Administrative Issues Research Articles

THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTH CARE FIELD UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL STATE

In the conditions of martial state, the need for fast and accurate processing of large volumes of information, especially in the field of health care, is increasing. This is due to a lack of resources, an increase in the number of victims of military operations, displaced persons, the complication of access to medical services in connection with hostilities, the loss of individual specialists and information arrays, as well as increased risks for information security and the entire process of public management of information technologies in the health care field. The public administration of information technologies in health care is becoming critical to ensure the stability of healthcare services, support communications between healthcare facilities and government agencies, and effectively process and protect healthcare data. The analysis of scientific works on the issue of the public administration of information technologies in health care under the conditions of martial state is insufficiently researched. The article highlights the main challenges of the industry related to the war: ensuring the continuity of medical services, the appropriateness of public administration decision-making in conditions of limited access to open information, problems with logistics, and stable power supply, information protection and cyber security, shortage of qualified personnel; adopted management decisions, and information technology tools, which were used by authorities at the state and regional levels to respond to new challenges, were investigated. In the article, we are offered some recommendations for the further development and management of information technologies in the healthcare field. The main ones are further measures to strengthen cybersecurity, namely the widespread implementation of the Digital Competency Framework for Healthcare Workers in various areas, the implementation of modern information protection systems, the implementation of an information security policy, measures to legalize and update software, deepening the integration of mHealth into the existing eHealth system to enable rapid and remote collection of medical information and the introduction of artificial intelligence elements into healthcare management processes.

Boundary-work of primary care physicians using telemedicine technologies for communication.

Implementing telemedicine technologies (TT) for patient-physician communication leads to the emergence of new structures of boundaries. Hence, boundary work theory can provide a useful lens for examining how primary care physicians (PCPs) experience TT. The objective of this research was to examine the experiences of PCPs in using TT in their communication with patients. During 2023 in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Israeli PCPs: family physicians and pediatricians. The concept of boundary work emerged as a focal point, with three forms of boundary work identified in the PCPs' descriptions of their TT experiences: collaborative, competitive, and configurational. Interviewees described improved collaboration with patients who find it difficult to get to the clinic and better service for administrative issues. However, they reported constant power struggles to maintain their authority. They expressed concern about treatment failure and suggested that healthcare organizations reconfigure TT so that it can be used to provide optimal care. They suggested that healthcare organizations should instruct physicians how to best manage TT consultations and regulate its usage. This article demonstrates that while implementing TT in primary care has many advantages, it uncovers boundary work for maintaining power and authority that both PCPs and healthcare organizations should take into account in practice as well as in policy.

The Morbidity and Mortality Review: A crucial tool for improving patient safety and quality

Institutional mortality rates can be used to monitor the quality of hospital care. Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) review is crucial to the hospital’s quality and patient safety initiatives. A multi-disciplinary forum to discuss M&M better lends itself to the discussion that balances physician error and system failure. It is crucial to afford attendees opportunities for introspection/reflection while holding those responsible accountable without apportioning blame. This review was undertaken at the M&M conference conducted by the Department of Surgery at The Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, a tertiary teaching and referral hospital. All surgical residents and faculty attend the M&M conference. A standard reporting format is used for every case discussed at the departmental level and shared at the institutional level. Morbidities and Mortalities that are analyzed as being due to a system or administrative process failure or having potential medico-legal implications are subjected to a Root Cause Analysis. Recommendations from individual cases focus on measures that can prevent similar outcomes or adverse incidents or improve the care processes provided to this group of patients. These recommendations should resist the temptation to apportion blame to individuals. The department needs to construct the meetings to integrate the system and administrative issues underlying unexpected outcomes and discuss technical/clinical-related issues. Physicians who feel they work in a ‘safe’ environment are likelier to self-report events and offer them for discussion.

Consenso de expertos multidisciplinario para la calidad diagnóstica y uso de biomarcadores en cáncer de pulmón. Asociación Colombiana de Patología (ASOCOLPAT). 2023

Introduction: Lung cancer is the third cause of cancer worldwide of 2,200,000 and a mortality of approximately 35%. Diagnosis by a multidisciplinary team has become the most effective tool for early treatment. This is linked to the use of immunohistochemistry and immunomarkers that in the last decade have allowed us to strengthen the diagnosis and have involved target-directed therapies. Objective: To define by common agreement of experts, considerations for diagnostic quality and the use of biomarkers in lung cancer in Colombia. Methods: A formal consensus of experts, mixed type (Delphi/Nominal), was carried out with the participation of oncopathologists, pathologists, pulmonologists and chest surgeons by ASOCOLPAT. A group of questions and answers were graded, which were discussed in a nominal session. The information was consolidated in Excel and analyzed in STATA 14. Results: 12 questions and answers were structured and rated, addressing the following aspects: pathological diagnosis of lung cancer, description of the clinical centers, and some administrative and logistical issues in each region of Colombia. Conclusions: The consensus of experts defined 12 considerations by common agreement, for guidance in the pathological diagnosis of lung cancer, hoping to homogenize both medical and administrative aspects in order to generate an effective result and timely treatment.

Veterans’ health

Military veterans represent around 3.8% of the population, and may have specific needs that differ from the general population. The occupational demands of service life often lead to earlier onset of musculoskeletal problems, medical conditions and psychological sequalae from conflict zones. Most service personnel are fortunate to have a support network with easy access to medical care and sophisticated social prescribing. For many, the transition into civilian life is challenging and may disrupt support networks and continuity of medical care leading to the exacerbation of some physical and mental health conditions. The veteran may have a past medical history necessitating transfer to ‘civilian life’ this needs to be carefully explored. This article aims to cover specific mental health, physical health and administrative issues that may arise when dealing with the veteran and aims to inform and smooth the transition into civilian life from a medical perspective.

The Law-Making Process in the Legal System of Afghanistan

The legislative process in Afghanistan, which is a thorough and multi-phase process with roots in both historical and modern frameworks, is examined in this paper. To guarantee efficient governance and social fairness, the Afghan legal system integrates ideas from Islamic jurisprudence and constitutional law. Drafting, review, approval, endorsement, publication, deadline, and enforcement are all steps in the process that are intended to create laws that meet both domestic and global requirements. From Amir Shir Ali Khan's rule to the organized processes of the current National Assembly, Afghanistan's legislative process has undergone substantial changes over the years. Every step of the legislative process ensures compliance with the Constitution and Islamic Sharia by addressing particular-legal, social, and administrative issues. The paper identifies the legislative system's shortcomings and accomplishments and offers recommendations for enhancing the law-making process to promote good governance and the rule of law.

Repository (R)evolution: Metadata, Interoperability, and Sustainability

Introduction: Successfully managing an open-access repository requires constant attention to user community priorities in order to inform the development or selection of a platform that fulfills constantly evolving functional demands in an increasingly complex operational environment. This paper uses AgEcon Search (AES) as an example of the way that varying platforms address the metadata and other platform needs of a repository. AES is a successful subject repository with an international scope that has resided on several different platforms in its 25-year lifespan. Elements and Considerations: Critical among the technical requirements of a repository is interoperability with other information sources and the ability to accommodate and describe different types of objects, including data. Experienced in the use of easy and widely used Dublin Core (DC), as well as Machine-Readable Cataloging 21 (MARC 21)-based repository platforms, we discuss both metadata schemas from administrative and user perspectives. Reconsidering underlying metadata issues might positively impact both technical and administrative issues that are currently restricting the development of robust, interoperable systems. As managers of AES, we are uniquely placed to discuss both technical and sustainability issues. Conclusions: Although many institutional and subject repositories are on platforms that use DC for their metadata, other options are available. MARC, the well-established library standard, can provide the wide range of fields needed to fully and accurately describe the variety of document and data types that are included in repositories.

Best practices: CER with vulnerable populations in contentious political environments

ABSTRACT This article outlines best practices for political scientists to consider when conducting civically engaged research (CER) with vulnerable populations during politically contentious times. Best practices are drawn from several studies or the authors’ experiences with student-led CER, and these best practices are demonstrated in a case illustrating an author’s own CER project with individuals who are incarcerated. However, all of the practices encompass the core tenets of CER (Dobbs, Kirstie Lynn, Douglas R. Hess, Graham Bullock, and Adriano Udani. [2021. “Introduction to the Symposium: Civically Engaged Research and Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 54 (4): 711–715].), underscoring the importance of utilizing this approach so researchers can adapt to and deal with ethical and administrative issues as these are compounded in contentious political environments. We ultimately recommend that researchers who are interested in CER and working with vulnerable populations during these times need to develop strategies to educate collaborators about stereotypes of historically marginalized groups, provide opportunities for and document written consent from research participants, utilize convenience samples but expand recruitment techniques to prevent research fatigue, and adjust institutional practices to adapt to the political environments in which the researcher and research participants are embedded.

DOCTOR-PATIENT COMMUNICATION IN KOSOVO HEALTHCARE SERVICES: A LINGUISTIC CASE STUDY OF DOCTORS’ PERCEPTIONS

This case study examines the perceptions of doctors in Kosovo institutions regarding doctor-patient communication from a linguistic perspective. A sample of doctors participated in the study by completing a questionnaire with 16 items, 14 of which had yes-or-no answers, and 2 of which were open-ended. The study found that doctors generally have a positive perception of doctor-patient communication in Kosovo, but they also face some challenges, including patients' health literacy, administrative issues, and patients' prejudices toward doctors. However, most doctors reported effective communication with their patients by using their names, explaining things in detail, listening to the patient's concerns, and checking for understanding. Patient consultations typically take between 15 to 20 minutes, during which doctors strive to establish a rapport with patients to ensure better treatment outcomes. Although the majority of doctors did not have any complaints about patient communication, some reported issues such as patient impatience, a lack of basic knowledge regarding the patient's health condition, a lack of health education, and resistance from some patients to be honest. These challenges underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve health education in the region. The study highlights the importance of effective communication in the healthcare environment and provides insights into the linguistic aspects of doctor-patient communication in Kosovo healthcare services. It also identifies areas for future research and practice in improving doctor-patient communication, including the development of training programs for healthcare professionals and the implementation of strategies to overcome communication barriers.

Identification of Potential Drug Interactions in Osteoarthritis Patients at X Hospital, South Tangerang, 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive damage to joint cartilage and diarthrodial joint structures. In Indonesia, OA is the most common rheumatic disease. The causes of OA are multifactorial, such as obesity and genetic and racial factors, the risk of which rises at the age of 50 years. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic use of OA and drug interactions that occur in patients with osteoarthritis. This study used a cross-sectional design with prospective data collection through medical records of 60 OA patients in 2019 who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Results showed that 87 drug interactions occurred in OA patients in this study; the other results were found to be a relationship between comorbidities and significant drug interactions (P value <0.05). The drug most widely interacted is ketorolac (45.71%), the interaction between paracetamol with ranitidine (15.71%), the interaction of ketorolac with ranitidine (12.86%), and ketorolac with metformin (11.43%). The most common mechanism of interaction is in pharmacodynamic (66.67%), and the pharmacokinetic interaction mechanism is 25.29%. The highest severity of interactions was found to be major (58.62%), and moderate severity was 25.3%. In conclusion, it was found that 87 drug interactions occurred in OA patients in this study. Other results were found to be a relationship between comorbidities and significant drug interactions. The drug most widely interacted with is Ketorolac, the interaction between par. The most interaction mechanism is pharmacodynamically. The most severe of interactions were found to be at the major severity level of paracetamol with ranitidine, the interaction of ketorolac with ranitidine, and ketorolac with metformin.

The Role of Qawā’id Fiqhiyyah in Strengthening Waqf Law: A Review of Challenges and Solutions in Indonesia

The article addresses the various challenges that waqf (Islamic endowment) law faces in Indonesia. It specifically investigates how the application of Qawā'id Fiqhiyyah (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) can enhance waqf law considering obstacles such as public ignorance about waqf, inadequate legal frameworks, and the necessity for effective management strategies to improve the productivity of waqf assets. The aim of this research is to analyze how Qawā’id Fiqhiyyah can provide foundational support to enhance Waqf law, proposing viable solutions to existing issues. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative approach, which combines traditional Islamic legal principles with the contemporary challenges of waqf management. By focusing on Qawā'id Fiqhiyyah, the study proposes a framework that not only addresses legal and administrative issues but also highlights the cultural and social dimensions of waqf in Indonesia, an area that has not been extensively explored in existing literature. . The results of the research suggest that the application of Qawā'id Fiqhiyyah can provide practical solutions to the identified challenges in waqf law. The study outlines several strategies, including enhancing public education about waqf, improving legal frameworks, and fostering collaboration among various stakeholders such as government bodies, religious organizations, and the community. These strategies aim to create a more effective and sustainable waqf system in Indonesia, ultimately leading to increased productivity and a greater social impact of waqf assets

Minimum Wage Increases And Civil Servants' Welfare In Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: An Examination Of Lagos And Osun States Civil Service

This study examines the impact of minimum wage increases on civil servants' welfare within the context of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, focusing on Lagos and Osun States. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the research analyses survey data from civil servants to assess the effectiveness of minimum wage policies in addressing welfare issues. A total number of 400 questionnaires were distributed while 347 were validly returned. Findings reveal that while minimum wage increments are intended to enhance workers' living standards, challenges such as budget limitations, inflation, and administrative capacity significantly hinder their effective implementation. In Osun State, economic constraints, including delayed salary payments, were identified as key barriers. Similarly, in Lagos, where internally generated revenue is comparatively higher, responses indicate that while wage implementation is smoother, rising living costs erode purchasing power gains. The study also highlights how limited administrative capacity and inadequate resource allocation exacerbate these challenges, undermining civil servants' access to essential needs like housing, healthcare, and education. The paper concluded that the minimum wage policy in Nigeria faces barriers like inflation, budget limits, and administrative issues, underscoring the need for reforms and adjustments.It was recommended thatthe government should conduct a regular assessment of the economic and social impact of minimum wage adjustments following each five-year review. Datadriven insights into the effectiveness of wage policies that would guide future adjustments

Past-year mental health issues: discrepant survey & administrative data

Abstract Introduction Accurately measuring mental health disorder prevalence is crucial for public health planning. Administrative and survey data are common methods, but often yield differing results. This study compares case identification of mental health issues across these data sources in Slovenia. Methods We linked the 2019 European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) with three Slovenian health administrative databases: the National Hospital Health Care Statistics Database, Outpatient Prescription Drugs Database, and Absence From Work Database. Case identification utilized self-report of any mental health issue in the past 12 months and healthcare utilization records in 12 months preceding participation in EHIS. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and case identification across data sources. Results Significant differences were found in 12 month prevalence of any mental health issue estimates between data sources. Only 45.9% of self-reported cases were identified in administrative data, and 36.6% of administrative cases self-reported mental health issues (Kappa = 0.302). Socio-demographics, including age, gender, education, and employment status, were significantly associated with the likelihood of identification in specific data sources. Discussion Our findings underscore the importance of data source and assessment tool selection on mental health prevalence estimates. Variations in identification across population subgroups could reflect differences in healthcare access and self-disclosure biases. Linking data sources and considering their inherent limitations is crucial for accurate burden estimation. Key messages • Data source and assessment methods significantly impact how we identify individuals with mental health issues in the past year. • Combining data sources and understanding their limitations is essential for improving mental health burden estimation.

EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS AND NEEDS OF TRIBAL STUDENTS AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL IN ALIPURDUAR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

India is home to over 84.4 million tribal people, or Adivasis, who represent some of the country's poorest communities, still reliant on traditional practices such as hunting, agriculture, and fishing, with distinct cultures, languages, and lifestyles. In West Bengal's Alipurduar District, over 80% of the population belongs to ethnic tribes. This study investigates the educational problems and needs of secondary-level tribal students in Alipurduar, focusing on gender differences. A survey of 60 students was conducted using the standardized "Educational Problems Questionnaire" and a self-developed "Educational Needs Questionnaire." The findings revealed that 51% of students face challenges in teaching methods, 54% in the social and educational environment, 56% in organizational and administrative issues, and 59% due to cultural and historical factors. Additionally, 48% of respondents expressed educational needs related to school education, 55% expressed societal support, and 44% expressed family involvement. These results underscore the importance of addressing the specific educational challenges faced by tribal students to promote equitable learning outcomes.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0710/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Նիկիայի Բ Տիեզերաժողովի (787 թ․) կանոնները. Միջնադարյան հայերեն թարգմանությունը՝ հունարեն բնագրի հետ զուգորդմամբ

The Second Council of Nicaea, which was held in 787 and recognized by the Orthodox Churches that followed the Byzantine tradition and the Western Church (the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches separated from it) as the Seventh "Ecumenical Council", is of great significance to the history of the church, not only in terms of the study of the dispute over the treatment of images but also from the point of view of the study of issues of canon law and church administration. The 22 canons promulgated by the Council were strictly administrative and prescriptive in nature compared to the canons of previously held Councils. Most likely, this was connected with the desire to restore the ecclesiastical order shaken by the disputes over the images and after them. Therefore, the respective study of the canons of the Second Council of Nicaea seems important, first of all, from the point of view of canon law. This study aims to publish an Armenian translation of the canons of the Council of Nicaea of 787, most probably made in the 13th–14th centuries, along with the Greek original. Such research is relevant not only as a disclosure of the previously unpublished original Armenian text of the canons, but also in the context of clarifying various canonical-legal and administrative concepts of the church and the study of church Councils.

Н.И. Воробьев и Центральный музей Татарской республики (1923–1930 гг.)

N.I. Vorobyev headed the TASSR Central Museum during the formation period of the new museum practices, when the right decisions came with experience and the main task was to develop a new structure of the institution. As the museum director, the young scholar dealt with a large number of administrative issues and difficulties, from budget and personnel shortage to elimination of external threats caused by the low level of security of museum collections. The acute shortage of funds was reflected in everything: the museum could not occupy all the areas allocated by the state, there were no more than three people in the staff of departments, the tasks of purchasing exhibits and planned acquisitions were barely fulfilled. However, at the same time, as part of preparation for exhibitions, ethnographic expeditions to many cantons of the republic were organised under the leadership of N. Vorobyev. During the expeditions, significant materials that document the culture and traditions of the peoples of the region, household items and crafts were collected, as well as a large number of photographs were taken. As a result of this work, the museum was able to adequately represent the Tatar Republic at large-scale All-Union exhibitions in Moscow in 1923 and 1927 and at the international exhibition in Paris in 1925. The public warmly welcomed the Tatrepublic sections at the exhibitions; upon the exhibitions closure, the objects replenished the museum funds. In conditions of limited funding, lack of space capacity and limited number of staff, under Vorobyev’s leadership, the museum laid down the functioning principles, which would serve as the basis of its work in the following decades. Combining museum work with his academic career, Nikolay Vorobyev left the museum during the period when full supervision of the state was being established over the institution. He left not just a museum, but also an academic institution where research work was constantly carried out.

Why “free maternal healthcare” is not entirely free in Ghana: a qualitative exploration of the role of street-level bureaucratic power

BackgroundGhana introduced a free maternal healthcare policy within its National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2008 to remove financial barriers to accessing maternal health services. Despite this policy, evidence suggests that women incur substantial out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for maternal health care. This study explores the underlying reasons for these persistent out-of-pocket payments within the context of Ghana’s free maternal healthcare policy.MethodsCross-sectional qualitative data were collected through interviews with a purposive sample of 14 mothers and 8 healthcare providers/administrators in two regions of Ghana between May and September 2022. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and imported into the NVivo 14.0 software for analysis. An iteratively developed codebook guided the coding process. Our thematic data analysis followed the Attride-Sterling framework for network analysis, identifying basic, organising themes and global themes.ResultsWe found that health systems and demand-side factors are responsible for the persistence of OOP payments despite the existence of the free maternal healthcare policy in Ghana. Reasons for these payments arose from health systems factors, particularly, NHIS structural issues – delayed and insufficient reimbursements, inadequate NHIS benefit coverage, stockouts and supply chain challenges and demand-side factors – mothers’ lack of education about the NHIS benefit package, and passing of cost onto patients. Due to structural and system level challenges, healthcare providers, exercising their street-level bureaucratic power, have partly repackaged the policy, enabling the persistence of out-of-pocket payments for maternal healthcare.ConclusionsUrgent measures are required to address the structural and administrative issues confronting Ghana’s free maternal health policy; otherwise, Ghana may not achieve the sustainable development goals targets on maternal and child health.

Administrative Law Challenges in Investor- State Arbitration

Attributing a wrongful act to a state in an investor-state arbitration is governed by public international law. However, understanding whether such an act was undertaken by an agent of a state or other entity exercising elements of governmental authority, figuring out the legal nature, effects, scope and legality of such acts and comprehending whether they were taken from the point of public authority requires application of domestic administrative (or wider public) law of the respondent state. Administrative law makes applied public international law provisions operational. In order to evaluate the occurrence and frequency of administrative law challenges in investment arbitration, the author carried out a survey amongst ICSID arbitrators. The results of the survey, presented in the paper, confirmed the hypotheses that it is not seldom in investor-state arbitrations to come across complicated administrative law issues, the resolution of which is a prerequisite for deciding an arbitration case; that a majority of arbitrators in investor-state arbitrations did not specialize in administrative law; and that currently applied mechanisms of handling such complex administrative law issues in practice are not satisfactory.

Administration, Marketing, Pharmacotherapy of Medicines in Neuro-Oncology

Primary tumors make up 1.5% of all clinical cases. The most vulnerable group is children. Brain neoplasms are the second most common after acute leukemia. According to WHO statistics, men suffer 1.5 times more often than women. Administration, marketing, and pharmacotherapy of medicines in neuro-oncology were carried out. The administration of medicines for neuro-oncology pharmacotherapy in the USA and Ukraine was analyzed. Bevacizumab, Everolimus, Lomustine, Temozolomide were found to be approved in both countries. The issue of administration of medicines for neuro-oncology pharmacotherapy other than as prescribed by a doctor has been studied. The possibility of combined pharmacotherapy in neuro-oncology is indicated. Marketing studies of medicines for neuro-oncology pharmacotherapy have been conducted. The medicines are presented in different dosage forms: solutions for infusions, injections, capsules and lyophilisates. The manufacturers of these medicines are pharmaceutical companies from different countries: India, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Ukraine. The majority of medicinal products have indefinite registration in Ukraine, which indicates their availability on the pharmaceutical market for the treatment of neuro-oncological diseases. Causes of tumors, main histological groups of neoplasms, their degree of malignancy, symptoms of tumors, diagnostic methods, therapy and pharmacotherapy in neuro-oncology are given. Further research on the development of methods and preparations of pharmacotherapy for neuro-oncology is relevant and ongoing.

Tax Corruption: Legal Loopholes and Criminal Practices by High-Ranking Officials

Introduction: Tax corruption represents a critical issue that undermines economic stability and public trust, particularly when perpetrated by high-ranking officials. This study addresses the interaction between tax corruption and legal loopholes, highlighting how such gaps in the legal system facilitate criminal practices among powerful individuals.Purposes of the Research: The primary aim of this research is to explore how legal loopholes contribute to tax corruption and to examine the criminal practices of high-ranking officials involved in such activities. The study seeks to understand the systemic issues in tax administration and enforcement that allow these practices to flourish.Methods of the Research: The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis through interviews with tax officials and legal experts, with quantitative analysis of case studies involving tax fraud and evasion by high-ranking officials. This methodology provides a comprehensive view of both the legal and practical aspects of tax corruption.Results of the Research: : The findings reveal that significant legal loopholes, coupled with inadequate enforcement mechanisms, create opportunities for high-ranking officials to engage in corrupt practices with minimal repercussions. These corrupt practices undermine public confidence in tax systems and result in considerable revenue losses for the state.Conclusions: The research concludes that addressing tax corruption requires comprehensive legal reforms to close existing loopholes and enhance enforcement capabilities. Strengthening transparency and accountability mechanisms, along with promoting greater public oversight, are essential to mitigating the effects of tax corruption and restoring integrity in tax administration.