Sucrose Administration Research Articles

Comparing the effects of oral sucrose and kangaroo mother care on selected physiological variables and pain resulting from venipuncture in premature newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units

BackgroundPremature newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) undergo numerous painful interventions during care and treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of using sucrose and kangaroo mother care by on selected physiological variables and pain resulting from venipuncture in premature infants admitted to NICUs affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.MethodsThis clinical trial included premature infants admitted to 2 NICUs. The sample size consisted of 66 neonates, with 22 newborns in each group. Randomization was performed using the block allocation method. Data collection involved a demographic questionnaire, the neonatal infant pain scale, and a pulse oximetry device. Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis, and Dunn’s post hoc tests employed for data analysis, with a significance level of P < 0.05.ResultsThe use of oral sucrose and kangaroo care demonstrated significant differences in breathing rate, heart rate, and average arterial blood oxygen saturation during and after venipuncture (P < 0.05). Oral sucrose was found to be significantly more effective than kangaroo care. Neonates under kangaroo care exhibited more regular heart rates compared to the other group (P < 0.05). The utilization of oral sucrose and kangaroo care had varying effects on the average pain score resulting from venipuncture in premature neonates (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBoth methods proved effective in reducing pain and improving physiological variables. However, due to the superior effectiveness of sucrose administration, it is recommended as a cost-effective and easily implementable method in NICUs.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20191215045749N1. (29/03/2020).

Impact of excessive sucrose intake on mouse behavior across different developmental stages.

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of sucrose (SUC) consumption on neurodevelopmental processes through behavioral changes in rodents and determine whether these effects could be because of sweet taste, energy supply, or both. Mice were divided into five groups based on the time of SUC or sucralose (SUR, a noncaloric sweetener) administration: for 6 days from gestation day (GTD) 7, to birth from GTD13 and for 15 days from postnatal day (PND) 21, PND38, and PND56. SUC and SUR administration did not impact body weight. However, food intake in the PND56 group and water intake in the GTD13 and PND56 groups were increased by SUC and SUR administration. Amphetamine (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administration to assess alterations in the dopaminergic system induced increases in distance traveled after SUC administration in the GTD13 and PND21 groups compared with that in the control (vehicle administration) group. In contrast, the SUR group showed a decrease in the distance traveled in the PND56 group. Although there were no differences in locomotor activity and foraging behavior, SUC preference increased in the SUC group regarding the GTD13 and PND38 groups. The correlations between SUC preference and foraging behavior and between SUC preference and amphetamine response varied in both groups according to the developmental stage. Excessive SUC consumption might affect neural function at different developmental stages, as it could affect brain function through complex mechanisms involving sweet taste and energy supply and influence the dopaminergic system.

Exploring distraction techniques and parental satisfaction during infant immunization: a pilot study in aspirational district Darrang and non-aspirational districts Karimganj of Assam

Background: In India, the percentage of children aged 12-23 months who have had full immunization coverage (FIC) has increased dramatically from 62% to 76%. UNICEF, 2022. As stated in the WHO report for 2022. Global coverage decreased to 81% in 2021 from 86% in 2019. Methods: The study’s methodology involved studying how the 4 S’s technique, oral sucrose, and each of them affect parents’ satisfaction and infants’ perception of pain after vaccination in Darrang aspirational and Karimganj non-aspirational districts. Eighty infants were involved in the pilot project, split into four groups of ten infants each. Results: In the study at Civil Hospital Mangaldoi, group C reported the highest parental satisfaction (mean=3.2) with no dissatisfaction and the lowest mean pain intensity (1.3, SD=0.48). Group A had 100% satisfaction (mean=3.1, SD=0.31), group B had 90% satisfaction (mean=3.0, SD=0.47), and the control group had the lowest satisfaction (30%, mean=2.3, SD=0.67) with 70% dissatisfaction. Group C’s outcomes demonstrate both the highest satisfaction and the least intense, most consistent pain perception among participants. Conclusions: This study’s conclusion emphasizes how critical it is to overcome vaccine reluctance and enhance immunization experiences by employing efficient pain control strategies. The findings support the implementation of interventions such as sucrose administration and other pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to reduce pain associated with vaccinations, particularly in paediatric populations.

Effectiveness of an atraumatic orogastric tube insertion protocol for the combined use of swaddling, facilitated tucking, breast milk and sucrose.

The study aims to develop a protocol for the combined use of swaddling, facilitated tucking, expressed breast milk and sucrose administration methods in the orogastric tube (OGT) insertion procedure and evaluate its effectiveness. The randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between 15 February 2022 and 15 September 2022, with 175 preterms. Preterms at 32-34 gestational weeks were randomly allocated to five groups: routine care, swaddling + expressed breast milk, swaddling + sucrose, facilitated tucking + expressed breast milk and facilitated tucking + sucrose groups. The data were collected using the Preterm Descriptive Information Form, the Physiological Measurement Form, the COMFORTneo scale and the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). The facilitated tucking + expressed breast milk method was found to be more effective than the routine care (pdistress < 0.001; ppain = 0.031) and swaddling + expressed breast milk (pdistress = 0.004; ppain = 0.015) methods in reducing the estimated distress and PIPP pain level of preterms during the procedure. Two minutes after the procedure, the facilitated tucking + expressed breast milk method was more effective than the routine care (p < 0.001), swaddling + expressed breast milk (p = 0.011) and swaddling + sucrose (p = 0.002) methods in reducing the comfort level score. The facilitated tucking + expressed breast milk method is effective in reducing pain and distress and providing comfort during the OGT procedure. Clinical Trials ID: NCT05180058.

Neokestose suppresses the increase in plasma glucose caused by oral administration of sucrose in a streptozotocin‑induced diabetic rat

Neokestose is considered to have a prebiotic function. However, the physiological activity of neokestose remains unknown. Neokestose has a blastose, a sucrose analog, in its structure. We previously demonstrated that oral administration of blastose to diabetic rats suppressed the increase in plasma glucose (PG) concentration after sucrose administration. Therefore, neokestose might have a similar effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of neokestose on PG concentrations and the mechanism of its action. We first administered neokestose orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and observed that the expected consequent increase in PG concentration was significantly suppressed. Next, we examined the inhibitory effect of neokestose on glycosidase activity, but observed only a slight inhibitory effect. Therefore, we hypothesized that neokestose might be hydrolyzed by gastric acid to produce blastose. We performed an acid hydrolysis of neokestose using artificial gastric juice. After acid hydrolysis, peaks corresponding to neokestose and its decomposition products including blastose were observed. Therefore, we suggest that neokestose and blastose, a decomposition product, synergistically inhibit glycosidase activity. These findings support the potential use of neokestose as a useful functional oligosaccharide that can help manage plasma glucose concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Non-pharmacological methods to reduce pain in preterm infants: A systematic review

Objective: To systematically review the literature to determine whether non-pharmacological interventions reduce preterm infants' pain during invasive procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: A systematic search was conducted according to the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for conducting and reporting systematic reviews. The search was performed in PubMed and Scopus from 2013 to 2023. Only studies in English were included. Results: In total, forty-four studies were included. Kangaroo Mother Care, massage, Yakson Touch, Gentle Human Touch, music therapy, mother’s voice, white noise, maternal heartbeat sounds, facilitated tucking, sucrose administration, olfactory stimulation, the use of "Calmer," environment modification, expressed breast milk, the mother scented simulated hand, and the combination of these methods proved to be effective in reducing pain in preterm infants undergoing various medical procedures. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should consider using non-pharmacological methods for pain relief during minor invasive procedures.

Neural responses to oral administration of erythritol vs. sucrose and sucralose explain differences in subjective liking ratings

IntroductionHigh sugar intake is associated with many chronic diseases. However, non-caloric sweeteners (NCSs) might fail to successfully replace sucrose due to the mismatch between their rewarding sweet taste and lack of caloric content. The natural NCS erythritol has been proposed as a sugar substitute due to its satiating properties despite being non-caloric. We aimed to compare brain responses to erythritol vs. sucrose and the artificial NCS sucralose in a priori taste, homeostatic, and reward brain regions of interest (ROIs). MethodsWe performed a within-subject, single-blind, counterbalanced fMRI study in 30 healthy men (mean ± SEM age:24.3 ± 0.8 years, BMI:22.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2). Before scanning, we individually matched the concentrations of both NCSs to the perceived sweetness intensity of a 10% sucrose solution. During scanning, participants received 1 mL sips of the individually titrated equisweet solutions of sucrose, erythritol, and sucralose, as well as water. After each sip, they rated subjective sweetness liking. ResultsLiking ratings were significantly higher for sucrose and sucralose vs. erythritol (both pHolm = 0.0037); water ratings were neutral. General Linear Model (GLM) analyses of brain blood oxygen level-depended (BOLD) responses at qFDR<0.05 showed no differences between any of the sweeteners in a priori ROIs, but distinct differences were found between the individual sweeteners and water. These results were confirmed by Bayesian GLM and machine learning-based models. However, several brain response patterns mediating the differences in liking ratings between the sweeteners were found in whole-brain multivariate mediation analyses. Both subjective and neural responses showed large inter-subject variability. ConclusionWe found lower liking ratings in response to oral administration of erythritol vs. sucrose and sucralose, but no differences in neural responses between any of the sweeteners in a priori ROIs. However, differences in liking ratings between erythritol vs. sucrose or sucralose are mediated by multiple whole-brain response patterns.

A model of alcoholic liver disease based on different hepatotoxics leading to liver cancer

The worst-case scenario related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) arises after a long period of exposure to the harmful effect of alcohol consumption along with other hepatotoxics. ALD encompasses a broad spectrum of liver-associated disorders, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the chronic administration of different hepatotoxics, including ethanol, sucrose, lipopolysaccharide, and low doses of diethylnitrosamine over a short period, here we aimed to develop a multiple hepatotoxic (MHT)-ALD model in the mouse that recapitulates the human ALD-associated disorders. We demonstrated that the MHT-ALD model induces ADH1A and NXN, an ethanol metabolizer and a redox-sensor enzyme, respectively; promotes steatosis associated with the induction of the lipid droplet forming FSP27, inflammation identified by the infiltration of hepatic neutrophils-positive to LY-6G marker, and the increase of MYD88 level, a protein involved in inflammatory response; and stimulates the early appearance of cellular senescence identified by the senescence markers SA-β-gal activity and p-H2A.XSer139. It also induces fibrosis associated with increased desmin, a marker of hepatic stellate cells whose activation leads to the deposition of collagen fibers, accompanied by cell death and compensatory proliferation revealed by increased CASP3-mediated apoptosis, and KI67- and PCNA-proliferation markers, respectively. It also induces histopathological traits of malignancy and the level of the HCC marker, GSTP1. In conclusion, we provide a useful model for exploring the chronological ALD-associated alterations and stages, and addressing therapeutic approaches.

Discovery of dual-action phenolic 4-arylidene-isoquinolinones with antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities.

A multicomponent-derived synthesis of arylidene isoquinolinones decorated with phenolic moieties is described. The series demonstrated good DPPH trapping and, in the case of sinapic acid-containing analogs, excellent activity against lipoperoxidation; EPR also demonstrated that one derivative scavenged hydroxyl radicals. In addition, some compounds showed excellent inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and, according to both Lineweaver-Burk plots and molecular docking, they act as non-competitive or mixed inhibitors. In vitro assay also demonstrated that two compounds significantly reduced the plasma glucose levels after sucrose administration. In summary, the studied isoquinolinones become novel compounds with dual action (antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition) against diabetes and related metabolic diseases, whose optimization would lead to more potent candidates.

Efficacy of sucrose application in minimizing pain perception related to dental injection in children aged 3 to 9 years: a randomized control trial.

Dental fear and anxiety are significant challenges in managing behavior in children. Oral administration of sucrose or sweet-tasting solutions has shown effectiveness in reducing procedural pain in infants and neonates. This study aimed to investigate whether pre-application of sucrose solution had an effect on minimizing pain perception during injection and to assess the potential impact of the child's age and sweet preference. A randomized control clinical trial was conducted on 60 children aged 3-9 years requiring buccal infiltration injections. Following parental consent, demographic data of the children were recorded. Sweet preferences was assessed using a modified forced-choice test. Children were equally and randomly allocated into study (sucrose) and control groups using a lottery method. Sucrose solution or distilled water, respectively, was applied to the lateral surface of the tongue for 2 min. Topical anesthetic was applied at the site of injection, followed by local anesthesia administration. The children rinsed their mouths thrice with water immediately after anesthetic injection. A video was recorded during injection which was then scored by three blinded examiners on the Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale. The children also self-evaluated using Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS). The mean SEM scores and WBFPS scores were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The mean SEM score in the study group was 1.37 ± 0.61, compared to 3.17 ± 0.87 in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Mean pain scores assessed by WBFPS in the study group were 0.60 ± 1.4, while in the control group, they were 6.27 ± 2.33, also showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Children with a sweet preference demonstrated a subjective reduction in pain perception. Application of sucrose before dental injections in children helps to minimize pain upon injection across all age groups.

Gymnemagenin a Promising Drug Candidate for Management of Hyperglycemia: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from absolute or relative impairments in β-cell functions, insulin resistance, or both and has been exceptionally increasing worldwide. Gymnema sylvestre is an important traditional plant used for the treatment and management of diabetes. Gymnemagenin is an aglycone part of gymnemic acids which is a bioactive component of G. sylvestre. The objective of the present study was to undertake in-vitro and in-vivo studies to generate a stronger biochemical rationale for the management of diabetes mellitus. Results: The result of the preliminary in-vitro study of gymnemagenin suggested further evaluation of the inhibition of key enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism. Gymnemagenin showed strong α-amylase (IC50 1.17±0.02 mg/mL) and strong α-glucosidase (IC50 2.04±0.17mg/mL) inhibitory activity. The positive in-vitro enzyme inhibition tests paved the way for confirmatory in-vivo studies. The in-vivo studies demonstrated that gymnemagenin (20 mg/kg, b.w.) given orally significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced area under curve (AUC) in mice when challenged with oral administration of starch and sucrose separately. The reduction in AUC by gymnemagenin was comparable to that of acarbose (10 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.). Conclusion: The research findings clearly supported the traditional use of G. sylvestre in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Anti-tumor activity of silymarin nanoliposomes in combination with iron: In vitro and in vivo study

Combination therapy represents a promising strategy in cancer management by reducing chemotherapy resistance and associated side effects. Silymarin (SLM) has been extensively investigated due to its potent antioxidant properties and demonstrated efficacy against cancer cells. Under certain conditions however, polyphenolic compounds may also exhibit prooxidant activity by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can harm the target cells. In this study, we hypothesized that the simultaneous administration of iron (Fe) could alter the antioxidant characteristic of SLM nanoliposomes (SLM Lip) to a prooxidant state. Hence, we first developed a SLM Lip preparation using lipid film method, and then investigated the anti-oxidant properties as well as the cytotoxicity of the liposomal preparation. We also explored the efficacy of concomitant administration of iron sucrose and SML Lip on the tumor growth and survival of mice bearing tumors. We observed that exposing cells to iron, and consecutive treatment with SLM Lip (Fe + SLM Lip) could induce greater toxicity to 4 T1 breast cancer cells compared to SLM Lip. Further, Fe + SLM Lip combination demonstrated a time-dependent effect on reducing the catalase activity compared to SLM Lip, while iron treatment did not alter cell toxicity and catalase activity. In a mouse breast cancer model, the therapeutic efficacy of Fe + SLM Lip was superior compared to SLM Lip, and the treated animals survived longer. The histopathological findings did not reveal a significant damage to the major organs, whereas the most significant tumor necrosis was evident with Fe + SLM Lip treatment. The outcomes of the present investigation unequivocally underscored the prospective use of Fe + SLM combination in the context of cancer therapy, which warrants further scrutiny.

63 Repeated Administration of Sucrose in Hospitalized Preterm Infants and Neurodevelopment at 18 Months

Abstract Background Preterm neonates, often hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU), undergo multiple skin-breaking procedures. To minimize procedural pain, these infants frequently receive repeated administration of sucrose of varying concentrations and doses. Repetitive procedural pain has been associated with neurodevelopmental consequences, but long-term effects of repeated sucrose administration and volume are unknown. Objectives Our goal was to examine the association of total volume of sucrose over the NICU stay and neurodevelopment of preterm neonates at 18 months corrected gestational age (CGA). Design/Methods A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted in four level-III Canadian NICUs. Infants &amp;lt;32 weeks of gestational age (GA) at birth and &amp;lt;10 days of life at enrollment were included. The minimally effective dose of 24% sucrose (0.1 ml) was administered prior to all skin-breaking procedures during the NICU stay. Total volume of sucrose administered for painful procedures was calculated for the full hospitalization. Infants were assessed at 18 months CGA by a trained observer using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). The standardized mean score for each Bayley-III component was reported out of 100 (±15). Scores ≥85 are considered within normal limits. The association between sucrose and 18-month composite development scores, adjusting for birthweight and maternal use of medication for depression, were conducted using GEE models accounting for NICU site. Results Of the 168 infants enrolled in the study, 118 completed the Bayley-III assessment at 18 months (60% male, mean GA at birth 28.3 [±2.2] weeks, mean birth weight [1092 (±354) grams]). Infants received an average of 5.92 (±5.59) ml of sucrose during the hospitalization for an average of 58 (±70) skin-breaking painful procedures. The mean Bayley-III scores were within normal limits; cognitive 91 (±17), language 86 (±18), motor 88 (±17). There was no statistically significant association between total sucrose volume administered and cognitive (p=0.98), language (p=0.68), and motor (p=0.29) Bayley-III scores in the adjusted analyses. Conclusion Results do not generally indicate neurodevelopmental delay in preterm infants assessed at 18 months of CGA. The association between total sucrose volume administered for painful procedures and neurodevelopment requires more research as the infant matures, to better understand the impact of sucrose on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and with attention to potential confounders. The relationship between the combination of sucrose and other evidence-supported interventions (e.g., skin-to-skin care, breastfeeding) for all painful procedures during the NICU and neurodevelopment also requires further investigation.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with the Severity of Anaemia among Patients on Chronic Haemodialysis in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. It is also a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a paucity of data on the actual burden of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis (CHD) in Lagos, Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among Nigerian patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. The data extracted from the clinical case files included the bio-demographic and clinical parameters, including the treatment modalities. Results: A total of 92 patients comprising 69 (75%) males and 23 (25.0%) females with the overall mean age of 48.2±14.0 years were included. Hypertension was the commonest aetiology of CKD and the average duration of haemodialysis was 16.6 months. The commonest access route for haemodialysis was a central line while 96.7% and 81.5% received erythropoietin and intravenous iron sucrose respectively. Seventy-three (79.3%) patients have had intra-dialysis blood transfusions in the past. Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia were recorded in 17%, 67%, and 16% respectively. The use of erythropoietin, iron sucrose, and increased frequency of blood transfusions correlated with the severity of anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent among patients with CKD on chronic haemodialysis. Increased frequency of blood transfusions, inadequate utilization of erythropoietin, and iron sucrose administration are predictors of anaemia severity.

Enhanced Cochlear Transduction by AAV9 with High-Concentration Sucrose.

The inner ear is a primary lesion in sensorineural hearing loss and has been a target in gene therapy. The efficacy of gene therapy depends on achieving sufficient levels of transduction at a safe vector dose. Vectors derived from various adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are predominantly used to deliver therapeutic genes to inner ear cells. AAV9 and its variants vector are attractive candidates for clinical applications since they can cross the mesothelial cell layer and transduce inner hair cells (IHCs), although this requires relatively high doses. In this study, we investigated the effects of sucrose on the transduction of a variant of the AAV9 vector for gene transfer in the inner ear. We found that high concentrations of sucrose increased gene transduction in House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that simultaneous administration of sucrose enhanced the transduction of mouse IHCs and spiral ligament cells using an AAV9 variant vector. The procedure did not increase the thresholds in the auditory brainstem response, suggesting that sucrose had no adverse effect on auditory function. This versatile method may be valuable in the development of novel gene therapies for adult-onset sensorineural hearing loss.

A longitudinal observational study on the epidemiology of painful procedures and sucrose administration in hospitalized preterm neonates.

Although sucrose is widely administered to hospitalized infants for single painful procedures, total sucrose volume during the entire neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay and associated adverse events are unknown. In a longitudinal observation study, we aimed to quantify and contextualize sucrose administration during the NICU stay. Specifically, we investigated the frequency, nature, and severity of painful procedures; proportion of procedures where neonates received sucrose; total volume of sucrose administered for painful procedures; and incidence and type of adverse events. Neonates <32 weeks gestational age at birth and <10 days of life were recruited from four Canadian tertiary NICUs. Daily chart reviews of documented painful procedures, sucrose administration, and any associated adverse events were undertaken. One hundred sixty-eight neonates underwent a total of 9093 skin-breaking procedures (mean 54.1 [±65.2] procedures/neonate or 1.1 [±0.9] procedures/day/neonate) during an average NICU stay of 45.9 (±31.4) days. Pain severity was recorded for 5399/9093 (59.4%) of the painful procedures; the majority (5051 [93.5%]) were heel lances of moderate pain intensity. Sucrose was administered for 7839/9093 (86.2%) of painful procedures. The total average sucrose volume was 5.5 (±5.4) mL/neonate or 0.11 (±0.08) mL/neonate/day. Infants experienced an average of 7.9 (±12.7) minor adverse events associated with pain and/or sucrose administration that resolved without intervention. The total number of painful procedures, sucrose volume, and incidence of adverse events throughout the NICU stay were described addressing an important knowledge gap in neonatal pain. These data provide a baseline for examining the association between total sucrose volume during NICU stay and research on longer-term behavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Protective Effects of the Leaf Aqueous Extract of Manihot Esculenta Crantz Against High-Calorie Diet Combined with Alcohol and Sucrose Ingestion Induced Hypertension in Rats

Manihot esculenta commonly known as cassava is widely distributed across the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, its leaves and tubers are commonly eaten by local populations, who often lend this plant the properties of a traditional medicine. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of the leaf aqueous extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz against high-calorie diet combined with alcohol and sucrose ingestion induced hypertension in rats. Male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of six rats each. Antihypertension activity was evaluated by daily oral administration of Manihot esculenta aqueous extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg bw to rats exposed to high fat/high sucrose diet and daily oral ingestion of sucrose (15%, 5 mL/kg) and ethanol (40°, 5 mL/kg). At the same time, the group 2 or positive control group received high fat/high sucrose diet and daily oral ingestion of sucrose (15%, 5 mL/kg) and ethanol (40°, 5 mL/kg). The last group received standard diet and distilled water (5 mL/kg, orally). During the experimental period (8 weeks), the body weight of animals was daily recorded while the glycaemia was measured every two weeks. The hemodynamic (blood pressure and heart beat) and some serum markers of lipid profile (Triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol), endothelial (NO) and liver functions (AST and ALT) as well as oxidative stress parameters (SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA and TBARS) in the serum and aorta were measured at the end of the study. Our results indicated that Manihot esculenta aqueous extract significantly reduced the body weight gain, diastolic blood pressure, aorta diameter, glycaemia, of animals submitted to both oral administration of sucrose, ethanol and high fat fat/high sucrose diet, and plant extract. Moreover, the administration of Manihot esculenta extract improved the vasodilatation by increasing the endothelial NO secretion. Furthermore, the treatment with this extract improved the balance of the oxidative stress markers and the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and transaminases. Thereby, these results suggest that the leaf aqueous extract of Manihot esculenta could have protective effects against hypertension induced by high-calorie diet combined with alcohol and sucrose ingestion in rats.

The role of time interval elimination on pain control of preterm infants by sucrose administration

The 2-min time interval of sucrose administration given before minor painful procedures in preterm infants is based on a few limited studies. We aimed to assess availability of sucrose analgesia in emergency states of minor procedural pain by eliminating the 2-min time interval prior to heel lance in preterm infants. The primary outcome was Premature Infants Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) at 30 and 60s. Healthy 69 preterms undergoing a heel lance, who were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups, i.e., group I, with the 2-min time interval of per oral 24% sucrose given prior to heel lance, or group II, without a time interval of per oral 24% sucrose, were recruited. Premature Infants Pain Profile-Revised, crying incidence, duration, and heart rate at 30 and 60s following heel lance were the outcome measures in this single-center, randomized, prospective study. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in PIPP-R scores at 30s (6.63 vs. 6.32, p = .578) and 60s (5.80 vs. 5.38, p = .478). The crying incidence was similar between the 2 groups (p = .276). The median crying duration was 6s (range: 1-13s) in group I and 4.5s (range: 1-18s) in group II (p = .226). No significant differences in the heart rates between the 2 groups and the proportion of adverse events by time interval elimination were recorded. Eliminating the time interval did not decrease the analgesic effect of orally administered 24% sucrose given prior to heel lance. In emergency states of minor procedural pain, eliminating the 2-min time interval following sucrose administration is safe and efficacious in preterm infants.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activities of Three Brown Algae, Polycladia myrica, Padina antillarum, and Sargassum boveanum, and a Red Alga, Palisada perforata from the Persian Gulf.

In recent decades, algae have attracted worldwide attention for their great biological activities, such as antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. We measured antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of methanol and 80% methanol extracts of three brown algae species, Polycladia myrica, Padina antillarum, and Sargassum boveanum, and a red alga, Palisada perforata, from the Persian Gulf coasts. Antibacterial activity of the algal extracts was assessed by broth dilution method against three gram-negative and -positive bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Furthermore, the yeast's α-glucosidase inhibition of the algal extracts was measured via colorimetric assay. In addition, we investigated the beneficial effect of 80% MeOH extract of S. boveanum on the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The MeOH extract of S. boveanum was the best antibacterial extract with MIC = 2.5 mg/mL against all bacterial strains except for E. coli. The MeOH and 80% MeOH extracts of P. myrica and P. antillarum inhibited α-glucosidase at most with IC50 values of 12.70 ± 1.88 µg/mL and 13.06 ± 4.44 µg/mL, respectively. The oral gavage of S. boveanum extract in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats resulted in decreasing their postprandial blood glucose levels. The algae and acarbose decreased blood glucose levels after sucrose administration in 60 minutes, compared to the non-drug-treated animals, with p values of 0.03 and 0.007, respectively. Overall, due to the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potential of S. boveanum, we suggest the alga as a new source for the isolation and identification of potential antidiabetic and antibacterial compounds.

ROLE OF IRON SUCROSE INFUSION IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF HAEMOGLOBIN LEVEL IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN A RURALAREA OF CHENGALPATTU DISTRICT-TAMILNADU.

Introduction: Anaemia is a serious public health problem which is prevalent among young children and pregnant women. WHO denes anaemia as haemoglobin (Hb) &lt;11 g %1 In India, the ICMR classication of iron deciency anaemia is: 8-11 g% as mild, 5-8 g % as moderate and &lt;5 g% as severe anaemia. This study is mainly to assess the effect of Iron sucrose infusion in the improvement of hemoglobin level in pregnant women in a eld practice area of rural Block PHC- Chunampet, Tamilnadu.Methodology: Government Block Rural PHC-Chunampet is the only Government health facility in that area, surrounding 15 km. In Government Block Rural PHC-Chunampet, they are regularly monitoring haemoglobin level to rule out anaemia and providing iron sucrose infusion depending upon the hemoglobin level for improvement of anaemia. We have reviewed the data from January-2021 to December-2021. All Pregnant women who visited Government Block Rural PHC-Chunampet during the study period, (from January-2021 to December-2021) were included in the study. We entered the data in excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Among the 143 study participants, 67 (47.9%) participants belonged to the age group 21-25 years and 52 participants (36.4%) belonged to the age group 26 - 30 years Before Iron sucrose Intervention, the mean Hb level was 9.023 (+ 0.77). After Iron sucrose Intervention, the mean Hb level was 9.755 (+ 0.79). Conclusion: The study has shown that iron sucrose injection has been effective in increasing the Hb levels in all gestational ages of pregnancy. The intervention proved to be most effective in primi gravida women, reducing the number of women with Hb less than 10g/dl by 37.1% from 96.6% to 58.6% after administration of iron sucrose.