Administration Of Inactivated Vaccine Research Articles

Blood unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus are negative predictors of specific cellular immunity in kidney transplant recipients after SAR-CoV-2 inactivated vaccination

The immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is poor in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The factors related to poor immunogenicity to vaccination in KTRs are not well defined. Here, observational study demonstrated no severe adverse effects were observed in KTRs and healthy participants (HPs) after first or second dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Different from HPs with excellent immunity against SARS-CoV-2, IgG antibodies against S1 subunit of spike protein, receptor-binding domain, and nucleocapsid protein were not effectively induced in a majority of KTRs after the second dose of inactivated vaccine. Specific T cell immunity response was detectable in 40% KTRs after the second dose of inactivated vaccine. KTRs who developed specific T cell immunity were more likely to be female, and have lower levels of total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, and blood tacrolimus concentrations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that blood unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus concentration were significantly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity response in KTRs. Altogether, these data suggest compared to humoral immunity, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell immunity response are more likely to be induced in KTRs after administration of inactivated vaccine. Reduction of unconjugated bilirubin and tacrolimus concentration might benefit specific cellular immunity response in KTRs following vaccination.

General principles of vaccination under immunosuppression

The number of patients suffering from immunodeficiency is increasing; however, the vaccination rate of these patients is below average. Administration of inactivated vaccines is harmless but does not reliably trigger apersistent immune response. Live vaccines provide a reliable protection but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients. Live vaccines can be administered under defined levels of immunosuppression, e.g. against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV). In addition, the immunization of the domestic environment plays an important role in preventing infectious diseases.

Analysis of adverse events following immunization in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2011: a cross-sectional study.

to analyze the main adverse events occurring following immunization in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2011. this is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Brazilian Information System on Adverse Events Following Immunization. 1,449 adverse events were found; more than half occurred in children under one year of age (56.1%; OR=1.39; 95%CI: 1.08;1.78); the highest rates per 100,000 doses administered were found in the Southern Triangle (36.3), Northwest (25.7) and Southern (22.7) areas of the state; tetravalent vaccine had the highest reactogenicity (46.1%) and hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode was the most frequent event (15.9%); events were significantly associated with inactivated vaccines (OR=4.08; 95%CI: 3.51;4.75); most of the reported events were closed as 'undefined' (58.9%). events were found in all regions of Minas Gerais state and were most frequent following administration of inactivated vaccines and among children under one year of age.

Evaluation of the protection induced by avian influenza vaccines containing a 1994 Mexican H5N2 LPAI seed strain against a 2008 Egyptian H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to clade 2.2.1 by means of serological and in vivo tests

Since 2006 Egypt has been facing an extensive epidemic of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with a huge number of outbreaks both in rural and intensively reared poultry areas. The use of efficacious vaccines in this country has been, and still remains, essential for the control and possible eradication of HPAI. The present study was performed to establish whether the administration of inactivated vaccines containing an H5 virus belonging to a different lineage to the Eurasian H5N1 HPAI viruses guarantees protection from clinical signs, provides significant immune response and is able to achieve a reduction of viral shedding in the face of a challenge with a contemporary H5N1 virus isolated in Egypt. Despite the genetic and antigenic differences between the vaccine strain (H5N2/Mexico) and the challenge strain (H5N1/Egypt), confirmed by molecular and serological (haemagglutination inhibition) tests, it was established that the immune response induced by these conventional vaccines is sufficient to prevent infection in the majority of birds challenged with a contemporary H5N1 Egyptian strain. The data reported in this study also indicate that there may be a low degree of correlation between haemagglutination inhibition titres, clinical protection and reduction of shedding.

Public Health Assessment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Inactivated-Vaccine Treatment in Layer Flocks

Although there have been several reports on the efficacy assessment of a Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis vaccine against intestinal and parenchymatous organ diseases of laying hens, no public health risk characterization of its long-term effect on eggs has been reported. In this study, we attempted to assess the public health effect of an inactivated S. enterica serovar Enteritidis vaccine against serovar Enteritidis contamination of chicken eggs. We analyzed serovar Enteritidis isolation test results from four windowless farms in which inactivated-vaccine administration was initiated based on the sanitary monitoring program of a farm. When flocks with and without S. enterica serovar Enteritidis vaccine treatments were mixed, the application of an inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine decreased the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria by at least 100-fold in broken (liquid) egg samples positive for serovar Enteritidis, although a statistical difference between those MPNs could not be obtained. The isolation frequency after the vaccine application was less than 1/10 (P < 0.01). No S. enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteria were isolated approximately 1 year after all of the chickens had received the inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine. It was suggested that an adequate administration of an inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine reduced the contamination risk of eggs (the number of isolated serovar Enteritidis cells and detection frequency) compared to the contamination risk of eggs laid by nonvaccinated hens.

Vaccination of Day-Old Broiler Chicks against Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease Using Commercial Live and/or Inactivated Vaccines

Day-old broilers were administered live and/or inactivated vaccines to assess vaccine efficacy against challenge with Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Chicks were from commercial breeder pullets vaccinated against ND and IBD using several live vaccine primers followed by an inactivated ND-IBD vaccine at 18 weeks. The most efficacious initial ND-IBD vaccination program was live ND virus by eye drop and live IBD vaccine injected subcutaneously (SQ) followed 2 hours later with inactivated ND-IBD vaccine SQ. The next two most efficacious programs were live vaccine alone and the inactivated vaccine only. Inactivated vaccine given SQ had no adverse effect on live IBD vaccine given 2 hours earlier in a similar site. Administration of inactivated vaccine by vent was not as efficacious as administration SQ. A booster of a second live ND-IBD vaccine drinking water at 18 days significantly increased levels of circulating antibody, regardless of the initial vaccination program.

Temperature-sensitive mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. I. In vitro biologic properties.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the only mycoplasma which has been definitely shown to cause disease in man [1], is responsible for a significant segment of acute lower respiratory disease, especially in older children and young adults [2]. Efforts to provide protection against disease caused by M. pneumoniae by parenteral administration of inactivated vaccine have been only partially successful ?at best a 5096 protective effect has been observed [3]. For this reason there was interest in developing an attenuated strain of M. pneumoniae which might provide more effective protection. Although a partial attenuation of M. pneumoniae was observed previously, following serial passage in mycoplasma broth medium, this was associated with reduced infectivity, and the residual virulence of the organisms passaged in broth medium made them unsuitable for large scale immunization [3, 4]. An additional approach to the development of an attenuated M. pneumoniae vaccine was recently undertaken. An attempt was made to produce conditional lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the organism by exposing it to a potent mutagen, N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). Ts mutants represent a potentially useful class of mutants, since (1) almost any gene can be affected, (2) the capacity of the mutants to grow is dependent upon environmental conditions, and (3) the extent of the temperature limitation can be imposed by the selection procedure employed by the investigator. Until now the capacity of most genes to undergo ts mutation has been employed primarily for mapping the genome of viruses and bacteria

Altered reactivity to measles virus: local reactions following attenuated measles virus immunization in children who previously received a combination of inactivated and attenuated vaccines.

MEASLES immunization is an accepted pediatric preventive measure. Several different immunizing procedures have been recommended, including: (1) attenuated virus administration with and without simultaneous immune globulin; (2) a series of inactivated vaccine injections; and (3) combinations of attenuated and inactivated virus. 1,2 Attenuated virus immunization is safe, evokes serum neutralizing antibody in 95% or more of susceptible children, and confers long-lasting, probably lifelong, immunity. 3 Immunization with inactivated vaccine has not resulted in similar protection; neutralizing antibody is stimulated in 90% of patients, but is relatively short-lived. More important, immunity wanes, resulting in modified or typical measles upon natural exposure. 4-7 Sufficient data has not been accumulated to make a final judgment of the combined inactivated-attenuated virus vaccine schedule. The administration of inactivated vaccine in one or more doses preceding attenuated virus administration results in diminished fever and rash and in adequate antibody stimulation. 4,6 However, some individuals with demonstrable

MEASLES EXPOSURE AMONG VACCINE RECIPIENTS. RESPONSE TO MEASLES EXPOSURE AND ANTIBODY PERSISTENCE AMONG RECIPIENTS OF MEASLES VACCINES.

In the interval 1961 to 1963 more than 5,000 children in our series received measles vaccines by one of three immunization schedules. 1 More than 90% of recipients were successfully immunized as judged by development of significant antibody in seronegative children in a random sample group (Table 1). The present report details the response upon exposure to natural measles in recipients of live virus, killed virus, and a combination of both and includes some preliminary data on persistence of antibody following administration of inactivated vaccine alone or in combination with attenuated vaccine. Method The population in the original study consisted largely of patients in the private practices of the Volunteer Faculty of the University of Colorado Medical Center and were members of families living in urban regions of Colorado and Wyoming. A smaller number of vaccinees were children of the Cadry of Lowry Air Force Base and Fitzsimons Army Hospital