Administration Of Tranquilizers Research Articles

CHALLENGES TO ANIMAL WELFARE DURING TRANSPORTATION OF WILD MAMMALS: A REVIEW (1990-2020).

Wild mammal transport is an important component of conservation translocation as well as the economic wildlife trade. This article reviews the physiological responses to transport that have been measured in wild mammalian species, factors associated with these responses, and interventions that have been applied to mitigate these responses. By organizing the literature review along the "five domains model" of animal welfare, namely, the physical-functional domains (nutrition, environment, health, behavior) and the mental domain (mental state), it can be demonstrated that wild mammal transport is associated with challenges to ensuring positive animal welfare in all five domains. Transported wild mammals can experience dehydration, catabolism, fatigue, immunosuppression, behavioral changes, and stress. Factors influencing these physiological responses to transport have only been researched in a few studies encompassing species, journey length, ambient temperature, vehicle motion, stocking density, orientation, habituation, vehicle speed allowance, and road type. The administration of tranquilizers has been shown to mitigate negative physiological responses to transport. There is a need to further investigate species and situation-specific physiological responses to transport and factors associated with these responses in order to identify challenges to ensuring animal welfare and improving translocation success.

Sedative, analgesic, and behavioral effects of nalbuphine-xylazine and nalbuphine-midazolam combinations in dogs

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sedative, analgesic, and behavioral effects of nalbuphine-xylazine (NX) and nalbuphine-midazolam (NM) combinations for neuroleptanalgesia in dogs. A prospective randomized crossover study was done on six adult mongrel dogs. Dogs were randomly allocated into NX and NM groups with a washout period 2 weeks. Nalbuphine was given at dose of 0.5 mg/kg IV approximately 20 minutes before administration of the tranquilizer. Dogs were randomly allocated into one of the two groups: NX group received xylazine at a dose of 1 mg/kg IV; and NM group received midazolam at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg IV. Sedative, analgesic, and behavioral evaluations were done before administration of nalbuphine (baseline), before administration of tranquilizer (0 time), and each 10 minutes till 60 minutes, vital parameters were also recorded. Most of the sedation scores showed significant increase in NX 10 and 20 minutes in NM group. Significant change in sedation was still recorded in both groups till 60 minutes. The degree of analgesia was at its peak 10–30 minutes in NX group and started to decrease at 40 and 50 minutes. In NM group, the peak analgesic scoring was at 20 minutes and started to decline until 60 minutes. Most of the behavioral parameters were significantly decreased at 10 minutes in NX group and 20 minutes following injection in NM group. The combination of NX provided greater sedation and analgesia compared with NM combination.

Pharmacotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder in clinical practice – Data of 842 inpatients from the International AMSP Project between 1994 and 2012

BackgroundSpecific treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) or their combination. Treatment strategies do not always follow evidence-based guidelines in outpatient settings. Data on pharmacotherapy in inpatient settings are lacking. MethodsPrescription data for inpatients suffering from OCD in the time period 1994–2012 were obtained from the database of the Drug Safety Program in Psychiatry (AMSP). Data were collected on two index dates per year; the prescription patterns and changes over time were analysed. ResultsOf 842 patients 89.9% received at least one psychotropic drug and 67.6% a combination of at least two psychotropic drugs. The drug groups prescribed most often were antidepressants (78.0%), antipsychotics (46.7%), and tranquilizers (19.7%). In 58.0% of all cases selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were used as antidepressants, followed by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, 17.8%), mainly clomipramine (10.9%). Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) were administered in 37.8% of all cases, first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) in 13.7%. While the use over time significantly increased for psychotropic drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, SSRIs and SGAs, it remained stable for FGAs and decreased for TCAs. LimitationsObservational cross-sectional study without follow-up or additional information. ConclusionsIn clinical practice, most OCD patients received pharmacological treatment. The high prescription rate of SSRIs and their preference over clomipramine as well as the augmentation of this therapy with SGAs comply with the guidelines. Administration of tranquilizers as well as sedative FGAs and the choice of single SGAs are not in line with expert recommendations.

Diagnostic difficulties in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: A case report

Exacerbations of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) influence, by their frequency and severity, the life prognosis of patients with COPD. Most exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections with negative impact on patient quality of life. The impact of frequent exacerbation in COPD is manifested by the rapid decline of lung function, decreased quality of life increased airway inflamation and high mortality. Bronchial obstruction by foreign bodies meets frequently during childhood but can occur in adults under certain conditions of loss of consciousness (sleep, administration of tranquilizers, after anesthesia, intoxicated). The longstanding intrabronchial foreign body presents problems of diagnosis and treatment which are very different from those associated with the recently inhaled foreign body. We herein report a 77-year-old male, smoker (40 pack-year) presented to the clinic with severe dyspnoea, fever and cough with purulent sputum for about 6 months. Persistent symptoms require repeated hospitalizations for receiving different regimens of antibiotics, but they have not helped. Chest radiography showed extensive consolidation of the right lower lobe, intensity rib, heterogeneous and Chest CT scan showed metallic foreign body in right lower lobar bronchus with secondary pneumonic process in the lower right lobe. Emergency was performed bronchoscopy and extracted dental crown consists of three teeth and then the patient received combined antibiotic therapy for 14 days, in association with anti-inflammatory, mucolytics and bronchodilators. After 2 weeks he was overall in very good condition and all other complaints disappeared and Chest X-ray control showed full resorption of pneumonia opacity, without disabling signs. In this particular case, only minor symptoms are seen at the beginning and the aspirated foreign body was forgotten until later symptoms (inflammation, infection) were developed and developing clinically manifest. The diagnosis was delayed due to lack of radiographic view which may be aspirated foreign body embedded in granulation tissue formed around.

Pharmaco- and psychorehabilitation of teenagers with deviated and addicted activities

The paper is devoted to rehabilitation of teenagers suffering from narcomania or toxicomania. The theoretical basis for the study are the P.K.Anokhin Theory of Functional Systems and the P.VSimonov Demanding and Informational Theory of Emotions. The analysis of the results obtained in a complex examination of 1277 healthy teenagers made it possible to single out risk factors for formation of addicted activity. A stepwise rehabilitation is elucidated in the paper with respect to teenager patients, including pharmaco-, physio-, and psychotherapeutic treatment with favourable combination of fractional administration of tranquilizers, central electroreflex therapy, and training courses to reject leading motivations in deviated and addicted activity.

Some Contingencies Affecting the Utilization of Tranquilizers in Long-Term Care of the Elderly

This study presents an analysis of the utilization of drugs in a long-term care facility for the elderly, which focuses on anxiety-level, sex, mental status, physical dependency, friendliness to the staff, and friendliness to other patients as factors affecting the administration of major tranquilizers. It was found that females are more likely than males to receive major tranquilizers, and females were more likely than males to be defined as anxious. However, when the anxiety-level is held constant, females are still more likely than males to receive tranquilizers. Among males, low mental status and judged unfriendliness to the staff apparently lead to the administration of tranquilizers. The relevance of these findings to the literature on sex roles and mental illness is discussed, and policy implications for drug review procedures are suggested.

The history of a catatonic dog.

This article is a condensed life-history of a dog (“V3”) born and reared in the Pavlovian Laboratory and studied until his death in 1961. A detailed study was made of his pathologic development, his relations to people, and the effects of drugs. Measurements recorded were heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, 24-hour activity, sexual reflexes, general behavior. Although early experiments were done chiefly for recording and were not considered noxious or traumatic, this dog’s general development and symptoms seem to have been “constitutionally” rather than environmentally determined. His external behavior was strikingly similar to that of a catatonic patient-flexibilitas cerea, general immobility. Of particular interest was the “Effect of Person”: in the presence of all humans who confronted him he showed catatonic postures, cardiovascular disorders (tachycardia up to 200 beats/min., bradycardia to 12 beats/min., drop of blood pressure from 150 to 75 mm Hg, arrest of heart-beat for as long as 8 seconds), moribund poses. His response to drugs illustrated the specificity to a definite “constitutional type”: sexual activity markedly increased by alcohol and rarely present except after administration of alcohol; no improvement after administration of tranquilizers, except alcohol and meprobamate, which made him act like a normal dog in behavior and in relations to people. His symptoms and reactions to both people and drugs were generally opposite to those of another dog, “Nick”, studied over his life span: Nick showed excessive activity in physiologic systems; hyperactivity (running); generally, improvement through “Effect of Person”; sexual inhibition with alcohol. Observations of the two dogs suggest that symptoms as well as reactions to drugs are the result of the “type” rather than the procedure used, that perhaps psychopathologic symptoms are due more to inborn constitution than to “conflict” (“collision”) between excitation and inhibition, and that neurotic or psychotic symptoms may not interfere with longevity-Nick lived to be 14 years old and died fighting; V3, who also spent most of his life in the laboratory, died at the age of 14.

Failure to find Increased Sodium, Potassium-ATPase in Red Cell Ghosts of Schizophrenics

THE findings of Drs. Parker and Hoffman are interesting. Perhaps their smaller differences and our larger differences may be partly explained by a previous administration of tranquillizers. Among our six schizophrenic patients who had elevated sodium-potassium-ATPase values (expressed in absolute units), we found that the highest values were in those who had received phenothiazines during their acute reaction (1–3 weeks) and had then stopped taking drugs about one month prior to the assay of sodium-potassium-ATPase. Since phenothiazines are known to inhibit sodium-potassium-ATPase1,2, some of the enzyme increase may have resulted as an ‘induction’ following the period of drug treatment.

Electroshock therapy and tranquilizing drugs.

Electroshock therapy (EST) was used in 170 patients whose mental illness had not been ameliorated by intensive treatment with tranquilizing drugs. All of these patients were incapable of social or vocational activity before the EST and were rated 1 (lowest) on a 4-point scale. In another group of 131 patients the EST was given while the administration of tranquilizers was continued. Of the 170 patients, 117 (69 % ) had satisfactory results with EST, as measured by higher ratings on the scale. Simultaneous use of tranquilizers with EST did not reduce the number of EST treatments needed for good results, decrease apprehensiveness before treatments, or shorten the postconvulsive psychoses; neither did it increase the risks of EST. It did help in the management of agitated patients. It is therefore recommended only when specifically indicated in a given situation.