Administration Of Mineral Oil Research Articles

Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia Following Paraffin Oil Intake in an Infant: Clinical Case

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia ELP is a rare condition in common pediatric practice. Its clinical presentation is non-specific. Delay in diagnosis and treatment exposes infants to chronic respiratory failure. We report the observation of a 2-month-old infant with respiratory signs that drag on. The imaging showed several negative density pulmonary opacities. Foam cells were isolated on sputum cytological study. Taking paraffin oil for constipation suggested Exogenous lipoid pneumonia. The aim of herein observation is to draw attention to mineral oil administration drugs risks in infants especially if they are at risk.

Assessing two strategies for production of murine ascites with anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies

Studies were conducted to improve the production of murine ascites with monoclonal antibodies that recognize SARS-CoV-2 proteins. BALB/c mice were primed with 0.5 mL of mineral oil into the abdominal cavity. Seven days after priming, mice were divided in two groups: the group 1 was inoculated intraperitoneally with 2x106 cells/mL of MAb-secreting hybridomas against the nucleocapsid and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2; the group 2 was injected simultaneously with the same inoculum of hybridoma cells and mineral oil, 18 days after priming. No disturbances or suffering signals were observed in mice from both groups, suggesting that double administration of mineral oil did not produce significant distress with respect to the single dose used for priming, and that none of the hybridoma cell lines were particularly aggressive for the inoculated mice. Ascites was collected in 90.48% and 97.68% of mice from groups 1 and 2, respectively. Ascites was not collected in 7.42% of all mice. The main cause was they never developed ascites tumors but no solid tumors were observed either. The volume of ascitic fluid per mouse was increased significantly in mice from group 2, and there were no significant differences between groups in terms of the concentration of IgG in clarified ascites. According to these results, to obtain higher amounts of MAb the strategy applied in group 2 should be used, since it showed the best results in the development of ascites tumors and it significantly increased the volume of ascites fluid per mouse. This could allow the use of fewer animals for ascites production, which is an ethical and economic benefit.

Chronic mineral oil administration increases hepatic inflammation in wild type mice compared to lipocalin 2 null mice

AbstractLipocalin 2 (LCN2), an acute-phase protein produced during acute liver injury, plays an important role in the innate immune response against bacterial infection via iron scavenging. LCN2 further influences neutrophil development and physiology leading to increased inflammatory responses. We investigated the roles of LCN2 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis, using repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mineral-oil injection. Surprisingly, mice treated with the mineral oil vehicle alone showed liver inflammation, evidenced by neutrophil and monocyte-macrophage infiltration. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of isolated liver leukocytes showed significantly high CD45+ leukocyte concentrations in CCl4 mice, but no difference of Ly6G+ neutrophils between mineral oil and CCl4 application. Liver CD11b+ F4/80+ cells counted higher in CCl4 mice, but the proportions of Gr1high, an indicator of inflammation, were significantly higher in mineral oil groups. Liver myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, showed higher levels in wild type mice compared to Lcn2−/− in both mineral-oil and CCl4 treated groups. Hepatic and serum LCN2 levels were remarkably higher in the mineral oil-injected wild type group compared to the CCl4. Wild type animals receiving mineral oil showed significantly higher inflammatory cytokine- and chemokine mRNA levels compared to Lcn2−/− mice, with no differences in the CCl4 treated groups. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) confirmed significant downregulation of gene sets involved in myeloid cell activation and immune responses in Lcn2 null mice receiving chronic mineral oil versus wild−type. We observed significant upregulation of gene sets and proteins involved in cell cycle DNA replication, with downregulation of collagen-containing extracellular matrix genes in Lcn2–/– mice receiving CCl4, compared to the wild type. Consequently, the wild type mice developed slightly more liver fibrosis compared to Lcn2−/− mice, evidenced by higher levels of collagen type I in the CCl4 groups and no liver fibrosis in mineral oil-treated mice. Our findings indicate that serum and hepatic LCN2 levels correlate with hepatic inflammation rather than fibrosis.

Chronic Oral Administration of Mineral Oil Compared With Corn Oil: Effects on Gut Permeability and Plasma Inflammatory and Lipid Biomarkers.

We investigated the effects of chronic oral administration of mineral oil, versus corn oil as control, on intestinal permeability, inflammatory markers, and plasma lipids in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Mice received mineral oil or corn oil 15 or 30 μL/mouse/day for 16 weeks (15 mice/group). Intestinal permeability was increased with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day, shown by increased mean plasma FITC-dextran concentrations 2 h post-administration (11 weeks: 1.5 versus 1.1 μg/ml, p = 0.02; 15 weeks: 1.7 versus 1.3 μg/ml, p = 0.08). Mean plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels were raised with mineral versus corn oil 30 µL/day (12 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.4 μg/ml, p = 0.03; 16 weeks: 5.8 versus 4.5 μg/ml, p = 0.09), indicating increased intestinal bacterial endotoxin absorption and potential pro-inflammatory effects. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were decreased with mineral oil, without affecting liver lipids among treated groups. Fecal neutral sterol measurements indicated increased fecal cholesterol excretion with mineral oil 30 µL/day (+16%; p = 0.04). Chronic oral administration of mineral oil in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice increased intestinal permeability, with potential pro-inflammatory effects, and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Our findings may raise concerns about the use of mineral oil as a placebo in clinical studies.

Effects of mineral oil administration on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin and pravastatin in mice and dogs

We investigated the effects of mineral oil on statin pharmacokinetics and inflammatory markers in animal models. A new synthesis strategy produced regioisomers that facilitated the characterization of the main metabolite (M1) of atorvastatin, a lipophilic statin, in C57BL/6NCrl mice. The chemical structure of M1 in mice was confirmed as ortho-hydroxy β-oxidized atorvastatin. Atorvastatin and M1 pharmacokinetics and inflammatory markers were assessed in C57BL6/J mice given atorvastatin 5 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day, as a single dose or for 21 days, with or without 10 µL or 30 µL mineral oil. No consistent differences in plasma exposure of atorvastatin or M1 were observed in mice after single or repeat dosing of atorvastatin with or without mineral oil. However, mice administered atorvastatin 10 mg/kg with 30 µL mineral oil for 21 days had significantly increased plasma levels of serum amyloid A (mean 9.6 µg/mL vs 7.9 µg/mL without mineral oil; p < 0.01) and significantly increased proportions of C62Lhigh B cells (mean 18% vs 12% without mineral oil; p = 0.04). There were no statistically significant differences for other inflammatory markers assessed. In dogs, pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, its two hydroxy metabolites and pravastatin (a hydrophilic statin) were evaluated after single administration of atorvastatin 10 mg plus pravastatin 40 mg with or without 2 g mineral oil. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, hydroxylated atorvastatin metabolites or pravastatin were not significantly different after single dosing with or without mineral oil in dogs. Collectively, the results in mice and dogs indicate that mineral oil does not affect atorvastatin or pravastatin pharmacokinetics, but could cause low-grade inflammation with chronic oral administration, which warrants further investigation.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Mineral Oil, Charcoal, and Smectite in a Rat Model of Equine Cantharidin Toxicosis

The efficacy of orally administered therapeutics for the treatment of cantharidin intoxication has not been evaluated in controlled studies. To develop a model of acute cantharidin intoxication in laboratory rats and to evaluate in this model the relative efficacy of 3 gastrointestinal therapies used to treat equine cantharidin toxicosis. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats. A blinded, randomized, controlled study was performed on rats surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters for evaluating heart rate, locomotor activity, and body temperature. Orogastric administration of cantharidin was performed within 15 seconds before administration of mineral oil, activated charcoal, or smectite. Negative control groups received therapeutic agents alone. Urine was collected for cantharidin analysis. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after intoxication, and tissues were collected for histopathologic evaluation. Data analysis included ANOVA procedures and contingency tables. Six of 8 cantharidin-intoxicated rats treated with mineral oil died; bradycardia and hypothermia developed in the animals of this group 0-8 hours after intoxication. Rats treated with mineral oil had higher urine cantharidin concentrations than rats receiving cantharidin alone or with smectite (P = .04). The most severe hypothermia (30.6°C ± 1.0) developed in rats administered mineral oil at 4-8 hours after intoxication, whereas those treated with charcoal (35.2°C ± 0.8) had mean body temperatures higher than all other treatment groups (P = .03). Survival times in the charcoal (P = .16) and smectite (P = .12) treatment groups were not statistically different from negative controls. Mineral oil is often used in the treatment of equine cantharidin toxicosis. Our findings suggest that mineral oil increases cantharidin absorption, worsening morbidity and fatality in rats.

Oil Red O‐positive lipid in peritoneal fluid from a horse with a rectal tear

A 4-year-old Quarter Horse mare was presented to the Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a rectal tear. On initial evaluation, rectal palpation and colonoscopy revealed a grade IIIb rectal tear. Analysis of peritoneal fluid revealed a modified transudate. Preliminary supportive care included fluid therapy and mineral oil administration via nasogastric tube. Approximately 48 hours after presentation, a second abdominocentesis was performed, and cytologic examination of the fluid revealed a marked suppurative exudate. Round clear nonrefractile material observed within neutrophils and macrophages and in the background stained bright pink to red with Oil Red O, confirming the material as lipid, likely from leakage of mineral oil through the rectal tear. The condition of the mare deteriorated and euthanasia was elected due to the poor prognosis. At necropsy, gross and histologic findings included peritoneal effusion and a full-thickness rectal tear with transmural necrotizing pyogranulomatous colitis and fibrinous peritonitis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of Oil Red O-positive lipid vacuoles in the peritoneal fluid of a horse from presumed leakage of mineral oil through a transmural rectal perforation. The frequency of this occurrence in horses is unknown, but it is important for cytopathologists to be familiar with the appearance and significance of lipid-type droplets in phagocytic cells in cytologic fluid analysis specimens.

Successful treatment of lipoid pneumonia associated with bowel obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides

Partial bowel obstruction is a serious complication of ascariasis infestation generally treated with mineral oil. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of multiple bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) as a therapeutic strategy for reducing lung inflammation of lipoid pneumonia associated with ascariasis. The study included five children (mean age 25 months) with partial small-bowel obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides, who underwent diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage for assessment of refractory pneumonia. Routine biochemical, microbiological and cytological analysis were carried out in the BAL. Protein, lactate dehydrogenase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels were determined in the serum before and after treatment. At admission, children consistently had respiratory symptoms, altered hematological function, increased immunoglobulin E serum level and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Chest tomography showed consolidation with air bronchogram (4/4), ground-glass infiltration (3/4) and decreased attenuation in the consolidation areas (2/4). Presence of marked pleocytosis with Sudan positive foamy alveolar macrophages, high protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels in the BAL indicated presence of mixed alveolitis. One child with extensive consolidation and air bronchogram in both lungs died before treatment. Multiple bronchoalveolar lavages efficiently removed alveolar oil deposits, restored BAL cellularity, improved clinical symptoms, radiological parameters and further reduced inflammatory reaction evidenced by marked decrease of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. This study presents a therapeutic strategy for management of lung complications caused by mineral oil administration to treat intestinal bowel obstruction associated with ascariasis.

Modulation of P2X 7 receptor expression in macrophages from mineral oil-injected mice

P2X 7 receptor activation is involved in a number of pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and other immune cells. Their expression can be positively modulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF α, reinforcing their role during inflammation. We investigated the effect of substances capable of recruiting macrophages into the peritoneal cavity of mice (mineral oil and thioglycolate) on P2X 7 receptor expression and function, addressing whether these stimuli can interfere with multinucleated giant cell (MGC) formation, ATP-induced apoptosis, plasma membrane permeabilization and nitric oxide production. It was demonstrated that mineral oil treatment reduces P2X 7-dependent MGC formation, whereas thioglycolate treatment does not. Mineral oil treatment reduced P2X 7 receptor expression, down-modulating ATP-induced apoptosis, permeabilization and nitric oxide production. In conclusion, mineral oil down modulated P2X 7 expression and consequently P2X 7-associated phenomena, but thioglycolate did not. These effects might be associated with the unpleasant side effects already described during long-term administration of mineral oil for cosmetic purposes or as a laxative and could be useful in understanding the mechanism of recycling and modulation of P2 receptors present in other situations of immunopathological interest.

Evacuation of sand from the equine intestine with mineral oil, with and without psyllium

The aim of this study was to determine the evacuation of sand from the equine intestine after a double treatment with psyllium and mineral oil or mineral oil only. A crossover study was conducted. Twelve healthy horses were fed 1 kg sand once a day for 5 days. Subsequently, these horses were divided into two groups: A and B. From day 6-10, both groups were treated with 2 l of mineral oil once a day and group B received an additional 0.5 kg of psyllium twice a day. The trial was repeated after 2 weeks with treatment crossover of groups A and B. The horses were housed sand free and 1.8 kg hay/100 kg body weight was offered to meet the maintenance energy requirement. Prior to the sand administration, faeces were collected from each horse for 3 days and the crude ash was determined to establish a baseline output of ash. There was no difference between the baseline crude ash output of the first and second treatment. From day 6-10, faeces were collected daily and the fresh weight and the dry matter and the crude ash contents were determined. For administration, sand or psyllium was mixed with 1 l of Irish mash (concentrate mixed with water), respectively, and mineral oil was administered via a nasogastric tube. All horses showed higher crude ash excretion when treated with psyllium and mineral oil compared with the mineral oil administration only. On the second, third and fourth day of the treatment, the difference was significant. Faeces crude ash weight corrected for baseline crude ash output while treated with psyllium plus oil and oil solely, reached a mean of 51.0 (SD 20.5) and 26.1 (SD 17.7) % of the administered sand mass, respectively. The results of this trial show that the ash output differed highly between the horses. Nevertheless, all horses showed a higher total ash output within the 5 days treatment period when the psyllium semen and mineral oil were used for the treatment than when treated with mineral oil solely.

Cellular immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in long-term mineral oil administration

Subcutaneous mineral oil injection is an old-fashioned practice used mostly for cosmetic purposes. Infection, ulceration, subcutaneous nodules, and autoimmune activation are among the known adverse effects. Immunodeficiency has not been previously reported in association with mineral oil injection. To report the case of a 43-year-old woman who performed long-term self-administration of mineral oil and was found to have both cellular immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. We performed an immunological evaluation. Throat, induced sputum, urine, and blood cultures were examined for microorganisms. Pelvic computed tomography, inguinal lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy were also performed. Laboratory results revealed peripheral lymphopenia, very low absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, and a markedly impaired lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and recall antigens (mumps, Candida albicans, purified protein derivative, and tetanus toxoid). The cultures were negative for microorganisms. The pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated areas of diffuse oil-density signals throughout the subcutaneous tissue in the gluteal area and proximal lower extremities, as well as bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. A lymph node biopsy specimen showed lipid granulomas and necrotizing lymphadenitis. A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated hypercellular marrow with normal trilineage hematopoesis. Increased serum transaminase levels, hypoalbuminemia, positive anti-extractable nuclear antigen and anti-Ro antibodies, and plasma cells in the liver suggested an autoimmune process. Mineral oil administration may be associated with both cellular immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Patients who have received long-term administration of a foreign substance should undergo a comprehensive immunological evaluation.

Cellular immunodeficiency and autoimmunity associated with chronic mineral oil administration

Cellular immunodeficiency and autoimmunity associated with chronic mineral oil administration

The effectiveness of Allerpet/c in reducing the cat allergen Fel d 1

J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:428-30.

Early renal pathophysiology in an acute model of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in rats.

We have recently described a rat model of acute cyclosporine nephrotoxicity characterized by rapid onset of reproducible mild to moderate renal failure. In the present studies, we have examined early pathophysiologic events and morphologic changes in this model. Following acute intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of parenteral cyclosporine, renal blood flow (RBF) fell 24% from baseline. Intraperitoneal administration of an oral cyclosporine preparation (60 mg/kg) also reduced RBF (25%), as did administration of an equivalent volume of parenteral cremophore (23%). Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased significantly in all these groups. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of mineral oil or olive oil oral vehicle produced no significant change in RBF (4% fall from baseline), and RVR actually decreased in these control animals. Following 2 daily doses of these agents, RBF remained significantly lower in rats given parenteral cyclosporine (5.10 mL/min vs 8.54 mL/min in cremophore rats and 7.28 mL/min in oil control rats) and renal vascular resistance remained high. Systemic blood pressure was also significantly lower in cyclosporine-treated rats at 2 days, and GFR was depressed. Morphologic studies revealed a correlation at 2 days between tubular vacuolation and renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance in cyclosporine-treated rats.

The Generation of Diversity in Phosphorylcholine-Binding Antibodies

Publisher Summary Antibody heavy and light chains are encoded by more than one gene, thus anticipating the noncontiguous nature of eukaryotic genes and the DNA rearrangements that are central to the formation of antibody coding regions. Detailed structural analysis revealed that the amino terminal variable regions of both heavy and light chains contain three short segments of hypervariability. These hypervariable regions were shown by X-ray crystallography to comprise the antibody-combining site, whereas the remaining portions of the variable region are relatively invariant in structure and hence are called “framework” regions. The structural analysis of antibody genes was achieved for the most part using murine myeloma tumors, generally induced by intraperitoneal administration of mineral oil, as a source of cells “frozen” at the level of plasma cell differentiation. The murine antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine (PC) discussed in this chapter proved an ideal system for delineating the fundamental mechanisms that generate the immunoglobulin repertoire of higher vertebrates. This family utilizes all of the described mechanisms that contribute to antibody heterogeneity. Structural analysis of the anti-PC antibodies and the genes that encode them illuminates the multiple strategies utilized by higher vertebrates to amplify a limited amount of genetic information to permit the expression of at least 10 million different antibodies. Of the thousands of different germline antibody gene segments, fewer than a dozen are employed in PC-binding antibodies.

Effect of mineral oil and/or cholestyramine in the diet on biliary and intestinal elimination of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl in the rhesus monkey.

Addition of mineral oil to the diet (5%) of two rhesus monkeys that were dosed 29 wk earlier with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) produced a 175% increase in fecal excretion of HBB. A third rhesus monkey was provided with a complete biliary bypass, which permitted the reintroduction of the monkey's own bile or the introduction of the same amount of exogenous bile, which was obtained from control donor monkeys. This experimental design made it possible to measure the portion of fecal excretion that was due to biliary elimination and the portion that was due to intestinal elimination. The effect of mineral oil and/or cholestyramine (CSA) on biliary and intestinal elimination of HBB in the rhesus monkey was then investigated. The results show that (1) fecal excretion of HBB and/or metabolites is due to both biliary and intestinal elimination; (2) during the first 2 wk after completion of dosing, mineral oil does not influence fecal excretion of HBB significantly; (3) 6-7 wk after completion of dosing, mineral oil enhances fecal excretion of HBB by 50%; (4) 8 wk after the last dose of HBB, 4% CSA in the diet increases fecal excretion of HBB and/or metabolites by about 50%; (5) mineral oil specifically stimulates intestinal elimination of HBB; and (6) combined administration of mineral oil and CSA results in an additive effect.

Use of aliphatic hydrocarbons in feed to decrease body burdens of lipophilic toxicants in livestock.

Sheep were contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and then fed a conventional diet with or without 5% mineral oil or hexadecane. Similar to nonruminant species, both treatments enhanced fecal excretion of hexachlorobenzene about 3-fold and reduced levels of hexachlorobenzene stored in adipose tissue. Normal digestive functions of the animals, including fiber digestion by rumen microbes, were not affected by the administration of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Dietary administration of mineral oil could be an inexpensive way to save livestock contaminated with toxic lipophilic compounds, such as many pesticides and industrial chemicals.

Lead poisoning in the bovine animal

Gross and microscopic pathological changes associated with lead poisoning are minimal and diagnosis is most often made on the basis of lead analysis of blood or tissues. The differential diagnosis must include polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, insecticide poisoning, rabies, pseudorabies, listeriosis, cerebral edema, brain abscesses and sodium ion toxicity.&#x0D; Recommended treatment for lead poisoning includes parenteral administration of calcium disodium edetate. Oral administration of mineral oil, magnesium sulfate and calcium carbonate have also been recommended.

The effect of mineral oil and powdered glass on the sex organs of x-irradiated male mice.

Intraperitoneal administration of 1 ml. of either mineral oil or 40 mg of powdered glass (∼40 μ) in 1 ml. of saline within an hour following a single whole-body exposure to 625 r of X rays (LD5030) markedly increased the degenerative changes in the testes and seminal vesicles of the irradiated mice and retarded the rate of cellular regeneration as compared with that observed in the X-irradiated mice. The histological changes in the testes and seminal vesicles of the treated mice followed the changes in the weights of these organs at different time intervals following X irradiation. The administration of mineral oil and powdered glass in the X-irradiated male mice caused a significant decrease in the body weight when compared with that of the X-irradiated group from the 30th to 120th day post-irradiation.

Homograft-reactive large mononuclear leucocytes in peripheral blood and peritoneal exudates.

Two criteria have been employed for demonstrating the presence of homograft-reactive cells in peripheral blood and peritoneal exudates: a) production of a lethal wasting syndrome in sublethally x-irradiated (500 r) (LxA)F1 hybrid mice following injection of cells from parental strain (A-strain) donor mice; b) abrogation of protection by injected bone marrow in lethally x-irradiated mice by these cells. Injection of 8 x 106 peritoneal exudate granulocytes does not elicit the wasting syndrome, whereas 2.1 x 106 mononuclear cells obtained from peritoneal exudates 8 days after mineral oil administration are reactive. When peritoneal mononuclear cells from isoimmunized A-strain donors were administered, reactivity of cells was enhanced. Prior treatment of A-strain donor mice with cortisone did not abolish homograft reactivity of injected blood (1.1 x 106 nucleated cells). Under these conditions of cortisone treatment, there was a relative increase in frequency of large mononuclear cells (9 µ diameter or larger), disappearance of essentially all small lymphocytes (5 µ diameter). Data are presented that indicate the capacity of large mononuclear cells in peripheral blood to transform into cells of plasma cell series. It is concluded that circulating blood contains a mobile pool of large mononuclear cells capable of division, and potentially able to initiate immunological reactions, i.e. homograft reactions, analogous to that possessed by lymphoid tissue cells.