Administrative Training Programs Research Articles

Expanding the Behavioral Health Workforce: Pediatric Psychologists Training Master’s Level Students in Integrated Healthcare

ABSTRACT As mental and behavioral health needs continue to rise, additional providers are needed to expand the behavioral health workforce. Integrated behavioral health services result in increased access, reduced stigma, and improved quality of patient care. Psychologists are in a unique position to provide training to future mental health professionals in integrated settings, across multiple levels of training, and particularly to future master’s level providers, which make up the majority of the mental health workforce. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Behavioral Health Workplace Education and Training (BHWET) Program aims to increase the behavioral health workforce in order to improve access to services. A priority is placed on care for children, adolescents, and transitional aged youth who are at risk for behavioral health disorders and highlights team-based approaches to care in integrated settings. An overview is provided of a HRSA BHWET funded training program implemented with master’s level students. Students completed clinical field placements in one of several integrated care settings and were provided specialized training in the areas of evidence-based treatments, integrated healthcare, and quality improvement. The overarching purpose of the Integrated Behavioral Services Training and Education Program (I-STEP) was to improve access to behavioral health services for underserved children and their families by expanding the behavioral health workforce. This was achieved through training master’s level counseling students to provide evidence-based services in integrated healthcare settings. I-STEP program goals, challenges, outcomes, and lessons learned are presented.

The Integration of Technology in Educational Management among HEIs in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Challenges and Strategies

This study investigated the integration of technology in educational management, focusing on four objectives guided by Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and Lewin Change Management Theory. Employing a combined qualitative and quantitative research design, the study targeted 197 educators and administrators across four Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The purposive sampling method was utilized, with data collected through survey and interviews.The impact of technology integration on administrative processes and decision-making revealed that institutions with high integration levels exhibited increased efficiency and decision-making improvements. In assessing the effectiveness of various educational technologies, Virtual Reality (VR) stood out, emphasizing the influence of technology choice on the overall educational experience. Challenges faced by educational managers include limited financial resources, resistance from faculty and staff, inadequate infrastructure, and the absence of comprehensive training programs.Strategies for overcoming resistance to technological innovations highlight the success of comprehensive training programs and clear communication with transparency, emphasizing the importance of a thoughtful approach to strategy selection. The study identified a positive association between robust technology integration and enhanced administrative performance. Different technologies yield varied results in teaching and learning experiences, emphasizing the need for strategic technology selection. It was concluded that higher levels of technology integration in educational institutions lead to increased efficiency and improved decision-making. Notably, Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as the most effective educational technology, emphasizing the impact of technology choices on teaching and learning experiences. Addressing challenges faced by educational managers, particularly through comprehensive training programs, is crucial for overcoming obstacles and improving overall educational outcomes. In addition the study recommended that HEIs should prioritize comprehensive training programs for educators and administrators to address challenges identified. This can bridge gaps in technological proficiency, ensuring that stakeholders are well-equipped to navigate and leverage the benefits of integrated technologies effectively.

Inclusive practices in an independent private school: Insight into teachers' perspectives, beliefs and practices

AbstractThis descriptive case study examines the perspectives, beliefs and practices of independent private schoolteachers in India about the inclusion of students with special educational needs in general education classrooms. Data were collected through one‐to‐one interviews and focus group discussions with 10 teachers in an independent private school in South Delhi. The analysis of the data highlights that teachers possess limited knowledge regarding meeting the educational needs of students with disabilities in their classrooms. Teachers are faced with challenges in implementing full inclusion in the absence of consistent guidelines on inclusion, the definition of inclusive education in the legislative framework, the knowledge gap and the student‐centred approach. Additionally, the study identifies a lack of collaboration between teachers and parents as a potential factor leading to the non‐implementation of inclusive education practices. The study highlights the significance of professional development sessions in raising teachers' awareness about the importance of differentiation, individualised instruction and technology integration for achieving full inclusion. Key Points Private schoolteachers in India face challenges similar to those in public schools regarding the inclusion of students with special educational needs. Limited opportunities for collaboration and communication with stakeholders, coupled with financial considerations and a profit‐driven approach in some private schools, can overshadow the inclusion of students with special educational needs. Professional development sessions are crucial in enhancing teachers‘ awareness of collaboration, differentiation, individualised instruction and technology integration for achieving full inclusion. Policy makers should prioritise the development of clear and unambiguous guidelines for inclusive education in independent private schools, outlining responsibilities and mandating training programs for educators and administrators.

Integration of Sustainability in Logistical Approaches A Key Element in Designing University-wide Green Logistics Program

The present study aimed to investigate the integration of sustainability in logistical approaches within schools or universities, focusing on the development of a university-wide green logistics program. The study seeks to address the following research questions such as the profiles of the respondents in terms of age, gender, position classification, and years of employment. Furthermore, to what extent does the university integrate sustainability measures in logistic-related approaches, considering principles such as purpose, values, method, research, partnership, and dialogue and how do university members assess the impact of green logistics on cultivating a culture of sustainability, particularly in terms of trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Furthermore, the level of commitment among respondents towards adopting green logistics, specifically in the physical place, educational program, and organizational culture. Finally, based on the study results, the research aims to identify and propose sustainability measures that can be integrated into the design of a university-wide green logistics program. The study recommends to compare the level of integration and implementation of sustainability in green logistical approaches in secondary education with the leadership styles of school administrators who share similar profiles with the respondents, while also considering the academic performance of students. Additionally, conducting a study to examine the impact of different leadership styles on the integration of sustainability measures in logistic-related activities, with a focus on the principles for responsible management education, is recommended. Moreover, developing a series of faculty-student training and development programs on green logistics is essential to address physical, organizational, and cultural concerns within the institution. Furthermore, conducting capability training programs for school leaders and administrators to ensure proper implementation of sustainable measures and adopting a culture of green logistics practices is crucial. Regular satisfaction evaluations should be conducted to identify areas for improvement and necessary actions. Additionally, considering the strong positive correlation between the integration of sustainability measures and its influence on green logistics, the formulation and implementation of a comprehensive green logistics manual is recommended. Regular reviews of the manual should be conducted to ensure its effectiveness and relevance. Lastly, universities should revisit, review, and revise their existing sustainability measures and guidelines for green logistics implementation. An ongoing process of enhancing guidelines and conducting regular evaluations should be established. Furthermore, the proposed sustainable university-wide green logistics program should be considered as a guide for universities to develop and implement their own comprehensive and sustainable green logistics initiatives, taking into account the specific needs and context of each institution.

Establishment of Administrative Core Competencies and Evaluation Indicators for Head Nurses

The increasing complexity of the healthcare environment in recent years highlights the importance of cultivating in head nurses the leadership and management competencies necessary to effectively handle complicated administrative tasks and lead nurses in facing various challenges. Identifying the core administrative management competencies required of head nurses and evaluating competency level using behavioral indicators are fundamental to evaluating related training outcomes. This study was designed to identify the core administrative management competencies required of head nurses as well as the associated job responsibilities, tasks, behavioral evaluation indicators, work outputs, and requisite knowledge and skills. This study was conducted in two phases using a qualitative method. The first phase identified the core administrative management competencies and their behavioral definitions. The second phase established competency-related job responsibilities, tasks, behavioral evaluation indicators, work outputs, and requisite knowledge and skills. Each phase consisted of (1) a qualitative interview (first stage) or focus group discussion (second stage) to establish the prototype content; (2) a head nurse workshop to obtain multiple perspectives to modify the prototype content; and (3) a focus group discussion to achieve consensus regarding the content. Nine core competencies related to head nurse administration were identified, including: strategic planning, care supervision, quality improvement, communication, crisis management, responsible leadership, evidence-based practice, digital technology application, and presentation persuasion. Corresponding to these competencies, four responsibilities and associated work tasks were identified. Finally, the related behavioral evaluation indicators, work outputs, and requisite knowledge and skills were confirmed. The results of this study may be used as the basis for head nurse administrative management training programs, while the identified behavioral evaluation indicators may be used to evaluate head nurse work performance and training outcomes. We recommend other institutions apply the results of this study and develop their own administrative core competencies and evaluation indicators for head nurses.

Establishment of a vaccine administration training program for medical students

While vaccine administration training is included in the curriculum for several health professions, it is not universally incorporated into the medical school preclinical curriculum. To fill this education gap, a pilot vaccine training program for first- and second-year medical students was conducted using an online Centers for Disease Control and Prevention module and an in-person simulation with nursing faculty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program. Pre- and post-surveys used a Likert 5-point scale to assess the training effectiveness. Ninety-four students completed the surveys (response rate, 93.1%). Following the training, students felt more comfortable giving a patient a vaccine under the supervision of a physician (P < 0.0001), volunteering in a community-wide vaccine campaign (P < 0.0001), and administering vaccines during clinical rotations (P < 0.0001). Most students, 93.6%, found the in-person training to be “effective” or “very effective,” and 97.8% felt that learning how to administer vaccines should be incorporated into the preclinical medical curriculum. Without this program, 76 students (80.1%) would not have been able to participate in a vaccine training. The interdisciplinary training program outlined in this study may serve as a model for similar initiatives at other medical schools.

A Survey to Understand Necessity of Administrative Training of A Medical Teacher

Medical teacher has an indispensible role in teaching, patient care and research work. However, it is difficult to define the array of roles of a medical teacher. For the various roles, leadership, managerial and administrative skills of teachers are crucial. But usually medical teachers are not trained to enhance these skills. This survey aims to assess perception of medical teachers about their administrative and managerial skills beyond academic work, research and patient care. A questionnaire was designed, pilot-tested and administered to all faculty members (N=197). A self-administered questionnaire containing 20 items was developed on Google form. 146 responses were recorded on Google form (response rate of74 %) and analysed. The majority of the teachers' were of the opinion that there is a need to improve their individual administrative skill. However, in the absence of formal faculty administrative training programs in the college, most of the teachers indicated that their administrative skills are currently being improved through sporadic informal community of practice involving interested colleagues and modelling identified good teachers. A well-structured training to departmental administrative requirements shall have positive impact not only on academics, research and patient care but also on job satisfaction among medical teachers. This will also lead to better utilization of various resources in health sector. While setting up separate health administration department in each medical college will lead to better management of multidisciplinary challenges of healthcare. This will further decrease the administrative burden on Medical teachers.

Obstacles of Implementation of Dry Laboratories from the Science Teachers' Perspective in Na'our District

The current study aimed to identify the obstacles ofimplementation of dry laboratories from the science teachers' perspective in Na'our District. The study used the descriptive analytical method.To collect data, a questionnaire wasdeveloped. In its initial form, this questionnaire consisted of (50) items and in its final form (49) items They are divided into (5) fields: the computer lab equipment, (10) items, the curriculum: (11) items, the school administration: (9) items, the teacher’s field: (11) items and the student’s field: (8) items. The study population consisted of all science teachers in Na'our District, who were (92) male and female teachers - (47) male and (45) female teachers- according to the statistics of the Jordanian Ministry of Education for the academic year 2021/2022. The sample was chosen randomly as (59) male and female teachers accounted for (64%) of the study population. The results showed that thedegree of obstacles of implementation of virtual laboratories from the perspective of the science teachers in Na'our District was high, and the results of the study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of The significance (α≥0.05) in the obstacles to implementationof virtual laboratories from the perspective of science teachers in Na'our District was attributed to gender, scientific qualification and experience. The study introduced several recommendations, the most important of which is providing the appropriate infrastructure for the implementation of dry laboratories through qualified and trained human resources, as well as the required communication lines. Also, the need to prepare training programs for students, teachers and administrators in schools to make the most from technology in conducting dry experiments. Other recommendations were the Ministry initiative to develop policies and strategies for education based ontoday's requirements and scientific and technical development, and adopting educational and technological plans to utilize scientific transformations in comprehensive human development projects. Keywords: Dry laboratories, Obstacles . DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-18-15 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

Pharmacy technician-administered immunizations: A five-year review

In October 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance authorizing trained pharmacy technicians in all states to administer immunizations. Given that this action is temporary, it will be necessary for states to adopt their own legislation or regulations to sustain these efforts beyond the coronavirus pandemic. At least 11 different immunization administration training programs have emerged for pharmacy technicians. An increasing number of publications have emerged on pharmacy technician immunization administration, demonstrating the ability to train technicians and have them safely administer immunizations in practice. Supervising pharmacists reported initial hesitancy but strong acceptance of delegating this task after experience in practice. States should look to expand and make permanent the authority of pharmacy technicians to ensure these benefits can continue to be realized after the HHS guidance expires.

THE INTEGRATION BETWEEN SIX SIGMA AND RATIONALIZATION ACCOUNTING MODELS FOR ACHIEVING CONTROL ON ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS IN SOME PETROCHEMICAL COMPANIES IN GREATER CAIRO

This study aims at exposing the effect of integration between of Six Sigma approach and lean accounting in light of recent developments and their use as a mechanism to reduce environmental costs in industrial facilities in some petrochemical companies in Greater Cairo in the Arab Republic of Egypt. In order to achieve this study objectives, a questionnaire (385 forms) has been designed and distributed to the study population which consist of some industrial companies operating in the petrochemical sector. The study has reached a set of results, the most important of which are: 1. Before using the Six Sigma approach in industrial companies, and to take full advantage of that method, companies must improve the industrial environment and prepare it administratively and technically to receive that approach. 2. Before using the method of rationalization accounting in industrial companies and for benefitting from that approach on industrial companies, the switch from traditional-cost systems to adopting cost-systems that help in the use and spread out of awareness of how important the rationalization approach is and the good incentive systems that follow. 3. For developing awareness of public opinion of the importance of working as a team and inculcating their group spirit through good systems of participation and motivation. 4. Conducting appropriate groups of administrative and financial training programs that help raise awareness among workers of the importance of six-sigma approaches, rationalization accounting, and other approaches of purposeful control and performance improvement.

The V-RAMP Program: Building Research Administration and Management Capacity in Nigeria.

The increasing volume and complexity of research activities in Nigeria necessitates urgent measures to improve research infrastructure in grants administration and management. The Vanderbilt-Nigeria Research Administration and Management Training Program (V-RAMP) seeks to build infrastructure capacity in research administration and management and research ethics at a major teaching hospital in Nigeria. We will perform a mixed methods needs assessment of the administrative and management environment and develop an action plan to address infrastructure needs, prioritize processes, and guide program implementation. We will capacitate a newly established Office of Research Administration and improve the knowledge and skills of research administrators and grant managers via short term in-person trainings in Nashville, Tennessee and in Kano, Nigeria and through remote learning opportunities. We will enhance local administrative efficiency and performance of research ethics operations through training and mentoring of members and staff of the ethics review committee. Systematic processes to streamline protocols, including a REDCap protocol tracking database and standard operating procedures in the responsible conduct of research and rigor and reproducibility will also be developed. V-RAMP will enable the creation of a high-quality research administration environment that is knowledgeable, efficient, and compliant regarding the fiscal, management and ethical standards of sponsored research.

Liderlik Tiplerinin Öğretmenlerdeki Örgütsel Sessizlik Üzerindeki Yordayıcılığının İncelenmesi

Bu araştırmanın amacı liderlik tiplerinin öğretmenlerdeki örgütsel sessizlik üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama desenindedir. Araştırmanın evrenini İstanbul ilindeki liseler ve ortaokullarda çalışan öğretmenler oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem ise Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) salgını sebebiyle kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş, toplamda 401 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında Okul Müdürleri Liderlik Stili Ölçeği ve Öğretmenler İçin Örgütsel Sessizlik ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda okul yöneticilerinin liderlik tiplerinin, öğretmenlerde örgütsel sessizlik davranışını anlamlı şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma ile okul yöneticilerinin örgütsel sessizlik konusundaki farkındalıklarını artırarak okul içinde katılım odaklı etkileşimi teşvik eden yönetim modellerini içeren eğitim programları önerilmektedir.

ACCOUNTING PROBLEMS ON THE USE OF ENERGY-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

The research aims to measure the opinions of the research sample and determine the study of the differences between the classifications of the traditional cost elements, the classifications of the environmental cost elements, the attempt to access the different methods of the environmentally friendly elements, the study of the relationship between the Egyptian, Jordanian and international electricity prices. In this research, the researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach and the field study method to collect information. The study community is represented by officials working in the field of energy, especially electric power, and a sample size of 105 individuals from the study population was used, and they were selected from many energy-related establishments as follows: In the field study, the researcher relied on the survey list as one of the study data collection tools. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: The use of renewable energy contributes to solving energy problems significantly. Solar and wind energy are the best types of energy sources for generating electricity. Human behavior and social level affect the rate of energy consumption. Energy consumption rates differ when using environmentally friendly energy. High rates of investment in renewable energy lead to lower production costs and thus lower prices. The most important recommendations were: The need to improve the internal environment of companies and to prepare them administratively and technically to use environmentally friendly energy. The necessity to shift from traditional cost systems to cost systems that help in addressing accounting problems resulting from the use of environmentally friendly energy. Conducting appropriate sets of administrative and financial training programs that help raise awareness among workers of the importance of environmentally friendly energy in improving performance.

A survey of distance learning challenges in UNRWA schools in Gaza governorates in the light of COVID- 19 pandemic from teacher's perspectives: معوقات تطبيق التعليم عن بعد في مدارس وكالة الغوث بمحافظات غزة من وجهة نظر المعلمين – دراسة مسحية في ظل جائحة كورونا (COVID- 19) –

The study aimed at finding out distance learning barriers and challenges in UNRWA schools during coronavirus pandemic time, Covid- 19, from teachers' perspectives. The descriptive method was used in this study and the questionnaire was the study tool consisting of 36 items. The study sample consisted of 366 teachers from UNRWA school in Gaza governorates. The study results showed that according to the study sample points of view the barriers of remote teaching was a high degree at an average score (4.13), with a considerable percentage (%83); the study indicates that teachers' barriers came first with an average score (4.25) and a percentage of (%85), technical problems second with an average score (4.21) and a percentage of(%84), learners with an average score (4.16) and a percentage of (%83), and administrations challenges with an average score (3.88) and a percentage of (%78) Finally. Based on the results of the study, the researcher proposed a set of recommendations inviting educational organizations in charge to hold training programs for school administrators, teachers, and students on how to use distance learning tools effectively.

Instructional Leadership Capacity of Elementary School Administrators

Objective - The purpose of this study is to determine the level of instructional leadership among public elementary school administrators in Antique, Philippines. Methodology/Technique – The study was conducted using the descriptive survey design to a sample of 182 purposively selected public elementary school administrators in the School Division of Antique, Philippines. The researcher adapted the National Competency-Based Standards for School Heads Questionnaire for this study. The questionnaire was originally constructed by the Department of Education (DepEd) - National Educators Academy of the Philippines (DepEd - NEAP). Finding - The results reveal that public elementary school administrators have poor knowledge in instructional leadership, specifically in developing programs and or adapting existing programs. The results also show that the public elementary school administrators have moderate knowledge in Assessment of Learning, Implementing Programs for Instructional Improvement, and Instructional Supervision. Novelty - The study suggests instructional leadership training programs for school administrators to increase their competence in instructional leadership so they can achieve the goals of their respective schools. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: A21, I23. Keywords: Assessment of Learning; Capability Enhancement Program; Instructional Leadership Capacity; Instructional Supervision; School Programs Development; School Program Implementation. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Basañes, R.A. 2020. Instructional Leadership Capacity of Elementary School Administrators, Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review 8(2): 113– 123. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.2(5)

Management Competencies in the Health Sector: Case of Zimbabwean Doctors in Matabeleland South Province

The Zimbabwean Health Sector had commendable management and was a top performer in the African Continent. In the mid 1990’s the country experienced a socio-economic collapse resulting in deterioration of the national health system. The weakening of the Zimbabwean health sector has mainly been attributed to the poor economic performance in the past two decades, however the contribution of management to the problem has not been analyzed. In the Zimbabwean context, all doctors have some management responsibilities that they are expected to deliver, because of shortage of the skilled health workers, often clinicians end up running medical institutions even in interim capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate current management competencies in the Zimbabwean health sector.An online questionnaire was used to assess the management competencies of 28 medical and dental practitioners in Matebeleland South Province. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with key informants in varying levels of the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC) Human Resource departments. Research findings revealed that most medical and dental practitioners have poor management competencies in running health institutions due to lack of training in management and administration in their undergraduate medical training and compromised various human resource processes. On this basis, it is recommended that training in management be incorporated into undergraduate medical training curriculums, the medical and dental practitioners’ council to work with professional bodies to implement current business management guidelines and the Health Service Board to collaborate with the Public Service Commission to revive management and administrative training programs for the MOHCC. Keywords: Management competencies, medical and dental practitioners, human resources, health management DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-14-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Evaluate the Level of the Outputs of Administrative Training Programs Field Study of a Sample of Private Schools for Girls Sana'a Republic of Yemen

Evaluate the Level of the Outputs of Administrative Training Programs Field Study of a Sample of Private Schools for Girls Sana'a Republic of Yemen

Strengthening Governmental Effectiveness Through Improved Public Administration Education And Training: The United Nations/ IASIA Task Force And The Creation Of The International Commission On Public Administration Education And Training (ICAPA)

The aim of this article is to identify and outline the relationship between governmental effectiveness and public administration education and training. The recognition of some very basic realities of the worldwide political and governmental context within which public administrators of necessity must work is highly significant for this relationship. These basic realities are revealed and discussed. The new challenges place new demands upon the institutions preparing people to manage the governments and require a renewed attention to the manner in which the next generation of public administrators will be educated and the quality of education and training provided for them. The efforts to enhance the quality of the education and training led to the establishment of the International Commission on Accreditation of Public Administration Education and Training Programs (ICAPA) by the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA). The article deals with the developed eight Standards of Excellence which, on the one hand, serve as the basis for IASIA accreditation assessments and, on the other, serve to provide critically needed guidance for encouraging greater excellence in education and training activities. In this way, building of more effective government is a consequence of promoting excellence in public administration education and training.

In Case You Haven't Heard…

The House Appropriations Committee last week approved $25 million for the new substance use disorder (SUD) professionals loan repayment program. In general, workforce did very well in the House appropriations bill. There are increases at the Health Resources and Services Administration Behavioral Health Workforce Education and Training program, especially for the training of peers, noted Andrew Kessler, principal for Slingshot Solutions, in a comment to ADAW last week. “There is also a very generous appropriation for the new peer support technical assistance center,” said Kessler. “The workforce used to be an afterthought for appropriators,” he said. “Through the advocacy of IC&amp;RC, as well as several state‐based professional associations, appropriators and the rest of Congress have come to realize that without a highly trained workforce, progress in our fight against substance use disorders will be minimal. This is an investment that, if sustained, will most certainly pay off, both in the near future and for decades to come.” The House appropriations bill was marked up May 8. “Now we very much need the Senate to follow suit,” said Kessler. For the bill, go to https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press‐releases/appropriations‐committee‐releases‐fy‐2020‐subcommittee‐allocations‐labor‐hhs.

The moderation effect of workplace experience on innovation motivation: a study of STEM faculty in Singapore

ABSTRACTWhile the topic on drivers of innovation has been intensely studied, most of the literature tends to examine motivators at a point in time with the assumption that they are stable. However, shifts in social and environmental contexts may change motivators of behaviour. In light of the discrepancy, this study uses the person–environment fit theory and examines innovation-stimulating work climate from the perspective of workplace experience. With a sample of 276 faculty members in two major universities in Singapore, we test the moderating effect of workplace experience on three motivators – peer influence, performance evaluation and resource access, and found that with increased workplace experience, the effectiveness of these environmental motivators diminished. Resource access and co-worker influence become less salient with the exception of evaluation, which remains important. The implications for university administration and academic training programs are discussed.