Administration Of Normal Saline Research Articles

Therapeutic effect of epidural dexamethasone palmitate in a rat model of lumbar spinal stenosis

BackgroundDexamethasone palmitate (DEP), a prodrug of dexamethasone (DEX), is a synthetic corticosteroid medication distinguished by the inclusion of a fatty acid component known as palmitate. This study introduces DEP as...

Akkermansia muciniphila Promotes Bone Development and Improves Eggshell Quality during the Sexual Maturity Period of Laying Hens by Increasing Osteogenesis

Adequate bone development is imperative for maintaining the health and productivity of laying hens. Probiotics play a pivotal role in promoting bone formation and preventing osteoporosis. This study aimed to explore the effect of Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) on the bone development and eggshell quality of laying hens during the rearing period. A total of 300 1-day-old Jingfen NO. 6 commercial pullets were categorized into two groups, one of which was fed a conventional diet for 20 weeks (Control group), the other group was fed a conventional diet with lyophilized Akk powder for 20 weeks (Akk group). During the first two weeks, pullets in the Akk group received live Akk inoculation, while birds in the Control group received normal saline administration. Micro-computed tomography analysis was employed to evaluate three bone microarchitectures: cortical bone (Cb), trabecular bone (Tb), and medullary bone (Mb). Our findings revealed that supplementation with Akk powder increased the thickness and bone mineral content of Cb and Tb, while simultaneously reducing the volume and bone surface area of Mb. The increased activity of alkaline phosphatase, a marker of osteogenesis, and the decreased activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a marker of osteoclastic activity, were observed in the Akk group. Dietary supplementation of Akk powder improved the immune microenvironment in the bone marrow by increasing osteogenic-related CD8+ T cells and decreasing osteoclastogenesis-related CD4+ T cells. Additionally, Akk powder supplementation significantly enriched the Lactobacillaceae family in cecum. The enhancement of bone development by Akk contributed to increased eggshell strength and thickness. These findings demonstrate the osteomodulatory effects of Akk in laying hens and the connections between bone physiology and eggshell quality, highlighting the importance of gut–bone communications in laying hens.

Comparative Study on the Effect of Bacopa monniera and Omega3 Fatty Acids on the Cortisol Hormone Level in Cold Stress Induced Wistar Albino Rats

In recent years, researchers have identified several natural compounds that could potentially help to retard mental stress. Extracts of Bacopa monniera (BM), a traditional ayurvedic medicine and omega3 faffy acids (OFA) have been reported to enhance effects mental functions by combating the stress. However, there is still an lacunae studies on which of those two drugs has better results on cortisol hormonal changes due to stress. The current study aimed to compare the effects of BM and omega3 fatty acids on cold stress induced Wistar rats. We divided the animals into seven groups. Group I was control in which rats were kept under ideal laboratory conditions, Group II was given cold water swim stress for a period of one month after which the rats were sacrificed for hormonal assay, Group III in which cold water swim stress given for a month followed by oral administration of normal saline as vehicle for a month, Group IV and V in which cold water swim stress given for a month followed by oral administration of BM extracts 40mg/kg and 80mg/kg respectively as treatment for a month. Group VI and VII includes cold stress followed by oral gavages of OFA 60mg/Kg of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for 2 weeks (short-term model) and 4 weeks (long term model) respectively. After the treatment period blood was collected and cortisol assay was done. The data were compared with those of control rats. The results showed an increase in the cortisol level in the stressed group of rats when compared to the treatment group. These results indicate that oral administration of high dose of BM and long-term administration of OFA improves the cortisol level and helps in controlling the stress in rats.

Evaluation of the antinociceptive activities of natural propolis extract derived from stingless bee Trigona thoracica in mice.

: Stingless bee propolis is a popular traditional folk medicine and has been employed since ancient times. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive activities of the chemical constituents of aqueous propolis extract (APE) collected by Trigona thoracica in a nociceptive model in mice. : The identification of chemical constituents of APE was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ninety-six male Swiss mice were administered APE (400 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg) before developing nociceptive pain models. Then, the antinociceptive properties of each APE dose were evaluated in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, hot plate test, and formalin-induced paw licking test. Administration of normal saline, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100 mg/kg, orally), and morphine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were used for the experiments. : HPLC revealed that the APE from Trigona thoracica contained p-coumaric acid (R2 = 0.999) and caffeic acid (R2 = 0.998). Although all APE dosages showed inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, only 2,000 mg/kg was comparable to the result of ASA (68.7% vs. 73.3%, respectively). In the hot plate test, only 2,000 mg/kg of APE increased the latency time significantly compared to the control. In the formalin test, the durations of paw licking were significantly reduced at early and late phases in all APE groups with a decrease from 45.1% to 53.3%. : APE from Trigona thoracica, containing p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, exhibited antinociceptive effects, which supports its potential use in targeting the prevention or reversal of central and peripheral sensitization that may produce clinical pain conditions.

Effect of Bacopa monniera on the Level of Cortisol Hormone in Forced Cold Water Swim Stress Induced Wistar Albino Rats

The human brain remains a mystery even after years of research into the biological processes underlying its specific actions. In recent years, researchers have identified several natural compounds that could potentially help to retard mental deterioration. Extracts of Bacopa monniera, a traditional ayurvedic medicine, have been reported to have memory-enhancing effects in animals. However, there are no studies on bp in cold stress induced neuronal changes in hippocampus have been explored. The current study examined the effects of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera, on Wistar rats. We divided the animals into 4 groups. Group I was control in which rats were kept under ideal laboratory conditions, Group II was given cold water swim stress for a period of one month after which the rats were sacrificed for histological studies to study the changes in the hippocampus caused by cold stress, Group III in which cold water swim stress given for a month followed by oral administration of normal saline as vehicle for a month, Group IV in which cold water swim stress given for a month followed by oral administration of Bacopa monniera, extracts 40mg/kg treatment for a month. Group V in which cold water swim stress given for a month followed by oral administration of Bacopa monniera, extracts 80mg/kg treatment for a month. After the treatment period blood was collected and cortisol assay was done. The data were compared with those of control rats. The results showed an increase in the cortisol level in the stressed group of rats when compared to the treatment group. These results indicate that oral administration of Bacopa monniera, extract improves the cortisol level and helps in controlling the stress in rats.

Intraoperative Normal Saline Administration and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation

Normal saline is still used in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with normonatremia. We investigated whether the normal saline administered during LDLT is associated with the increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) compared with the balanced crystalloids. We reviewed 1011 cases undergoing LDLT. The primary exposure variable was normal saline administered intraoperatively compared with the balanced crystalloid. To compare the risk of AKI after adjusting for potential confounders of baseline characteristics and surgical parameters, a propensity score matching analysis was performed. As a sensitivity analysis, ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed for AKI using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in the saline group (n = 88/174, 50.6%) than in the balanced group (n = 67/174, 38.5%) after matching (P = .010). The incidence of stage 2 or 3 AKI was also significantly higher in the saline group (n = 26/174, 14.9%) than in the balanced group (n = 43/174, 24.7%) after matching (P = .022). The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the saline group than in the balanced group after matching. Ordinal logistic regression analysis using IPTW showed that the saline group showed a significant association of saline administration with the risk of AKI (odds ratio 1.23, 95% CI 1.05-1.28, P = .013). Our propensity score analysis using propensity score matching and IPTW showed that normal saline administration during LDLT is associated with a high risk of postoperative AKI and longer hospital stays. However, our results should be interpreted carefully due to the relatively long period of data collection.

Hypernatremic chloride-depletion metabolic alkalosis successfully treated with high cation-gap amino acids: a case report.

Normal saline (NS) is recommended for the treatment of chloride-depletion alkalosis (CDA). However, its use in patients with drinking water restrictions or fluid volume deficiencies may lead to hypernatremia. We report the case of a 42-year-old Japanese man with ileus due to sigmoidal volvulus, who presented with CDA. After endoscopic decompression, NS was administered to treat the CDA. Despite the administration of NS, CDA persisted and hypernatremia developed. The infusion was then changed to high cation-gap amino acids (HCG-AA), which improved both metabolic alkalosis and hypernatremia. Thus, HCG-AA may be useful for the treatment of hypernatremia in patients with CDA.

Reconstitution of Natural Killer cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is facilitated by Huiyang-Guben decoction through activating the Smad7/Stat3 signal pathway.

Natural Killer (NK) cell is the first batch of re-constructed cell populations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and its delayed reconstitution inevitably causes poor outcome. The traditional Chinese medicine Huiyang-Guben decoction (HYGB) has been clinically used in patients undergoing allo-HSCT, but its effect on NK cell reconstruction is still unclear. 40 patients with allo-HSCT therapy were randomly divided into the control group and the HYGB group, and were given oral administration of normal saline or HYGB for 4weeks before allo-HSCT, respectively. NK cells were cultured and treated with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and HYGB in vitro, and cell viability, cell apoptosis, and the function of NK cells were evaluated. Functional verification experiments were performed by knocking down signal transduction molecule 7 (Smad7) in NK cells before TGF-β and HYGB treatment. Clinical data suggested that HYGB intervention decreased the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease after allo-HSCT, and increased the proportion of NK cell population. Meanwhile, HYGB improved cell viability, restrained apoptotic cell death, and enhanced cell killing activity of NK cells in patients with allo-HSCT. Notably, we found that HYGB significantly increased the expression level of Smad7 and the phosphorylation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in NK cells from patients with allo-HSCT. Moreover, HYGB alleviated TGF-β-induced NK cell impairment and re-activated the Smad7/Stat3 signaling in vitro, while silencing Smad7 reversed the protective effect of HYGB on TGF-β-treated NK cells. HYGB promotes NK cell reconstruction and improves NK cell function after allo-HSCT through activating the Smad7/Stat3 signaling pathway.

Abstract 14470: Right Ventricular Flow Visualization and Characterization via High Speed Volumetric Echo-PIV

Introduction: Although 4D echocardiography is used for many clinical applications, the evolving vortex flow in the right ventricle (RV) is relatively unknown and cannot be characterized with conventional echocardiography. An obstacle is that acquiring high frame rate (>100fps) data in presence of contrast is challenging and has not yet reported. Hypothesis: High frame-rate 4D echocardiographic data in presence of contrast can elucidate RV vortex flow via volumetric Echo-PIV (V-Echo-PIV). Methods: We devised a new transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) protocol using a Philips EPIQ CV9 ultrasound system with a 3D matrix probe (X5-1c) to acquire high frame-rate 4D data for processing with V-Echo-PIV. Apical RV focused view was used for full-volume acquisition by limiting the sector width and imaging depth solely to the entire RV. Visualization of the RV flow and wall dynamics was achieved by IV administration of Optison™ and Normal Saline. VolDICOMs were processed with V-Echo-PIV to obtain RV blood flow velocity field during the full cardiac cycle. Results: We improve the frame rates' scan lines to +30Hz. A 100Hz is achieved by stitching 4 cycles. We show that 4D RV flow can be quantified and characterized at high temporal resolution using V-Echo-PIV. Fig. 1A shows cine blood velocity in a healthy subject with a 51bpm heart rate. For which, V-Echo-PIV acquired 117 three-dimensional vector fields in one cardiac cycle, given the setting of 100Hz acquisition rate. The figure features flow patterns from systole to diastole, from left to right. Fig. 1B depicts the iso-surface of transient tricuspid vortex during diastolic RV filling. Conclusions: Enabled by high speed acquition in presence of contrast, V-Echo-PIV can be used as a viable alternative to 4D Flow MRI to visualize and evaluate real-time intra-cardiac blood flow, as it requires only a very short acquisition time and can be used wherever an echocardiography machine with matrix probes is available.

Antioxidant Effects of Methanolic Extract of Quercus infectoria as a Supplement against Oxidative Stress Induced by Sub-acute Exposure to Arsenic; An in vivo Study

Background: Exposure to arsenic through drinking water is a global health problem that causes multisystem toxicity, mainly by inducing oxidative stress and impairing cellular energy. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of Quercus infectoria gall extract (Qi) against oxidative stress induced by sub acute exposure to arsenic. Methods: The plant galls were extracted with methanol and were used for the determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Cio calteu reagent. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 6 animals and treated for 30 days. Negative and positive control groups received, respectively, normal saline and sodium arsenite (5.5 mg/kg) by gavage. Treatment groups received three doses of Qi (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection 2 h. after oral administration of normal saline or sodium arsenite (5.5 mg/kg) (As-Qi). After 30 days, all animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylasine and 2 mL of blood was taken for measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation (measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA)) and protein carbonylation of plasma. Results: Total phenolic content of the plant was determined to be 5.78 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract. The results of pharmacological studies indicated that in arsenic treated animals, a significant decrease in TAC, increase in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation happens compared to control group. Co-administration of Qi (600 mg/kg) with arsenic significantly increased TAC compared with arsenic group (0.245 ± 0.007 versus 0.183 ± 0.027 for arsenic) (p < 0.05), while the serum MDA level (1.880 ± 0.499 versus 2.795 ± 0.112 for arsenic) and protein carbonylation were decreased in this group compared with arsenic treated animals (0.128 ± 0.007 versus 0.159 ± 0.009 for arsenic) (p <0.01). In non-treated arsenic animals (NTAS), all three doses of Qi improved oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Arsenic disrupt cellular antioxidant defense through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Qi galls are able to revert some of these oxidant activities of arsenic. Previous studies have reported antioxidants in the plant and the present work can conclude that antioxidant effect of Qi is useful against happened oxidative stress in arsenic treated animals.

The preventive effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist on blood pressure reduction and postoperative nausea and vomiting during general anesthesia induction: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial

Study objectiveAdministering a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor (5-HT3) at anesthesia induction may aid in achieving hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia induced using opioids. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ramosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, administered on hypotension at the induction of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil. Additionally, we aimed to compare the impact of ramosetron administration at anesthesia induction versus that at the end of the surgery on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). DesignPatients were randomly allocated to the Induction group (administration of ramosetron [0.3 mg/5 ml] at anesthesia induction and normal saline [5 ml] at the end of the surgery) or End group (administration of normal saline [5 ml] at anesthesia induction and ramosetron [0.3 mg/5 ml] at the end of the surgery). Hemodynamic status, PONV, and postoperative pain were assessed. SettingOperating room, post-anesthetic care unit, and general ward. Patients: In total, 176 non-smoking patients without any past medical history undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgeries under TIVA were included in the study. MeasurementsBlood pressure (BP), heart rate, PONV, visual analog scale (VAS). Main resultsThe Induction group exhibited significantly higher BP at anesthesia induction and required significantly lower doses of phenylephrine and ephedrine during anesthesia than the End group had. However, PONV and postoperative pain were similar between the two groups. ConclusionsAdministering ramosetron at anesthesia induction resulted in significantly better hemodynamic stability with significantly lesser requirement of phenylephrine and ephedrine than administering at the end of the surgery did. Therefore, we recommend ramosetron administration at anesthesia induction rather than at the end of the surgery to prevent PONV and the decrease in the mean BP during TIVA with propofol and remifentanil.

The role of alcohol extract of cranberry in improving serum indices of experimental metaproterenol-induced heart damage in rats.

Cranberry offers numerous cardiovascular benefits. According to several studies, this fruit promotes the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, enhances high-density lipoprotein, reduces platelet coagulation, and improves vascular activity. Albino male rats were divided into five groups (n = 5 per group). The control group received intraperitoneal administration of normal saline. The second group was injected with metaproterenol (MET) 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were given cranberry extract in doses of 75, 100, and 150, respectively, along with heart-damaging drugs. Blood samples were collected and sent to the laboratory on the fourth weekend and 1 week after completing the injections in the fourth week (the sixth weekend) for analyzing serum factors such as cardiac creatine kinase MB, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The serum activity of the cardiac evaluation parameters in the fourth week demonstrated a highly significant correlation among the groups with respect to AST and cTnI (p < .001). Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between AST and cTnI within the target groups (p < .05). Ultimately, the findings indicated that the consumption of cranberry extract, due to its impact on heart function, could effectively modify serum indicators associated with heart damage. The utilized extract also exhibited efficacy, albeit with variable effects. Therefore, it is recommended to use cranberry extract synergistically with other chemical and herbal medications to achieve more sustained effects.

New Insights into the Fluid Management in Patients with Septic Shock.

The importance of fluid resuscitation therapy during the early stages of sepsis management is a well-established principle. Current Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines recommend the early administration of intravenous crystalloid fluids for sepsis-related hypotension or hyperlactatemia due to tissue hypoperfusion, within the first 3 h of resuscitation and suggest using balanced solutions (BSs) instead of normal saline (NS) for the management of patients with sepsis or septic shock. Studies comparing BS versus NS administration in septic patients have demonstrated that BSs are associated with better outcomes including decreased mortality. After initial resuscitation, fluid administration has to be judicious in order to avoid fluid overload, which has been associated with increased mortality, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and worsening of acute kidney injury. The "one size fits all" approach may be "convenient" but it should be avoided. Personalized fluid management, based on patient-specific hemodynamic indices, provides the foundations for better patient outcomes in the future. Although there is a consensus on the need for adequate fluid therapy in sepsis, the type, the amount of administered fluids, and the ideal fluid resuscitation strategy remain elusive. Well-designed large randomized controlled trials are certainly needed to compare fluid choices specifically in the septic patient, as there is currently limited evidence of low quality. This review aims to summarize the physiologic principles and current scientific evidence regarding fluid management in patients with sepsis, as well as to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest data on the optimal fluid administration strategy in sepsis.

Effect of Huangdisan grain on improving cognitive impairment in VD rats and its mechanism in immune inflammatory response.

Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the incidence rate is very high, there is no definitive treatment for VD. And it has serious impact on the quality of life of VD patients. In recent years, more and more studies about the clinical efficacy and pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of VD have been conducted. And Huangdisan grain has been used to treat VD patients with a good curative effect in clinic. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Huangdisan grain on the inflammatory response and cognitive function of VD rats modeled by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), that aimed to improve the treatment methods for VD. 8-week-old healthy SPF male Wistar rats (280±20g) were randomly divided into the normal group (Gn, n=10), sham operated group (Gs, n=10), and operated group (Go, n=35). The VD rat models in Go group were established by BCCAO. 8weeks after surgery, the operated rats were screened by the hidden platform trail of Morris Water Maze (MWM), and the rats with cognitive dysfunction were further randomly divided into the impaired group (Gi, n=10) and TCM group (Gm, n=10). The VD rats in Gm group were given the intragastric administration of Huangdisan grain decoction once a day for 8weeks, and the other groups were given intragastric administration of normal saline. Then the cognitive ability of rats in each group was detected by the MWM Test. The lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and hippocampus of rats were measured by flow cytometry. The levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ, MIP-2, COX-2, iNOS) in peripheral blood and hippocampus were measured by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). The number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus was measured by immunofluorescence. Compared with the Gn group, the escape latencies of the Gi group were prolonged (P<0.01), the time spent in the former platform quadrant was shortened (P<0.01), and the number of times of crossing over the former platform location was reduced (P<0.05). But compared with the Gi group, the escape latencies of Gm group were shortened (P<0.01), the time spent in the former platform quadrant was prolonged (P<0.05), and the number of times of crossing over the former platform location was increased (P<0.05). The number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus of VD rats in Gi group was increased (P<0.01) compared with the Gn group. And the proportions of T Cells, CD4+ T Cells, CD8+ T Cells in the hippocampus were increased (P<0.01). The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus was increased significantly, such as IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-2 (P<0.01), TNF-α (P<0.05), IFN-γ (P<0.01), COX-2 (P<0.01), MIP-2 (P<0.01) and iNOS (P<0.05). And the level of IL-10 (P<0.01), a kind of anti-inflammatory cytokine, was decreased. The proportions of T Cells (P<0.05), CD4+ T Cells (P<0.01) and NK Cells (P<0.05) in the peripheral blood of the VD rats in Gi group were decreased, and the level of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, COX-2, MIP-2 and iNOS was increased significantly (P<0.01) compared with the Gn group. Meanwhile, the level of IL-4 and IL-10 was decreased (P<0.01). Huangdisan grain could reduce the number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus (P<0.01), decrease the proportions of T Cells, CD4+ T Cells, CD8+ T Cells and the level of IL-1β, MIP-2 in hippocampus (P<0.01) of VD rats. Moreover, it could rise the proportion of NK Cells (P<0.01) and the level of IL-4 (P<0.05), IL-10 (P<0.05), and decrease the level of IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-2 (P<0.05), TNF-α (P<0.01), IFN-γ (P<0.01), COX-2 (P<0.01) and MIP-2 (P<0.01) in peripheral blood of VD rats. This study indicated that Huangdisan grain could decrease the activation of microglia/macrophages, regulate the proportions of lymphocyte subsets and the level of cytokines, which could adjust the immunologic abnormalities of VD rats, and ultimately improve cognitive function.

Effects of in ovo Administration of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Vitamin C on Hatchability Performance and Redox Status in Day Old Kadaknath Hatchlings

Background: In poultry industry, hatcheries play a vital role in connecting the poultry production chain and are expected in the productive performance, with an impact on company profits. The use of in ovo feeding support poultry embryonic development and offers the production efficiency and welfare of commercial poultry. Methods: This study investigated the impact of in ovo administration of normal saline, Zinc oxide nanoparticles and Vitamin C on hatchability, chick growth and redox status in Kadaknath hatchlings. Zinc oxide nanostructures were synthesized by chemical method and characterized for size determination. A total of 150 fertile eggs of the Kadaknath poultry breed were divided into five groups (T0 to T4) and treated with in ovo administration of 200 μl each of normal saline, zinc oxide nanoparticles (5 and 10 ppm) and Vitamin C respectively on the 18th day of incubation through air sac into amniotic fluid. Result: Rod shaped nanostructures ranging from 45 to 98 nm were synthesized and showed sharp peak positioned at 436.59 cm-1. Zinc nano composite 5 ppm and vitamin C administration had significantly (p less than 0.05) improved hatchability, hatch weight, chick weight and egg weight ratio and antioxidant status.

Heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN002 alleviate lipid metabolism of high fat diet-fed induced obese mice through modulating gut microbiota structure and bile acids

To explore the effects of heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002(MN002) on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota and bile acids in high-fat diet fed obese mice. Sixty 3-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, high-fat group and intervention group(n=20). After 1 week of adaptive feeding, the control group was fed with normal chow and continued intragastric administration of normal saline for 12 weeks, the high-fat group was fed with high-fat diet and continued intragastric administration of normal saline for 12 weeks, and the intervention group was fed with high-fat diet and continued intragastric of MN002 for 12 weeks. During the experiment, the body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose content of mice were measured and feces were collected. At the end of the experiment, the oral glucose tolerance of mice was measured and blood, periintestinal fat, peritestosterone fat and perirenal fat samples were collected. The histopathological changes of liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and total cholesterol were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer, bile acids content in feces was detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gut microbiota structure of mice was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Compared with high fat group, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and perirenal fat in intervention group were significantly decreased(P&lt;0.05), the content of fossil cholic acid sulfate in feces was significantly increased, while the content of ursodeoxycholic acid, porcine deoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were significantly decreased(P&lt;0.01). Heat inactivation of MN002 could significantly increase the relative abundance of Ruminiclostridium and Alistipes and reduce the relative abundance of Lactobacillus(P&lt;0.01). Heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN002 can regulate the gut microbiota structure and bile acid composition and content of high-fat diet fed mice, thereby alleviating the lipid metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet.

S-Allylcysteine limits cardiac structural changes via antioxidant status in ovariectomized rats with induced myocardial injury

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme) Background Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in Malaysia. Past studies have shown the incidence of cardiovascular diseases among post-menopausal women increased where their estrogen level is deficient. Thus, there is growing interest in investigating alternative approach in which to limit cardiovascular injury for post-menopausal women. S-Allylcysteine (SAC) is one of the aged garlic extract compounds that has shown its cardioprotective effect through mitochondrial preservation and CSE/hydrogen sulfide pathway. Purpose Hence, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of SAC in ovariectomized rats with isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury. Methods Ovariectomy surgery (ovary removal) was done onto 32 female Wistar rats, whereas eight rats had the same surgery without ovary removal (Sham). After three weeks of recovery, all rats received subcutaneous administration of either normal saline (Sham, OVX) or isoprenaline 85 mg/kg (OVXIM, 2x) to induce myocardial injury. Then, oral gavage of either distilled water (Sham, OVX, OVXIM) or SAC 100 mg/kg (OVXS, OVXIMS) were given to the rats for one week. Finally, the rats were anesthetized before the hearts were cannulated on Langendorff isolated heart system for cardiac function measurement. Results The rat models were validated by decreased estrogen level, while cardiac injury was from the increased ST elevation on electrocardiogram and plasma Troponin T level. Systolic blood pressure in OVXS (142.45±5.17 mmHg vs 120.53±6.75 mmHg) showed significant decrease after receiving SAC. Although SAC did not reduce oxidative stress product TBARS in OVXIM, but it increased GSH (OVX: 0.0291±0.002 vs. OVXMIS: 0.0644±0.005 nmol/mg protein) and SOD (OVX: 0.7148±0.039 vs OVXMIS: 0.4991±0.068 E/mg protein/min) antioxidants in the treatment group. This is probably due to the allyl and cysteine group in the SAC molecule that has antioxidative property which protects vascular tissue, thus contributes to the lowering of blood pressure. Histological observation showed that SAC treatment was able to limit hypertrophy and collagen deposition in OVXIM group. This suggests that SAC antioxidant action may be able to limit the cell injury from oxidative stress, thus decreasing fibrosis effect (OVXIM: 5.41 ± 1.15 vs. OVXIMS: 2.31 ± 0.42%) and preserving cardiomyocyte size (OVXIM: 5.41 ± 1.15 vs. OVXIMS: 2.31 ± 0.42 µm2). Despite the histological alteration, the Langendorff-perfused hearts of the treated rats showed similar function as Sham. CSE enzyme activity and protein expression in OVXS tended to return to the same level as Sham. Conclusion In summary, this study showed SAC’s potential in preserving cardiac structure in estrogen-deficient condition, but in-depth study is warranted to further understand antioxidant and CSE enzyme signalling pathway.

Effects of a New Kappa Agonist (Fluorophenyl Derivative of Imidazo[1,2-&lt;i&gt;а&lt;/i&gt;]benzimidazole) on the Rat Genome

Selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists are considered a promising group of substances for developing opioid analgesics characterised with an original mechanism of action without the risk of respiratory depression and drug addiction. Previous studies identified a fluorophenyl derivative of imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole (RU-1205) with a KOR-based mechanism of analgesic action established in in vitro and in vivo experiments.The aim of the study was to assess the effect of 9-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole dihydrochloride on the level of DNA damage in rats after a single subcutaneous injection.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in adult white outbred laboratory rats of both sexes. DNA damage was estimated using the comet assay. The study involved a single subcutaneous injection of an aqueous solution of RU-1205 in three doses: 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg. The authors used intraperitoneal methyl methanesulfonate (40 mg per kg of animal body weight) as a positive control and 0.9% NaCl (100 μL per 100 g of animal body weight) as a negative control.Results. A single subcutaneous injection of RU-1205 to rats did not produce a significant dose-dependent increase in % tail DNA when compared with the state of the corresponding organ/tissue cell genome in negative control animals after normal saline administration at the same time points. In the negative control groups, % tail DNA in cells of various organs/tissues ranged from 1.83% to 3.82% (median values [25–75%]). On the contrary, the administration of 40 mg/kg of genotoxic methyl methanesulfonate led to an increase in damaged DNA in all studied organs and tissues when compared with negative control animals.Conclusions. The study of 9-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a] benzimidazole dihydrochloride genotoxicity demonstrated that a single subcutaneous injection of 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg of RU-1205 to rats did not damage the cell genome of the studied organs.

Neuroprotective effects of betanin in mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury as found in stroke is a complex and heterogeneous disorder and closely related to disability and death. Today, nutraceuticals and protective therapy to increase neuronal integrity and prevent pathological complication are common. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of betanin against cerebral IR injury in mice. Forty male institute of cancer research (ICR) mice were divided into Sham-veh, IR-veh, IR-Bet50 and IR-Bet100 groups. After 2 weeks of oral administration of normal saline (vehicle; veh) or 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of betanin (Bet), mice were subjected to IR induction using 30-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Brain infarction, oxidative status, cortical and hippocampal neurons and white matter pathologies were evaluated. Results showed that IR significantly increases brain infarction, Cornus Ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampal and corpus callosum (CC) and internal capsule (IC) white matter degeneration (P<0.05). Brain oxidative status revealed significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) together with a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) activity, induced by IR (P<0.05). Pretreatment with betanin 100 mg/kg led to a significant reduction in brain infarction and MDA, CA1 hippocampus, CC and IC white matter degeneration. Betanin also led to a significant increase in CAT activity (P<0.05), with enhancing effect on reduced glutathione levels (GSH, P<0.05). The present study revealed the neuroprotective efficacy of betanin against IR injury in mice's brains, including its inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and boosting of GSH and CAT activity.

Pfizer, Moderna and Janssen vaccine InflammoThrombotic and Prion Type Effect on Erythrocytes When Added to Human Blood

Background: Three EUA approved drug vaccine biologics have been approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for SARS-CoV-2. Their effect upon erythrocytes has not previously been reported. Methods: Seven individuals (4 men; 3 women) including two people with prior SARS-CoV-2 infections, one previously vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine (two doses), and one previously vaccinated with the Moderna vaccine (three doses including one booster) provided blood drawn by venipuncture for analysis. In the first part of the study, one male subjected provided blood by venipuncture analysis. This blood was microscopically analyzed before and after the administration of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine and normal saline. In the second part of the study, 3 men and 3 women provided blood samples obtained by venipuncture. Each of the individual’s blood was directly examined microscopically before and after administration of the Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen vaccines to the blood. In the third part of the study the vaccines were independently analyzed for extraneous material. Results: Seven individuals including 4 men and 3 women showed normal erythrocyte coloration when their blood was drawn by venipuncture. Each individual’s blood when analyzed microscopically demonstrated normal morphology and appearance. In each instance, the administration of the Pfizer, Moderna, or Janssen vaccines directly into the blood on peripheral blood smear demonstrated an almost immediate loss of red color. This loss of red color persisted throughout the examination and was only seen where the vaccines mixed with erythrocytes. As the vaccines spread across the blood smear, the erythrocytes demonstrated (a) a loss of red color that was not transient, (b) clumping of erythrocytes not observed during the same time period following the administration of normal saline to the blood, and (c) alterations in the morphology of erythrocytes. While several of the vials had extraneous material; none of them had evidence of significant graphene oxide, living organisms, or nanotechnology. Conclusion: Administration of Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen vaccines resulted in the immediate loss of red coloration present in erythrocytes. This loss of red coloration indicates that there is a disruption of the hemoglobin binding of oxygen. Since atmospheric oxygen is immediately available to re-saturate the hemoglobin molecules restoring the red color responsible for the function and name of erythrocytes; the results of this investigation suggest that there is an alteration in the hemoglobin molecule preventing the hemoglobin from binding with oxygen. This alteration of the hemoglobin molecule could be explained if the vaccines merge with the erythrocytes and release their genetic material (RNA or DNA) directly into the erythrocytes; having a prion altering effect upon the hemoglobin molecule. Some of the vaccine samples included extraneous materials. The vaccines did not include observable graphene oxide, eggs or living organisms.