead, it should be expanded to include all types of rules designed to solve issues in the administrative field, varying by time, place, and situation, and discussed across legislative, administrative, and judicial contexts. Furthermore, the scope of regulatory actors should not be limited to administrative agencies. Approaches such as ‘self-regulation,’ where citizens and businesses themselves become the regulatory actors, and ‘regulated self-regulation,’ where administrative agencies, citizens, or businesses collaboratively act as regulatory agents, should also be considered. Good administrative regulation, which leads to good administration, should not be sought as a fixed concept but should instead be flexible, adaptive, and smart. The appropriateness of regulations should be continuously evaluated to avoid being excessive or insufficient, and citizen participation should be encouraged to improve the quality of regulations and increase public acceptance. Digital innovation should be leveraged to simplify procedures and ensure swift processing, while ongoing education and public outreach are essential to enhance citizens' understanding of new regulations. Finally, regulations must maintain flexibility and resilience to adapt to a changing society, and balancing the objectives and means of regulation is crucial to good administration.

A legal and regulatory compliance framework for maritime operations in Nigerian oil companies

The maritime sector plays a critical role in Nigeria's oil industry, serving as the primary conduit for offshore oil exploration, production, and transportation. As the country remains heavily reliant on its oil revenues, ensuring that maritime operations comply with legal and regulatory standards is crucial for operational safety, environmental sustainability, and economic stability. This review outlines a comprehensive legal and regulatory compliance framework for maritime operations in Nigerian oil companies, focusing on the roles of key regulatory bodies such as the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). It explores major laws such as the Coastal and Inland Shipping (Cabotage) Act, Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act, highlighting their implications for offshore drilling, oil transportation, and environmental protection. Additionally, the review discusses the compliance challenges Nigerian oil companies face, including environmental risks, maritime security threats, jurisdictional conflicts, and the technical demands of adhering to safety standards. To address these challenges, the study emphasizes the need for regular audits, technology integration, capacity building, and collaborative engagements between oil companies and regulatory authorities. Through case studies on oil spill response and the enforcement of cabotage laws, the review underscores the importance of robust regulatory enforcement to ensure safety, mitigate environmental damage, and enhance operational efficiency. This framework is essential for the future growth of Nigeria’s oil sector, balancing economic gains with legal compliance and sustainability in maritime operations.

Schisandrin C prevents Regorafenib-Induced cardiotoxicity by recovering EPHA2 expression in cardiomyocytes.

Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor of angiogenic, stromal, and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, has been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. However, regorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity increases the risk of mortality. Despite reports that regorafenib can cause mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes, the molecular mechanism of regorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity is much less known and there is an urgent need for intervention strategies. Here, we treated mice with vehicle or 200 mg/kg regorafenib daily for 42 days by gavage or treated cardiomyocyte lines with 8, 16 or 32 μM regorafenib, and we found that regorafenib could cause apoptosis, mitochondrial injury and DNA damage in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, regorafenib can reduce the expression of EPHA2, which inhibits AKT signaling, leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiotoxicity. In addition, we showed that recovering EPHA2 expression via plasmid-induced overexpression of EPHA2 or schisandrin C, a natural product, could prevent regorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity. These findings demonstrated that regorafenib causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac injury by reducing the expression of EPHA2 and schisandrin C could prevent regorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity by recovering EPHA2 expression, which provides a potential management strategy for regorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity and will benefit the safe application of regorafenib in clinic.

THE IMPACT OF DISCIPLINE, MOTIVATION AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT BPJS KETENAGAKERJAAN REGIONAL OFFICE OF SOUTH SUMATRA AND BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS : A REVIEW

This study aims to analyze the influence of work discipline, work motivation, and work environment on employee performance at the Social Security Administration Agency for Employment in the South Sumatra Regional Office. The SmartPLS method was used for analysis involving 110 respondents as the research sample. The research findings indicate that work discipline does not have a significant effect on employee performance (p = 0.838), while work motivation has been proven to significantly influence performance (p = 0.002). However, the work environment does not exhibit a significant impact on employee performance (p = 0.217). This study provides important insights into understanding the factors affecting employee performance in the Social Security Administration Agency, serving as a basis for companies to improve the work environment conditions and employee motivation. Moreover, it offers guidance for further studies concerning other variables that may affect employee performance in different work environments.

Plan for Improvement of Legal System for Efficient Management of Property for Public Use of Government Office Buildings of Central Administrative Agency: Focusing on Security Management under Legislative Bill Concerning Supply and Demand and Management of Government Office Building of Central Administrative Agency

Plan for Improvement of Legal System for Efficient Management of Property for Public Use of Government Office Buildings of Central Administrative Agency: Focusing on Security Management under Legislative Bill Concerning Supply and Demand and Management of Government Office Building of Central Administrative Agency

State-level regulation of disinfection byproducts in the United States

ABSTRACT Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), residual compounds formed from the chemical disinfection of drinking water, can cause a host of damaging public health and environmental impacts. This study evaluates the landscape of regulations designed to reduce the occurrence and/or impact of DBPs, focusing on regulations issued by the US states. Drawing on a systematic search of state administrative codes and agency websites, we first identify the presence, absence, and layering of DBP-related regulations. We then evaluate the number and types of policy tools – the specific approaches required by each regulation, such as monitoring requirements, economic incentives, and required treatment technologies – to identify how DBPs are being managed and how states cluster with relatively more and less robust regulatory frameworks. Finally, we evaluate the relationship between the regulatory approach and the frequency of drinking water quality violations for DBP compounds. While most states have at least one DBP-specific regulation, these vary substantially in their comprehensiveness. The most-used policy tools (monitoring, compliance schedules, and reporting) directly reflect federal regulations; few states have adopted innovative tools such as collaboration or financial incentives. We observe no relationship between regulatory efforts and water quality violations, suggesting that current policy implementation may not adequately address the complex risk of DBPs.

A Study of Administrative Regulations on Real Estate Project Finance and Recent PF Market Issues

Real estate project financing is the process by which real estate developers secure funding. This study categorizes the types of real estate finance and analyzes investment types based on the degree of financial companies’ participation. Financial companies invest in real estate development projects either through direct financing, using PF loans, or through indirect financing via mechanisms such as collective investment schemes. However, if a financial company is not merely a financial investor but also acts directly as a developing entity, appropriate regulation is required. From an investor protection perspective, the Financial Act aims to alleviate information asymmetry and enhance the financial soundness of financial companies. An important issue is the regulation of financial companies directly implementing real estate development projects. In particular, if a real estate development project fails, the implementer bears primary responsibility. Therefore, granting enforcement authority to a financial company that controls the funding mechanism may pose a risk to financial companies. Real estate financing suggests that administrative regulations should be organized in a way that facilitates collaboration among multiple administrative agencies. The regulatory frameworks of both the Construction Act and the Financial Act should govern financial companies’ participation in real estate development projects, necessitating close cooperation among different administrative agencies. In the complex and specialized administrative legislative process, overlapping responsibilities among multiple administrative agencies, such as those under the Real Estate Investment Company Act, may occur; conversely, gaps in responsibilities may also arise. With this in mind, it is necessary to acknowledge the role of financial companies beyond their fundraising function in real estate finance and to investigate the complex and diverse legal relationships that may arise as a result. In particular, given the current situation—marked by the downturn in the real estate PF market that began last year, the subsequent workout of Taeyoung Construction, and concerns about the deterioration of savings banks’ soundness—, it is crucial to explore an effective regulatory system for real estate development finance by integrating the Construction Act and the Financial Act.

Planning, Discretion, and Judicial Intervention: Recent Discussions and Institutional Changes in the UK and Role of Court on Planning

In many jurisdictions, the planning authority has considerable discretion at all stages of the interpretation, implementation, and application of urban planning. The courts or judiciaries of many countries take a deferential view of administrative agencies’planning judgments or decisions for reasons such as a lack of expertise in policy judgments on urban planning. However, planning is not free from judicial or statutory review from the perspective of the rule of law, and it is necessary to secure the legitimacy of urban planning and related administrative actions or decisions. Nevertheless, it is not easy to consider the extent to which the courts or judiciary can intervene in urban planning and policy-related issues and what institutional processes can be conceived for that. The relatively recent trends in the UK in the 2010s can be referred to for these issues. First, in terms of the substantial aspect, the UK Supreme Courtin its 2012 Tesco v Dundee ruling ruled that the interpretation of urban planning should be conducted from an objective perspective, considering the appropriate context, and explicitly declared that the interpretation of urban planning or planning policies was also a matter of law. Considering the characteristics of the UK planning law system, which is often represented by discretionary planning permission and the nationalization of development rights, this change in the court’s position has had a considerable impact on the trend of appeals against planning decisions and has prompted subsequent discussions on the scope and legal principles of court intervention in urban planning. Second, in terms of the procedural aspect, the UK introduced the Planning Court under the High Court in 2014, which has shortened the hearing timetable for important planning cases and has specialized planning judges hear them. This attempt is evaluated positively to some extent. Such discussions have not yet been fully introduced outside of the UK, not only in Korea but also in other countries. Hence, this study critically examines these discussions in the UKand derives implications that can be referenced from our perspective and system.